[000:00:00;00] the war began, concluded in 1833 between russia and the ottoman empire, onker from the kilis peace treaty ; its provision gave russian ships the right to freely pass from the black sea to the mediterranean, and in turn, russia got the opportunity to block the passage through the turkish bosporus and danels of military ships of third countries. france and england categorically revived from that moment on, any negotiations, any important matters with the mediterranean region , england always demanded its participation there too. here, after this, the movement of the crimean war begins, and the demands of nicholas to place the orthodox subjects of the turkish sultan under the special patronage of the russian tsar

, the ottoman empire rejects the russians on october 4 , 1853. the sultan declares war on russia, and at the beginning of 18504 , britain and its allies enter the war on the side of istanbul. england supported the ottoman empire at that time, because the ottoman empire blocked russia's path to the strait. at that moment, russia was by far the strongest military-political state. and this allowed england to create a truly

common european colony. military operations in the crimea military operations september 2, 1854 anglo-french turkish garden about 60,000 soldiers landed in the crimea the allies had absolute superiority in weapons inflicted a number of crushing blows on the russian army heroic defense of the city. russian batteries were taken by a storm by the english cavalry

brigade, one of the officers recognized the russian an officer he had met on the floor in london a few months before so that people who had previously communicated with each other. now they were killing each other in 1855, when malakhov kurgan fell, he was called the key to the city, in order to prevent this, russian sailors flooded the blockaded one. by the end of the crimean war, the country was in a terrible state, the exhausted treasury , the ruins of the economy, the destroyed black sea fleet in

1856, alexander ii signed the humiliating paris peace treaty, according to which russia was forbidden to have navy to the strategically important black sea. in addition, russia partly refused to conquer its territories in the balkans, where the russians sought to support and unite the orthodox slavs. what is the british strategy - fragmentation? slavic peoples to prevent the unification in one state body of homogeneous slavic nations of the same faith in order not to form. it is the big players who are the champions of european poise for the british. this is the division of the continent. we have many small powers. what

is an opportunity to save trade and politics? it was then that the new minister of foreign affairs of russia, alexander gorchakov , wrote the famous circular dispatch to the ambassadors of st. petersburg abroad. in it, the principles of the new russian foreign policy for the coming years , the main russia understood the price of friendship with the west and from now on will act in its own way, seeing russia does not intend to accept double standards. europe leisurely ends with these words. they say that russia is angry. russia is not angry. russia focuses, as for the application our material strength, the emperor reserves the right to decide this issue. the crimean war became one of the key european stages of the great game between russia and britain immediately after it. the epicenter of events

shifts to the central region, or as it is also called central asia, in which it all takes place. this is all an energy ellipse, which contains 90% of the world 's oil and gas resources, and the northern curve of this ellipse, which starts there from the hero of the altar, just passes through the balkans , the mediterranean sea, our fore-caucasus is crimea this means ukraine moldavia this is baku this is georgia and further the southern curve of the energy ellipse passes through northern africa syria the persian gulf iran iraq the ellipse closes in afghanistan a strategically important point where the borders of india china and the republics of central asia converge this south. a dear friend of russia well, this is the central

asian territory, that is, where there were four uzbek khanates, turkmenistan, tajik , some regions, they were for centuries the object of all kinds of robberies. hmm, because it is extremely unstable political situation. that is, in fact , in these regions there were not sufficient resources to organize a powerful political force that could create security for the people living there and for civilization, which, by the way, have existed there for many thousands of years. i take advantage of russia's weakness after the defeat in the crimean war, britain wants to spread its opinion to this region in st. petersburg, it becomes known to bukhara and how british diplomatic and military missions were sent, and they were also sent to probing, probing the impossibility, and the transitions of these states to the bukhara emirate, let's say under a protectorate.

