[000:00:00;00] she will return, she last visited us in 1986, and the next time she will appear in 2061 if possible, don't miss it, but the earth's date with comets far, were not always so rare at a certain period of its history, impacts with comets changed the conditions of life on earth. we don't want any more such changes because of the impact of the comets. will we really be able to avoid them? my guest is leading researcher of the department of space dynamics and mathematical information processing of the space research institute of the russian academy of sciences candidate of technical sciences and doctor of physics and mathematics natan andreevich eisment natan andreevich hello, thank you very much for taking the time to come to the studio.

hello, thanks for inviting me. comet galea is a rather unique thing, and it is undoubtedly more heard than any other comet, including, because despite its short stay here in the inner region of the solar system in the year 86. we got a good look at it pretty close. yes, that's right, for the first time i managed to consider it. well from a distance a few hundred kilometers the core of hundreds of kilometers. yes, yes, of course, this is a record, a small distance. i must tell you that at first everyone was doubtful. but will it be possible to look at it so closely, and therefore, when this study was planned , three devices flew into the comedy at once, two soviet and one european, and they worked smoothly, like the end of samburg, because

i wanted to fly over. you can get closer to the core, well , in order to see it properly, but flying close to the core is quite difficult, for this you need to know, but how the comment flies, and predict it exactly know its orbit know exactly. it is quite difficult for a very simple reason a comet is different from asteroids. let's say the same that when they fly up somewhere in the surrounding sun, the reactive force is affected by the reactive force, which is caused by evaporation. well pore water mostly. yes, well, not only the steam of water, in general from the currents of the substance heats up heats up. here parali steam evaporates with involves. uh, the dust is followed by ionization. basically a jet engine. what was the point of sending uh three at the same time apparatus. well, it's not just three machines. they are in a certain order. first , soviet vehicles were supposed to fly up. i am

one, i am two. sit down comedies, when they fly up in a comet, it will be possible to clarify. oh, what a trajectory due to measurements of an already optical nature. yes, and continue to use these measurements in order to achieve the highest possible accuracy of jotaity. yes, yes, completely even somewhat better. what i would like to admit is that we learned something new as a result and we can look at the photos for them. we found out what it looks like took photographs of the comet's nucleus. it was the first time ever. yes, such an achievement, well, we saw, uh, well, not just the size. yes , we have seen how to say what the surface consists of. yes, we saw how it breaks out with this surface. here are the jets, well generally speaking vapors. mostly water. we have some ideas. eh, she's personable. in the sense of comets, all comets. in the first approximation, they are arranged in a similar way , or we suspect that they are of different

classes and that some of them and others can be arranged in a completely different way. you know, she's a representative, look. this comet belongs to the class of so-called short-period comets. well, it seems like a short period, but it is short, but not very good 200 years. yes, less than 200 years. yes, 76 years old. it's not a very short term, so to speak. yes, nonetheless. uh, if you take a little step forward, then later, uh, in another project. it was already a european project, we visited another comet. here is another comet. as it turns out, it seems. but this one of our drops, this is to the obezok churumov gerasimen. this is actually a separate story, because at first not they wanted to fly to this comedy they wanted to fly, uh , to the comet virtanin, but they wanted to fly using the e-carrier of the european

space agency. yes , er, here, there are five arians, but then sorry, five, there was a nuisance, but this rocket was simply lost and i had to postpone the launch time, what size is it? it's quite big it's, well, under 10 km, that is, these two here. yes connected to each other, like a boulder. they are there for three dashes of 5 km even yes here, if i jumped on it, then i could come off forever. no, yes, i would fly away from her into space. yes, absolutely right. this, on the one hand , facilitated landing, and on the other hand , i can immediately tell what kind of trouble happened there. here we see this picture. uh-huh , you can see something like such a gorge there, and here is a landing craft, which is to steel. uh, it was called fila, and he fell into the gorge, this thing is about the size of a washing machine. yes, yes, something like this yes, probably, even jumped up, of course, eventually fell down. well

, it's okay, but then she decided on the sun, and in the gorge he did not get enough, the sun, probably, yes, but the comet gallery is flying away from us , we'll be back again comedy or maybe you 'll say semenko, in turn, flies away from us at what approximately maximum distance? these are not the most distant comets that are from the sun. wow, when they go away from the sun for a long time, as far as 20-330. yes, she doesn't fly. eh, far away. this is the end she flies away. well, a little further than jupiters. yes, six six. seven like this, as for the cometagoleum, it flies a lot. then it flies out of orbit. neptune, yes, that is, it has already been flying there for more than 30 astronomical money. 35. approximately units. well, here it comes back. yes, therefore, of course, when you look at such an orbit

