a resident of moscow was detained with glossy help , a resident of moscow, she remained to leave the country, according to the fsb public relations center , the operation was carried out jointly with the ministry of internal affairs, the lefortovo court chose a preventive measure of 2 months of arrest under the state article. treason detainee faces up to 20 years in prison and a large fine. the five-year-old story with the poisoning of the violins was invented by britain to demonize russia in the future, this was stated in the russian diplomatic mission in london, the british authorities hide the results of the investigation and stubbornly they blame moscow for everything , a note was sent to the british foreign office demanding to clarify how things are with the health and location of sergei and yulia skripals. in the west of moscow, on lobachevsky street , scaffolding collapsed, one person died, two were injured ; now work is underway to dismantle the structure, as reported by the ministry of emergency situations , people may be under the rubble. it was previously

established by firefighters that a collapse of a person occurred on the territory of the construction site, unfortunately the deceased, that is, the work is to size, the constructor is the destruction of a possible walking. africa what do they think of us on this continent and what are the prospects for the turn of russian policy to the south, as well as the growing dissatisfaction between the us and china about this and not only see the international review program immediately after the advertisement. vtb will offer a solution. open a deposit with a maximum yield of up to nine and a half percent . misha loves a scooter right now in a bank branch because he loves to bring people joy, and asya loves a scooter because

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comments mastery of conflict escalation, how to avoid military clashes materials of our program? africa on the eve of an era of change, a window of opportunity opens with a report from morocco this spring. we waited with apprehension, a lot of things foreshadowed a surge of tension here and an attempt to turn the tide on the ukrainian fronts and the growing impact of the economic war and the aggravation all international conflicts. after all , the ability of the players to mutual understanding has gone to peak and the world has accumulated, as before, objective contradictions said, military conflicts have accompanied mankind throughout its history. this is europe in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. lucky to consider the war an anomaly. our ancestors would have been genuinely

perplexed. what arrogance, but rather an exception for almost any historical period or not, only as a result of great wars. and wars happen regularly. the thirty years' war began on may 23, 1618 years in prague when the czech nobles threw representatives of the german emperor out of the window. it was a rebellion of protestants who undermined the power of the catholic lord of the bohemian king ferdinand from the house of habsburg to suppress the rebellion; the troops of the holy roman empire were sent to suppress the rebellion; a campaign began in which many european states were drawn in june 1624; habsburg soon

joined by denmark sweden more several principalities of europe in august 1626 , the troops of the holy roman empire inflicted crushing defeats on denmark as a result of the war with it, emperor ferdinand ii issued a restorative dick decree. it prohibits any manifestations of protestantism, and all the lands of the protestants come under the control of the holy roman empire, but sweden is categorically against this, it goes to war, capturing new enemy territories until november 1632, when the king died in battle, gustav ii adolf, the death of the king affected morale soldier swedish troops start to fail. and the troops of ferdinand ii, no longer able to advance to the sides, conclude the peace of prague, according to its terms, the protestants receive back the occupied territories and are equalized in rights with the catholics, the opponents

of the habsburgs, disappointed france declares war on spain, but in 1636 the habsburg army attacks france simultaneously from the south and north in paris this was not expected by the troops of the holy roman empire, they almost reached paris, but their lightning speed was stopped by the army of louis 13 on february 15, 1637, he dies ferdinand ii and power over the empire. passes on to his son ferdinand 3, the war becomes protracted, the decisive battle was the battle of roak, which france defeated spain, the empire lost its main ally, sweden, in turn , inflicted a series of defeats on the imperial army , captured the czech republic, bavaria and invaded austria on october 24, 1648. the holy roman empire was forced to conclude a westphalian peace with the enemy under its terms