uk according to london's plans, the region of central asia should become a buffer between russia and british india in a state of affairs in which the british were very worried that there were fears that the british empire in india was so weak that it would take only one defeat to destroy everything that the inhabitants india will rise the british empire will collapse indian soldiers deserters. it was a feeling of not durable not the strength of the british in india, the monstrous system of oppression broke almost the entire system of property. is the best of all that india should be flattered that she received the privilege of becoming part of the british

empire missionary work . february 1857. in the thirty -fourth bengal native infantry , rumors of new cartridges with a casing soaked in pig and cow fat to load a gun. then it was necessary to break the shell with your teeth, there was even a team with geese cartridge, part of the soldiers were muslims , part were hindus for some it was a sin to eat pork, for others it was a sin to eat beef. they refuse to use new cartridges. on the side of the rebels

, the impoverished peasant robbers also play a large role in the uprising, muslim radicals. the former showed incredible cruelty towards the european. they killed european women and children. after that, as they promised them safety, mercy could not be the british shot and hung in the remaining hundreds to suppress the rebellion , even the nomadic tribes of the afghan pushkins were involved, vasily vereshchagin's painting of the suppression of the indian uprising by the british depicts a shooting from cannons. it was exhibited in london in 1887 to wild protests. however, no one denied it. what exactly were the rebels executed in this way? in the same place in london, the picture was ukraine. where is the original still unknown? the end

of the sepoy rebellion was the end of the austin companies in london, it was obvious to many that it was her methods of management that led to the massacre, and english politicians could not even think of losing such a colony as india, and in 1858 an act was issued, and the best management of india according to him, the troops of the usin company merged with the royal ones, a special indian fleet was liquidated, and the ostyn company itself, despite the support and protests of a numerous and wealthy lobby, actually ceased to exist only from that moment, india became truly legally formalized the english colony ceased to be a territory that was controlled by a private shop. they definitely believed that india must be defended at any cost. and here actually, when the british lost their dominance in india in 1947, the rest of the british empire fell apart within 15

years. to some extent it didn't make sense to hold on to holdings anywhere else after they lost india. so india yes, sure, but central asia no. however, alexander ii is well informed about the activity of british political agents. it is in central asia that he is informed that the bukhara peace has been sent, who knows. what ended the friendship with the british for his neighbor and not in afghanistan from the proposal. so far, he has refused the union of the sons of the earth, but petersburg cannot even admit the possibility that british military garrisons will appear near the borders of the russian empire in a few day's march to omsk or orenburg. russia has firmly decided to win the battle for asia. in may 1858

, the 26-year-old colonel graf nikolai ignatiev, he is to assess the military capabilities of the hasta and collect information regarding the routes leading to afghanistan , persia and northern india; he is also instructed to establish regular commercial relations with him and the bukhoy. the mission first visits him, where he gives expensive gifts to the local khan, then goes to khieskhi to bukhara. khan promises to open markets for russian merchants of the peace of bukhara free all russian slaves, and actively encourage trade between the two countries, but upon returning to st. petersburg, ignatiev offers the tsar annexed correctly asian rudeness until the british did the activity of british intelligence and diplomats ignatiev rated as threatening.

they said that if we don’t go in there, the british will come in, you understand, and the seizure of central asia is especially at the stages, and hmm, the initial ones were connected with the initiative of the local military authorities, not even the authorities of the military and st. petersburg, while the russian foreign ministry, he was against precisely because he was afraid of a-a significant complications from britain and the local authorities. he had his own logic. you see, this logics. just putting some kind of imperial order. in order for people to live without fear that nomads will come now, there are 10,000 nomads or 20,000, they will cut everyone there, they will capture everything so that it really is, so in 1860 the kokand khan gathers 22,000 troops in order to destroy the city of verny present-day almaty and defeat the russian seed settlements, but in just 3 days, the kans were completely defeated in the battle by thousands of russian soldiers who came out to meet them. do not forget that the russian army

went through the caucasian war, went into the crimean war and already the experience was a considerable army from templates. lighter mountain guns protecting from the sun, which could be transported even disassembled on camels in the spring of 1865, the troops of general mikhail cherneev approached the walls of one of the richest cities of the kakan khanate, tashkent to petersburg in response, the order to refrain from active actions, assuming that chernyaev did not read the telegram he received and

hid the very fact of its existence from his headquarters. to storm, in fact , the general had no other options. firstly, anyway, he already violated the order received from st. petersburg for the troops to tashkent in no case to nominate. secondly, the general was excellent, he understood that if he now turned around and left, it would be an incredible shame. not only for him personally, but for the entire russian army, and the russian empire in central asia for many years, will no longer be taken seriously at 2:30 in the morning. the first russian assault group stumbled upon the sleeping man. on the secret passage which was covered by an art