, it is somehow inconvenient to call it short periodic, but like this such a classification is less than two years short periodically, nevertheless, nevertheless, and with all the remarkableness of these two comets is it correct i understand that a colossal number of comets inhabit. uh, need some clarification, what does that mean much farther away from the sun in distance? well, is it hundreds or a thousand times further? yes yes here, in fact, these comets they live in the so-called cloud, horta and clouds - this is a sphere with a radius of about one light year. that is, it is quite far away. here, this cloud of orsa is just represented. you see this sphere there somewhere inside. e poisk opera - this is already significantly less than a light year - it's 20 or something, 1.000 astronomical units or something like that, like quite right. yes, this is quite far, but nevertheless , before that, on the scale that is drawn here.

yes, and the orbit is not like the earth, but the orbits of neptune distant planet sun point. yes, this is almost a point almost a point in the very center. a hmm we don't see these comets, we don't see them, but we don't see them until they're there, but they're coming. they arrive unexpectedly, they always arrive, and therefore they represent a certain danger, we will definitely get to the danger in order to understand, uh, cloud. orta is still a design that is fixed in telescopes and or this is a hypothetical idea that we believe that there must be a source of comets and if there is one, then it is located approximately like this the picture that is presented here in the figure, of course, no one sees. yes, but according to the data that we have, this model works, that is, this model is internally contradictory. yes, that is, everything works out. if we apply this model to explain

the phenomena that are observed, uh, a beautiful picture, of course, does not mean that when you fly up in between a starry spaceship. you see this area. the distance between the individual pieces of this ice is probably millions of kilometers there, probably no less. it is, of course, quite even far away. but if that's on some scale here's to imagine. yes? here these billions of comets is an impressive picture. yes , these are trillions, yes trillions of comets excuse me please then what does it mean that they are sitting there? then they arrive and do not sit. there, on the chairs on the shelves on the benches, they all revolve around the sun and, apparently , revolve in such orbits, where we from the earth , even the owner, never see, what does it mean they suddenly arrive. if they rotate on some kind of ellipse, they will rotate, so the ellipse is extended for now and someone is from it won't move. the fact is that here to talk about were crazy already quite difficult, because such an ellipse. yes, this is a trajectory near e

, the center of gravity, which is a point. yes. and if attraction is not a point, but let's say, well, the universe , yes, then the picture is already much more complicated, and it is so complicated that it is predictable here. well, it's rather difficult, because it's impossible to say so, they are sensitive holographic galactic perfect. yes. yes, exactly, so and uh, actually the horta cloud - it's not the only source. like this there are already trillions? yes to us but, but here it was possible quite recently. it can be said, almost the other day, yes, in the nineteenth year, to find a chum salmon that flew to us and it was absolutely established that it flew from somewhere in the galaxy, not from the hyperbolic three. yes yes absolutely right. this is easily assessed by speed, even if it flies at such a speed, and if it didn’t fly by, the wind didn’t fly somewhere, then it definitely didn’t just fly from the galaxy, that is,

some comets visit us, leaving their the former place somewhere in the galaxy is a comet. they are an asteroid. shortly before this. we were visited by a galactic asteroid oh yes. yes, it was exactly a comet, exactly a comet, and now it was taken in the photograph, and therefore the photograph can be seen, yes, is this the end? it really is a comet. what does it mean? please tell me that hmm the worth cloud extends its farthest boundary, well, somewhere within the gravitational boundary of the sol. systems yes, this means that it, in principle, can exchange comets with neighboring stars. quite right. yes and it's happening it's happening. yes , of course, that is, we seem to be isolated due to solar gravity, but in reality there are parts on the edges that can change the stars, yes, which migrate migrate. that's up to what they can achieve. well, even land. ah. i really want to ask. eh, there is an opinion

that life could spread throughout the universe in this way. yes, there are researchers who are quite serious about something. yes, yes, that's exactly the way galaxies are spreading life. it arose is still unknown, but it could have spread somewhere. yes, in fact, no one has tested this theory. uh -huh no, some comets appear suddenly and, uh, leave such an unexpected trail behind them. and this is uh, well, the so-called site of the tunguska phenomenon, yes, they used to say the tunguska meteorite. yes, now the most common version of what happened is that it was a comet, so it all turned into water and steam. well, so water. how many in pairs almost no no stones or iron left. yes, no trace. uh-huh yes, it can only be if it consisted, well, it was icy, basically

like this many people think that comets are still standing out of the water. let's discuss the question of suddenness, which is to what extent sudden and unexpected for us. that's where the gold ortok comes from, we can have guests that we don't really want. uh, from what distance and for what time are we likely to be able to detect, but here are the latest cases when they flew in suddenly. well it flew in not the end of it flew in, yes, chebarkulsky or chelyabinsk, it would be sudden. in the same way, in principle, we can view and in fact the nucleus of a comet, and the comet with its tail is visible. better it's true. yes, absolutely right in this regard, everything is fine. but when we have to, we must see in time to see, if we saw and can’t do anything, then, in general, then yes, but there are those who