, the habsburgers retained their eastern possessions, including austria and the czech republic, went to france neighboring lands, the holy roman empire , ilzaz and three bishoprics in the northwest, and paris becomes one of the most influential capitals of europe , holland gets independent, sweden enters a new level for itself and becomes european. powers the holy roman empire itself. it broke up into more than 300 dwarf states subordinate to the emperor only formally. after the thirty years' war, and this series of conflicts was established, the first european order, westphalian, the second was the result of a little a shorter series of upheavals from the french revolution to the congress of vienna 26 years, finally the epoch from 14 to 45 another 31 years, two world wars and many local wars

a rigid cradle of the world a device that is crumbling now, and then again 30 years of chaotic time without time or we can do it faster , as in our time it echoes not ours, let's talk, a wonderful historian and international affairs specialist nikolai silaev from mgimo kolya hello. in our country, how is any world order still operating now? or have we finally come to the blessed anarchy? i don't know how blessed it is and how blessed the order was if it was internationalists very often talk about anarchy as an inalienable property of the international system , but they do not define it all so often. and in my opinion, the best metaphor was invented by a person who is into the theory of international relations. it would seem to have a far relation to ernest gelner. in one of his early works, he compared the international

system with the orders in the atlas mountains among the berbers , let us recall, well, an anthropologist, a political philosopher, a very great political philosopher. ah, and hmm, he says that there are, of course, there is another word there is clans. there are strong clans. there are clans, weak over them , there is no power that would determine the relationship between them and would set, for example , the regime for the use of violence, and that's it. this happens in the process of some kind of agreements. one of you may depend on another, another clan, may be completely independent, they can sometimes agree on something together, but at the same time, they may continue and conflicts may continue and warriors, the order may be greater or less, when , for example, more food is more order, when less food can be in conflict, while things remain

that, even in the most acute conflicts between clans, are inviolable to a greater or lesser extent. here. i will already give examples from, uh, the geographical area that is closer to me, well, for example, in the north caucasus in the pre-imperial era, a was used, special protection and roads along which scott was driven to winter and summer pastures a murder committed on such roads on such roads was considered especially serious. just like now, almost everyone, except ukraine, seems to agree that it is not good to shoot it at a power plant. a and. a. in this sense , we will always have some degree of anarchy, but now, of course, it is obvious that there is no one clan that could claim. let's say on the royal status, even if it is compared with some kind of francs. but we are in

such a state, it turns out that in this sense , hegemony is more reliable there, at least at least it's clear who makes the rules. uh, so only a caveat that she will never be a complete hermony, also some kind of ideal, a type that does not occur in reality. well, right now, literally in these years, we have had a very dubious pleasure to watch as a conflict, which, in general, could initially be considered a local ukrainian issue. the so-called is turning into a platform for the restoration of the world hierarchy. that is, this is a topic, generally speaking, world world wars, as it used to be? how does it happen? this is the jump from one level to another begins, well, there are some hmm well, let's say local issues and suddenly you are. i'm not sure there is maybe some kind of general jump rule here. uh, i 'll just remind you how u hemingway is to his local novel. from a certain point of view, the conflict

of the spanish civil war was put by an epigraph from john don that it was not sent to ring, for whom they call, do not send to ask, for whom the bell tolls. he rings for you in this sense, but then he tried to prove that this bell rings for everyone, that this bell tolls for his readers in america it rang after a while indeed. and that is, it is also like this. here is a debatable question. whether it concerns us or not, and uh, if you look at the conflicts in which russia has been involved in one way or another in one form or another since the collapse of the soviet union, there have been fully local conflicts. although, too, they could change their role. well , for example, the karabakh conflict, and about which there has never been a dispute until recently

time between russia or these disputes were somehow minimal, you can explain why they were minimal , because anyway, no one saw any prospects, so there’s something to argue about, but the point is that there weren’t any, then another conflict they also did not see prospects, but at the same time they argued, and then, suddenly, in the twentieth year, with the connection of turkey with a deeper passion for russia, it turned into not quite local. or how , last spring, the ukrainian authorities persistently pushed azerbaijan to open the second front? and if e is very intense. this is a state of anarchy, this is an anarchic process, then e players actors are looking for ways, e, to harm their opponent. and here, of course, everything comes from the other side. here, let's take, uh,