-painted war passage inside the tower straight the russians went through the gates so for two days and 89 wounded in honor of the capture of the city, its elders presented chernyaev with a beautiful diamond, and for outstanding skill they began to call the commander lev of tashkent in st. petersburg chernyaev, who violated the order, was not punished; the establishment of a new turkestan governor-general, tashkent was determined by its military and administrative center , general konstantin petrovich von kaufman, a veteran, was appointed the first governor-general during the caucasian war, he became the main builder of the russian turkestans, in 1868 eliminating the threat of raids on new russian lands. kaufman will be recruited in the troops, a self-organt

is sent at the beginning of 1873. m did not want to enter into any contacts with russia , the british warmed up very well. a young lieutenant colonel leads two companies, the soldiers are ordered to stop to storm the city, they are waiting for khan to enter into negotiations and even threaten to be shot for disobedience skobelev sends an answer to go back, it’s scary to stand still. it remains dangerous to take the khan's palace. his taken at the end of may 1873. a peace treaty between the russian empire and the khanate of khiva is signed on august 12 , tens of thousands of slaves are released, henceforth slavery and the death penalty are prohibited by the russian authorities.

throughout the territory of russian turkestan, high-ranking local officials automatically receive the russian nobility the opportunity to make a career in the ranks of the russian administration or in the army, while the new government does not fundamentally interfere in the religious life of local residents. the first thing russia does when it joins other nations, she begins to shed blood for them. this is very important. they become part of the russian civilization orthodox muslims. the main thing is that they need to be protected and protected. it seemed that the british were simply watching the russian march , but they controlled the situation with the help of spies from among the locals. they were called bandits. in the scholars' translation, the very existence of bandit scouts was secret, even in

the indian mapping service. they were known, only under numbers or conditional nicknames of bandits, they taught the art of disguise. carefully prepared for them. legends, cover-ups, their safety depended only on how convincing. they could play the role of a muslim dervish , a buddhist pilgrim or a himalayan merchant. to measure the distance, the bandits used a rosary, regardless of what legend the muslim pilgrim or buddhist pilgrim was hiding behind the scout in the buddhist rosary 1080 muslim 99 in the bandit was exactly 100. after walking every 10 steps, the scout snapped off one bead and another 10 steps. another five beads, 50 steps, 10 beads, 100 steps, and 108 full circle 1.000 steps. that is, in this way it was very easy for the scouts to remember, and at the end of the day to record the distance traveled, some bandits wrote poems, supposedly their travels.

actually. these were intelligence reports that i saw, where was who to talk to in a buddhist prayer wheel, traitors mounted maps in its lid with a compass, the clothes of pundits supplemented pockets with taimia, and friendly chests were equipped for measurement. graphical coordinates to use precise instruments, of course, the scout succeeded, not always, but an experienced bandit could easily by the speed of boiling water in the kettle. to determine the height above sea level, even the most water or tea poured into a glass replaced the mercury poured into a bowl, which the bandits usually used to establish an artificial horizon. the bandits provided the british service of the catholics with so much information about asia, tibet, the himalayas that they were enough for up to a decade ahead. the bandits

remained little known and the only monument to the unique intelligence of the fantastic popular in the west, roman a, the boys became a british intelligence officer. by the way, this is indirect confirmation, not even bone direct, who had aggressive plans. russia has never created anything close to the bandit system of espionage. nevertheless, central asia conducts intelligence of russia and many russian scouts of the second half of the 19th century become real legends. soviet and now, in many ways, russian historical science has developed rather strange traditions , saying that nikolai mikhailovich przhevalsky is usually called a geographer researcher central asian travel biologist. at the same time, it is somehow usually forgotten that he was not only scientists, among other things, nikolai mikhailovich zhizhalsky was, of course , a great russian intelligence officer, a graduate

