[000:00:42;00] accustomed to watching videos set opening movies and cartoons in the spring of 1839, the 22-year-old heir to the russian throne, grand duke alexander nikolayevich

, who arrived on a visit to london, met the young queen victoria. the queen came by chance due to the lack of worthy contenders in the gagarin house. she was a provincial girl and i will come to her a tall handsome man who knew six languages, a brilliant young man, erudite became something incomprehensible to her and what she did not see, we cream. joint floors have begun hunting trip country visit. there , the five-month-old romance lasted for about five months, and then after that the terrible cry of nicholas the first from st. petersburg come back urgently, and he left not quite politely. she was probably the most russophobic

british presture when the crimean war began. she was on her yacht and saw off the british ships leaving for the crimea and to the last lighthouse of russia, just with all her soul. alexander ii ascends the throne in 1855, a year before the end of the crimean war. prologue of the crimean the war was concluded in 1833 between russia and the ottoman empire onker from the kilisian peace treaty ; its position gave russian ships the right to freely pass from the black sea to the mediterranean. and in turn, russia got the opportunity

to block the passage through the turkish straits of the bosformer dardanelles military ships of third countries. france and england categorically revived from that moment on, any negotiations, any important matters with the mediterranean region , england always intervened, and it was also required to participate there. here, after this, the movement of the crimean war begins, and the demands of nicholas to place the orthodox subjects of the turkish sultan under the special patronage of the russian tsar . the ottoman empire rejects the russians on october 4 , 1853. the sultan declares war on russia, and at the beginning of 18504

, britain and its allies enter the war on the side of istanbul. england supported the ottoman empire at that time, because the ottoman empire blocked russia's path to the queen. russia at that moment was by far the strongest military-political state. and this allowed england to create a truly common european police force. with military operations in the crimea, military operations were going on in the caucasus in the white sea to evacuate on september 2, 1854, the anglo-french turkish landing force of about 60,000 soldiers landed in

the crimea, the allies had an absolute superiority in weapons and inflicted a number of crushing blows on the russian army. the anglo-french fleet occupied kerch in the autumn of 1854, sevastopol was blockaded and the 349-day heroic defense of the city began. russian batteries were taken by a storm by the english cavalry brigade, one of the officers recognized the russian officer from qatar monsters had met at the points in london a few months before so that people who had previously communicated with each other. now they were killing each other in 1855,

when malakhov kurgan fell to the city of the allies, they could not, in order to prevent this, the russian sailors flooded the blockaded one. by the end of the crimean war, the country was in a terrible state, an exhausted treasury, the ruins of the economy, the destroyed black sea fleet in 1856, alexander ii signed the humiliating treaty of paris, according to which russia was forbidden to have a navy in the strategically important black sea for her. in addition, russia partly refused the territories it had conquered in the balkans, where the russians sought to support and

unite the orthodox slavs. what is the british strategy - fragmentation? slavic peoples to prevent the unification in one state body of homogeneous slavic nations of the same faith in order for the major players to be champions of european poise, as it was commonly called at that time, but the european balance for the british is the division of the continent into many small powers. what is the opportunity to save trade for english trade and politics are the same? it was then that the new minister of foreign affairs of russia, alexander gorchakov, wrote the famous circular dispatch to the ambassadors of st. petersburg abroad. it contains the principles of a new

russian foreign policy for the coming years, the main thing is that russia understood the price of friendship with the west and from now on it will act in its own way, the sight-seeing russia does not intend to accept the double standards of europe with such words. they say that russia is angry. russia is not angry. russia is concentrating. as for the use of our material force, the emperor reserves the right to decide this issue. the crimean war became one of the key european stages of the great game between russia and britain immediately after it . the epicenter of events shifts to the central region, or as it is also called central asia, in which it all takes place. this is all an energy ellipse, which contains 90%

of the world's oil and gas resources and the north the curve of this ellipse, which starts there from gibraltar, just passes through the balkans, the mediterranean sea, our fore-caucasus - this is crimea , which means ukraine, moldova, this is baku, this is georgia, and then the southern curve of the energy ellipse passes through northern africa, syria , the persian gulf, iran, iraq, the ellipse closes in afghanistan an important point where the borders of india, china and the republics of central asia converge is the southern underbelly of russia well, this is the central asian territory, that is, where there were four uzbek khanates turkmenistan some tajik regions they were after all for centuries the object of all sorts of robberies hmm, because the extremely unstable political situation, that is, in fact , these regions did not have sufficient resources to organize a powerful political force

that could create security for those living there are people for civilization, who, by the way, have been there for many thousands of years. i take advantage of russia's weakness after the defeat in the crimean war, britain wants to extend its influence to this region in petersburg, it becomes known to bukhara and how english diplomatic and military missions were sent here. they were also aimed at probing the impossibility, and the transitions of these states to the bukhara emirate, for example , to the british protectorate, according to london's plans, the region of central asia should become a buffer between russia and british india, the state of affairs in which the british are very worried. this hair style was feared that the british empire in india was so weak that it would take only one defeat to destroy everything that the inhabitants of india will

rise up the british empire will collapse, indian soldiers deserter it was a feeling of insecurity of the internal and strength of british india the monstrous system of oppression broke almost the entire system of property. they sincerely believed that their form of government was the best possible, that india should be flattered that she was privileged to become part of the british empire in missionary activity. it was in 1894 received one as a gift a volume of a brief history of the indian rebellion which was called simply indian heavy