georgian ossetian or georgians abkhazian conflict. after all, they began, in fact, as conflicts between communications. and uh, they grew. eh, to the bigger ones. uh, including under the influence of the interests of some external big players. ah, when suddenly in the 2000s it turned out that the contact line of the georgian the ossetian territory between the territory controlled by the authorities of south ossetia and the territory controlled by the authorities of georgia is also a fault line between russia and the military machine, but with all the reservations that georgia never had guarantees from nato, but it was political , and and in this sense, uh, and uh, the crisis in ukraine could remain

local could remain local. if , uh, if the big players found an opportunity to agree, found an opportunity to take into account. interest in each other. that's just opportunities have occurred. i know that you, as an expert, participated in the so-called minsk process for several years. now let's go everyone disown. everyone explains that no, we didn’t mean it at all. here, if possible, your personal impressions are still from the inside. uh, it was an attempt to negotiate something. and by the way, everyone was really brainwashing someone with someone and getting ready to strike. i think it was an attempt to negotiate. yes, at the same time , the goals were different, while the vision of the desired negotiability was different and the russian vision, by the way, was always e as close as possible to the text of the minsk agreements, but i believe that it was an attempt to negotiate, and well, franceslande and angela merkel are so cheerfully

telling how they wanted. russia, but at the same time they overlook one more very curious thing. and when they supported, e , a set of measures to implement the minsk agreements in the un security council, when it was enshrined with a security council resolution , they wanted to deceive the un, they didn’t want to security, well , russian foreign minister lavrov recently mentioned this, but others do not remember this. yes, it is, in my opinion. of course, they were cunning, and then they are cunning. and now then some were cunning. uh, because they, uh, probably proceeded from the fact that, well, sooner or later in russia, anyway, everything will change sooner or later, russia will reconsider its foreign policy, therefore, well, we 'll agree on this for now, and then we'll see. well, after all, the minsk agreements. it's a very

broad document, and there were many sides to it. and there were many different approaches, including. who should carry out the political part, if we talk about the non-political part? well, uh, was it possible to agree on an effective ceasefire and disengagement of forces with an active ceasefire? fire water, yes, sometimes it was possible to negotiate the last truce well, the last agreements on the ceasefire regime. fire, uh acted. uh. well, let's put it this way, more confidently than the previous ones, and it was also possible to agree on the disengagement of forces. and if the forces are divorced, it means that people no longer shoot, which means that they are completely political mechanisms take on a different role. plus. uh, it's only in february of the seventeenth year. uh, ukraine made an official decision on the transport blockade of donbass if this decision had not been made,

if trade had continued, if ukrainian enterprises had continued to work on the don which paid taxes to the ukrainian budget. that too would be a completely different context. this is a long-suffering talk. uh, the steinmeier formula, that is, the mechanism for the entry into force of the special order law local self-government in the donbass after all, this was also part of large agreements, serious agreements on how to get out of the deadlock associated with the fact that this law does not come into force with the need to hold elections and they talked about elections for some time. uh, serious enough, very tight. let's just say it's worth the point of view when everything collapsed. that's when it became clear that everything would be nothing, how how far from the war from hostilities. i think it's e. what's the first call? uh, there was an e-failure, well, first here

there from uh, maybe not. there , the last three last two, the failure of the agreement on the establishment of a coordinating council by representatives of the public of ukraine and donbass is the beginning of the twentieth year, if i am not mistaken. ah, when this agreement, although it seemed, uh, so completely symbolic, but it assumed that it was possible to overcome this ah problem that, in general, kiev invented for itself that it does not conduct direct negotiations, uh with the republics of donbass and uh, there are no official direct negotiations, but there is some an advisory council that discusses something, and goes along with it. actually work, which is negotiation,