have comet nuclei that have their ability to soar, yes, they have almost exhausted, and so on . yeah, just like a core ain't no iron stone remained. yes, stones, well, maybe there are glands. there is uh-huh knows. uh, here, uh, and in this case we can of course see, well , too late, so let's say what hmm means how would you rate the characteristic time. uh, where you need a jupiter arbiter, it would be nice to see them, so that they are still there for a couple of years here in the orbit of peter to, in general, now actually. we're almost ready to build those facilities that will allow us, well, divert it 2-3 years from there. yes, yes, there are somewhere less than two already . well, 3 years is it possible? please tell me about reject reject well, in fact, such a method. basically, he was counting on hmm for use as

an anti-steroid defense. yes, why? because we have a lot of asteroids. well, there were many more. well , it is not comparable than the end. yes, and you can deflect asteroids using those asteroids that we control, yes, these asteroids that we control, they can be directed with the help of graceful manners near the earth to meet those, well, dangerous celestial bodies, yes and due to collision with these dangerous celestial bodies, or destroy them there. no for 2 years. we won't wind ourselves up as a pet asteroid. you have to be prepared, of course. right now, our technologies have been developed to such a level that, if we say tomorrow, there will be a solution. let's build, then, in general , within, well, this is foreseeable, well, 5 years. yes , it is possible to build such a system, see a very essential element of the whole scheme - this is without a doubt. uh, the exact calculation of the orbits in this

sense, what you said at the beginning that the comet is arranged is very valuable. so her orbit is not calculated. not very, well, good. predictive power, but not very, very good due to the fact that it is not very controlled, it emits water vapor, and because of this it actually speeds up, and it would be a shame to miss. and you think we have the means to avoid it. well, look, if we are talking about, indeed, a comet, of course, these are somewhat more difficult tasks. yes, of course, but what is exchanged, so to speak, is the difficulty of solving this problem for the fact that we must earlier determine this territory, a comet falling into the earth. and this then it will be possible to do it approximately on the basis of the same technologies that were used to meet the nucleus with the comet hallele, when several devices and they allowed all this

to be done. and it was a great workout. yes, yes, in this regard, wonderful training. while it certainly wasn't counted on at the time, but it's certainly a scenario that can be exploited, uh, a perspective that looks unsettling, uh, nonetheless, though not in the near-term perspective of the solar system. and when moving through the galaxy, it flies by. not i know the surrounding stars, we all know it in the form of some kind of large molecular cloud, which, correct me upstairs, is not necessarily visible from the ground. and then it causes a disturbance in the orta cloud so much more. what, well, apparently a great time later, maybe a thousand years from there a long time to get. there may be more, uh, a swarm of comets falling to the ground. well, don't you think so, uh, very likely. well, in principle, this can be, but

they said it was thanks for the optimistic forecast. yes, yes, but still it's not bad luck first level. uh, well danger. yes , there is danger from this kind of phenomenon. yes, just somehow. well, no, nothing to indicate to us that we really have entered a situation where this can happen. yes, comet bombardment of the earth happened. in the early stages of the development of the solar system is not due to external disturbances. simply due to the fact that it was crowded with a solar system comet. yes of course, even in the evolution of the solar system there is. so, this is officially the name of the period of heavy bombardment. yes it is somewhere in about a billion or less. how many hundreds of millions of years are there? after the formation, anyway, the initial form of the solar system, and before that, why didn’t they do it, why did they start in a billion years, and after half a million years they didn’t do it. they themselves did not form anything,

for example, yes, yes, yes, that's it, that's it, that's it, and in fact the traces of this bombardment. we see on the moon we see on the moon traces of this yes of this that's right , traces of this this heavy bombardment. ah. wait it from here, interesting follows the conclusion is that since the comet consists of water in a significant amount, the moon must have an excess of water. uh, well, here on the moon you know one of the tasks. yeah, such find water on the moon. and this project is our closest project. well, at 25, he's mostly looking for water because there's an interesting, uh, history. the fact is that hydrogen has been discovered and there seems to be a lot of it on the moon, but there is no water, yes , but if there is hydrogen, then it seems that water should be hydrogen, which is around us in

our conditions. it's uh, water, although water, the sun, although hydrogen, in the sun, is not even water at all. yes, yes, yes, but the sun. it is, as it were , otherwise it does not look like it is here, so here, perhaps, something is waiting for us such that perhaps. our understanding of the evolution of the solar system will noticeably change cometary bombardment of the earth. mm, it really could bring enough water to the earth, which, suppose before that, was too close to the sun and too hot , all the water evaporated on it, and it was unfortunately left without water until good comets arrived and did not throw into it. so much so that the oceans are filled. or is it, uh, given the size of the oceans, it somehow doesn't seem very plausible. you know, this theory exists, and it is not bent, that is, it is along with other theories. that is, this version remains in force. yes, that is , to fully understand how it all happened. where