, it would be much more correct to call it the rebellion of february 26, 1857. in the thirty -fourth bengal native infantry , rumors begin to circulate about new cartridges with a casing soaked in pig and cow fat to load the gun. then it was necessary to break the shell with teeth, there was even a team with geese cartridge, part of the soldiers were muslims , part were hindus. for them the sin of eating pork is for others the sin of eating beef. they refuse to use new thousands of ammo. on the side of the rebels , the impoverished peasant robbers also play a large role in the uprising , muslim radicals. they showed incredible cruelty towards the europeans. they killed european women and children. after they promised them safety

, there could be no mercy, the british shot and hanged in the remaining hundreds to suppress the rebellion , even the nomadic tribes of the afghan pashtuns were involved . she was exhibited in london in 1887 and provoked furious protests. however, no one denied it. what exactly were the rebels executed in this way? in the same place in london, the picture was ukraine. where is the original still unknown? the end of the sepoy rebellion became the end of the austin company in london to many. it was obvious that it was her management methods that led to the massacre, and english politicians could not even think about losing such a colony as india, and in 1858 an act was issued, and

the best administration of india according to him, the troops in ossetian companies merged with the royal ones, a special indian fleet was liquidated, and the austin company itself, despite the support and protests of a numerous and wealthy lobby, actually ceased to exist only from that moment, india became a truly legally formalized english colony ceased to be a territory, run by a private shop. they definitely believed that india must be defended at any cost. and here in fact, when the british lost their dominance in india in 1947 everyone else the british empire collapsed within 15 years. to some extent it didn't make sense to hold on to holdings anywhere else after they lost india. so

india yes, sure, but central asia no. however, alexander ii is well aware of the activity of british political agents in central asia, he is informed that the bukhara peace on sulak who knows. what ended the friendship with the british for his neighbor and the world of afghanistan and the proposal of the union by the sons of the land. so far he has refused, but petersburg cannot even admit the possibility that british military garrisons will appear on the borders of the russian empire in a few day's march to omsk or orenburg . russia is firmly deprived of winning the battle for asia. in may 1858, the 26-year-old colonel count nikolai ignatiev was sent to central asia on a secret diplomatic mission to assess the military capabilities of the hasta and collect information on the routes leading to afghanistan, persia and northern india , he was also instructed to establish

regular commercial relations with him and bukha. the mission visits him first, where he hands over to the local muhamdu, expensive gifts, then go to bukhara khilek. khan promises to open markets for russian merchants of the bukharan world to free all russian slaves, and actively encourage trade between the two countries, but returning to st. petersburg, ignatiev offers the king to annex correctly asian rudeness, until the british do this, the activity of british intelligence and diplomats ignatov assessed as threatening. they said that if we don’t go in there, the british will go in, you know, and the seizure of central asia is especially on in the initial stages, it was connected with the initiative of the local military authorities , not even the authorities of the military and st. petersburg, while the russian ministry of foreign affairs, he was against precisely because he was afraid, but of significant complications from britain and the local

authorities. he had his own logic. you see, this is logic. just putting some kind of imperial order. so that people can live without fear that nomads will come now, there are 10,000 nomads or 20,000, they will cut everyone there, they will capture everything, so that it was really, so in 1860 in a year, the kokand khan gathers 22,000 troops in order to destroy the present-day verny city of almaty and defeat the russian seed settlements, but in just 3 days, the kans were completely defeated in the battle by thousands of russian soldiers who came out to meet them. do not forget that the russian army went through the caucasian war, went into the crimean war , and already the experience was not a few corps of separate detachments. a special uniform was combined , worn in a comfortable, sun-protecting white

forum, special weapons were used on lighter lighter mountain guns, which could be transport even disassembled on camels in the spring of 1865. the troops of general mikhail chernyaev approach the walls of one of the richest cities of the kakan khanate of tashkent about his intention to attack, the general reports to st. petersburg from active actions to refrain from receiving a telegram. well, blacker still decided to storm, in fact , the general had no other options. firstly, anyway, he had already violated the order received from st. petersburg not to send troops to tashkent in any case. secondly, the general was excellent, he understood that if he will now turn around and leave, it will be an incredible shame. not only for him personally,

but for the entire russian army, and the russian empire in central asia for many years, will no longer be taken seriously at 2:30 in the morning. the first russian assault group stumbled upon a sleeping man near the wall. he immediately showed the soldiers to the secret passage, which was covered with a skillfully painted with felt passage inside the city inside the tower right into the gates of the russians went on the attack. two days tashkent was taken by russian losses amounted to only 25 killed and 89 wounded. v the honor of taking the city of his elders presented his beautiful diamond blacker, and for outstanding skill they became the commander leo of tashkent in st. petersburg chernya , who violated the order, was not punished opposite