of the academy of the general staff. a dochichin, who served as a major general. he played, of course, an incredibly important role in that big game. after all, they went on a trip to previously unknown places in central asia and made maps of these places, they live and behaved, after all, not only as scientists, as a geographer. he looked at everything through the eyes of a military man, many maps drawn up by the residential are still in special archives, and not every civilian, even military specialists, have access to them . residential expeditions were organized by the russian geographical society, but the participants were approved by the minister of war. and the military-scientific committee of the general staff paid for everything. it was a prototype of the structure that is now called in russia the main intelligence department of the przhevalsky expedition groups , if science was left aside, they were raids detachment of operational intelligence to the depth of the theater of operations. three four officers as many soldiers translator five or six.

cossack escorts went, in fact, to nowhere for two or three years, the rules they developed for conducting developed exits have been preserved in the special forces game to this day. per annum the card is yesterday, but it’s more convenient for me by phone

using a qr-code, st. petersburg as you wish, each as it suits him. choose your payment method with the payment system world and sbp. i didn’t know that you were his grandmother, i’m not a grandmother, then it’s better not to do it right away. you can rejoice in new technology and without the socks of the kingdom of profitable gifts, discounts of up to fifty percent for years tv would also be for 39.99 in a video or eldorado krasnoyarsk economic forum 2023 time of siberia world experts , representatives of government and business launch pad for large-scale projects and documents and

get credit at a 3% rate. residential's expedition was, of course, also a political task to increase russia's influence in central asia, including in china , mongolia and tibet. russia needed predictable and benevolent neighbors. after all at this very time, but already annexed territory in russian turkestan , grandiose construction was unfolding. from 1867 to 1882, russia invested almost 200 million rubles in the region. an incredible amount for those times had to rebuild the entire

infrastructure. railway skobelev villas immediately he led directly to the telegraph. they did not understand some kind of poles with some kind of wires, so it was ordered that for something stop he cut down that they killed camels, that they would cut off a person’s head. they understand that it is some kind of mystical building. yes, let it be. russian native schools were opened in the hospital, that's why they were called. and what about local residents. here will teach children education was exactly with what european education and one of the tasks that was officially announced. this is the inclusion of all of central asia

in the trade turnover of the russian empire. the fact is that in russia the main capitalist industry was the production of, in fact, paper fabrics, and for this cotton was needed, they were mainly brought from the usa during the civil war, when supplies stopped, had to switch to central asian cotton, but russia provides its entire military industry. you understand that cotton is everything in general. almost all the lands of russian turkestan suitable for cultivation are occupied and, fearing the discontent of the indigenous population of russia, at the beginning forbids or restricts ethnic russians from resettling in central asia, but in 1873 kaufman signs the general plan for peasant colonization for the entire governor-general, which takes into account the interests of the indigenous population and

settlers and the russian administration of the empire nevertheless decided to allow those who wish to move to the turkestan region. here, they moved to ten thousand people, and it was not only the russians who moved, for example, the germans , the protestant colonists from the volga region and the black sea region away from the vigilant eye of the imperial authorities, the kazan and siberian tatar merchants moved, mastering new ones that are still little studied, but most of the settlers practically 90% were peasants, exhausted by landlessness, from central russia and their little russia. so and appeared along the main roads of the turkestan region, countless alexandrov nikolaev petropavlovsk pokrovki novopokrovka lebedinovka and yablonevka.

fled to turkestan under the auspices of the russian tsar and the uyghur and dungan muslims persecuted in china , they also called their settlements alexandrovka in honor of alexander ii, and russian settlements were located along large rivers and postal routes from orenburg to tashkent through the right one to semipalatinsk to ensure the safety of transport routes, linking russia konstantin will say the land in which it is not a shame to lie russian bones quite quickly the local population realized that we are not going to take anything and are not going to destroy anyone. we want to be with