did water come from, really? well, so far it does not work out so that this is such a confident answer. e. well, now, for which it is already impossible to imagine such tasks, the composition of ice on study distant comets. which we can't do because we can't get there and the train is flooded. why can water be reached? we can get there. yes? here is an example of this comet churimov. gerasimenko we can, but so far some decisive discoveries that would allow us to firmly say that yes, comets brought water and that’s all and the disputes are over. no, this is not the case as long as there is a hypothesis not refuted. well, not confirmed. yes and now renewed. uh, interest in the moon. he, then, to a certain extent , is explained by attempts to still understand understand where the water comes from. well no, thus on the ground. which comets do you think are promising and why for visits, if

there are such plans, well, for now, such plans, i don’t know visiting comets yes , because, well, comets are somehow more difficult to visit. why? well, at least, because there are few of them here, we have trillions there. over there try to mean in the access zone. yes , in the spacecraft access zone. yes, the access zone is, let's say, up to well, up to orbit. well, neptune yes, well, something far away. yes and then far. oh well, now they are actually considering options, after all, flying, let's say by the middle of the day in all seriousness. yes, you can fly somewhere. yes good. it's close now - it's a dwarf planet. yes, yes, yes, that 's right. well, that is, you can fly here, but uh, in order to, well, somehow have such a reliable choice, it’s still, uh, the project is not very, or something, well, cheap, so to speak. i would like to have a good justification for the fact that here, yes. this is the kind of expedition that needs to be prepared. and so far

, as far as i know, such comets have failed find. although there are those that are closer. yes, that's closer. well, let's say they have. uh, the opheles are somewhere around the orbit of jupiter, well. here is an example, this is chernumov's comet, gerasimenko. here it is not too completely from the sun. nothing further. well, it's coming. this, by the way, is the end of the gerasimenko prison. it fits quite close. uh, well, and to the sun, yes , that is, she is not there all the time, yes, is it there in general or a overate somewhere already in the area. here are some of these relatively close very close, we all know. well, you can say that apparently, yes, there aren't many of them, there aren't many of them, i can tell, there are about 1,000 of them in total for all that is nonsense for the solar system. because it's far away. eh, you know, here's a passing question. but

these gravitational actions here are quite complicated at first an asteroid. uh, such a simple solution, like a nuclear bomb on a comet and the ejection and jet blast moves it. no not good idea. no, such projects were considered and considered in great detail. yes great details, but actually a significant part. e. well, here are those who carry responsible for this kind of projects, well , they are still afraid to withdraw a nuclear device. e in space near-earth space. and this is the main obstacle. that is, it is already. well, a very, very extreme case, because, well, everyone is afraid that there will be damage. maybe a nuclear charge that did not work in time. will be more than from the flying celestial body you participated in such discussions. i did not take part in such discussions. but there are such publications and, uh, everyone in all these meetings regarding the asteroid-comet

danger. here i will not give out. no secrets were always present they were silent people from sarov sarov you know, this is russian nuclear. yes, they are present and silent. well , this means that, in principle, they, apparently, are also ready for this option. yes , knowledge about comets is useful for our existence, in addition to what is interesting and tells us about the development of the evolution of the solar system, probably a lot. i thank you for this story. thank you very much. all the best, goodbye.

from the death of hundreds of people, including you, perhaps not so not so. why are you digging there? we are going to give him the title of the righteous of the world does not want to talk about it, how old we were then at 17:00 with good use in the family there was one valuable relic, i picked it up. i can't give. you said

you would return. we watch to know everything about russia , we watch the best historical series for free without

registration. the soyuz ms-23 spacecraft docked to the iss, it flew to the station for two days and for the first time in a long time without a crew in unmanned mode, it was also automatic specialists from the ground controlled and the crew of the station the ship will return to the ground cosmonauts sergey prokopiev dmitry petelin and astronaut frank rubio let me remind you soyuz ms-22, on which they flew was damaged by a meteoroid, it was not safe to return on it georgy podgorny will tell the details. 33 orbits around the earth from

the baikonur launch pad to the iss launch an important critical flight for the russian space mission, which should have been manned, went to the station without a crew on board docking in automatic mode the fuel reserves on the ship were calculated enough so as to be enough for several attempts to land the soyuz ms-23. everything is in order. all experts confirmed that the docking was successful in a couple of hours , the hatches would be opened and the crew would start unloading the spacecraft and change the entire flight program. russian cosmonauts delayed the operating crew at the station for half a year, until september. an incalculable number of tests of measurements of checks and in general a huge risk, and all because of a certain object size. maybe, well, a little more grain of sand and for meteoroids the size of a millimeter of the one that