alexander introduced him to st. anna soon , russia announces the establishment of a new turkestan governor-general, tashkent is determined by its military and the administrative center was appointed the first governor-general, general konstantin petrovich von kaufman, a veteran of the caucasian war, he becomes the chief builder of russian turkestan in may 1868 , eliminating the threat of raids on new russian lands. the kaufmanns take to the troops, samarkand and 5 years later, at the beginning of 1873 , he goes to subdue the khiva khanate. in no way did they want to enter into any contacts with russia, the british

warmed up very well. mikhail skobeleva, a young lieutenant colonel, orders him to stop, waiting for khan to enter into negotiations. and they even threaten with execution to go back, it’s scary to stand in the place of may 1873. peace treaty between the russian empire and the khanate of khiva is signed on august 12 , tens of thousands of slaves are released, henceforth, slavery and the death penalty are prohibited by the russian authorities. throughout the territory of russian turkestan, high-ranking officials from the locals automatically receive the russian nobility the opportunity to make a career in the ranks of the russian administration or in the army, while the new

government does not fundamentally interfere in the religious life of local residents. the first thing russia does when it joins other peoples, it begins to shed blood for them. this very important, that is, they become part of the russian land, that is, russian civilization and not important protestants. they are catholics , orthodox muslims. the main thing is that they need to be protected and protected. it seemed that the british were simply watching the russian march, but they controlled the situation with the help of spies from among the locals. they were called bandits. in the scholars' translation, the very existence of bandit scouts was secret, even in the indian mapping service. they were known, only under the numbers or conditional nicknames of the bandits they taught the art disguise. legends were carefully prepared for them, covering their safety depended only on how convincing. they could play the roles of a muslim dervish , a buddhist pilgrim or a himalayan

merchant. to measure the distance, the bandits used a rosary, regardless of what legend the muslim pilgrim or buddhist pilgrim was filtered by, the buddhist rosary was filtered, 108 muslim 99 in the bandit was exactly 100. after walking every 10 steps, the scout snapped off one bead and another 10 steps. another five beads, 50 steps, 10 beads, 100 steps, and 108 full circle 1.000 steps. that is, in this way it was very easy for the scouts to remember, and at the end of the day to record the distances traveled. some bandits wrote poems, ostensibly of their travels, in fact. those were intelligence reports, what did you see? where were you? who did you talk to? in a buddhist prayer wheel , castes hid a compass in its lid; the clothes of pundits supplemented secret pockets, and travel chests were equipped with a double bottom

measurements of geographical coordinates used accurate instruments, of course, the scout was not always successful, but an experienced bandit could easily by the speed of boiling water in a kettle. determine the height above sea level. the same water or tea, poured into a glass, replaced the mercury poured bowl, which the bandits usually used to establish an artificial horizon. the bandits provided the british mapping service with so much information about asia, tibet, and the himalayas that they were enough for a decade to come. bandits, and this was no doubt a feat remained little known and the only monument to the unique intelligence is the fantastic novel popular in the west, the boys who became a british intelligence officer. by the way, this is indirect confirmation, not even bone direct, who had aggressive plans. russia has never

created anything close to the bandit system of espionage. nevertheless, central asia conducts intelligence of russia and many russian scouts of the second half of the 19th century become real legends. soviet and now in many ways the russian historical science has developed rather strange traditions , saying, nikolai mikhailovich, przhevalsky , it is usually customary to call him a geographer , researchers of central asia, a biologist traveler. at the same time, it is somehow usually forgotten that he was not only scientists, among other things, nikolai mikhailovich zhizhalsky was, of course , a great russian intelligence officer, a graduate of the academy of the general staff. the well-deserved daughter of a major general. he played, of course, an incredibly important role in that big game. after all, they went on a trip to previously unexplored places in central asia and makes maps of these places, the habitant behaved, after all, not only as scientists, as a geographer.

he looked at everything through the eyes of a military man, many maps compiled by the residential are still in special archives, and not every civilian, even military specialists, have access to them. all expeditions of the residential were organized by the russian geographical society, but the participants were approved by the minister of war. and the military-scientific committee of the general staff paid for everything. it was the prototype of the structure, which is now called in russia the main intelligence directorate of the groups of the zhizhalsky expedition. science aside, they were raids by a detachment of operational intelligence into the depths of the theater of operations. three four officers as many soldiers translator five or six. escort cossacks went, in fact, to nowhere for two or three years, and the rules of conduct were worked out. reconnaissance exits

have survived in the spetsnaz game to this day. many come to us with weapons and use in the family there was one valuable relic i have taken away. i can't give. just show me you

said you'd return the pipe. residential's expedition was, of course, also a political task to achieve the strengthening of russia's influence in central asia, including in china , mongolia or tibet. russia needed predictable and benevolent neighbors. indeed , at this very time, but already annexed territory in russian turkestan , a grandiose construction was unfolding