which is free from these endless endless throwing of the ball. we are negotiating with them. no space. we're not negotiating. ah, the document was signed. and soon ukraine, in my opinion, after 2 days, e refused him. e, withdrew his signature, referring to the fact that they need to consult with germany and france, that they do not approve of this, indeed the european approach, and when not only germany and france, but also when martinets, in my opinion. last fall, but i can confuse yes, there is an interview with a businessman about how the negotiations took place from her point of view, and he, uh, there quite openly expressed the position that her osce germany and france were categorically against any bilateral agreements between russia and ukraine well,

of course . in general, now it, of course, already has more such historical significance, but it is curious, but let's return to the great floor. uh, to what extent uh, what's going on now can be considered the equivalent of a world war? i i mean not to scale. for now, thank god. and here is precisely the structural fact, as far as it is built. it's, uh, like a new hierarchy. if yes, then she can, again for 30 years we will walk through the burning desert like the previous time, or we will still be more agile. this is a very good question. and i completely agree that from a structural point of view this is a world war. as for the scale of actual military operations, otherwise this scale is determined not so much, but by the desire of the parties. how many possibilities are their possibilities related to uh economics of opportunity

related to the escalation limit. we are witnessing a worldwide conflict that involves nuclear powers. and we are now seeing it in action. how does nuclear deterrence work in such a conflict? and we are watching. by the way, that it is not absolutely involved. it is not asymmetrical, one directly the other is not directly, but very active. there is a very fine line here. uh, in what status is the territory of ukraine and american citizens in arms official announcement wars are a thing that has been like this for so many decades. yes, what about duration? it's a very

interesting idea, and an interesting historical idea that the world wars last for about 30 years, originated within a centralized system from one region. fight from one side to the other, but this is also a very europe centrist view. uh, for the chinese, the world war began, if i don’t confuse anything, in the year thirty-three or thirty-five, and at least in the thirty- seventh it ended, uh, whether to count it a continuation of the korean war for them? and plus to this, and for them this

chronology is really important, which is very important for us , defining, because their official doctrine, which is laid down even directly for the chinese constitution, is 100 years of humiliation of super smart wars before the victory of the communist party and a. or if we look at the middle east, events that can also be regarded in the last decade. in what sense, as a prologue to this global conflict? and there it all started in 2003 for some countries from the ninety-first. and then there is a question in this sense, uh, about 30 years - this is, uh, this is a question that every region of the world will answer in its own way. we can imagine such a scenario for the development of the political situation in the military-political situation in the world. that the ukrainian conflict will again

become local? yeah well, i don't know if that's desirable or not, i guess let's wish for peace. wish peace. this is right. thank you very much, nikolai silaev from mgimo was with us in the studio. world confrontation or not until we finally do it, but one thing is known, the number of countries involved or affected is growing, our regular author alexander popova has discovered a plume in warm climes in the hassle. we are located in the city of agadir, which is 300 kilometers from marrakesh, and a stone's throw from the sahara, the golden beaches, the ocean and the warm climate attract crowds of tourists here. this region has long become interesting and the american military, it is at the agadir training grounds that the african lion is annually trained, the leading role . the us army is playing here, along with it, the organization of combat work is being worked out by the armed forces of the moroka.

tunisia and senegal according to the international scenario the military group confronts a developed and fairly well-equipped enemy, the practical part takes place at moroccan training grounds, which, according to legend, become territories of a fictitious state, and training in morocco is very valuable for the military and the united states, we gain extensive experience in interacting with aviation and armored artillery troops and infantry, which is very difficult to train. it's great to have exercises here in morocco with our partners. local media showed the chosen ones moments from the work of the headquarters. this is a command post against the backdrop of active headquarters work voice-over reports on a strike on air defense facilities of a mock enemy the americans said that this is the s-400, it should be recalled that by now such a system was in service only in three countries: russia china and turkey we we have been cooperating

strategically with morocco for a long time. these exercises are very important for our relations. the participation of 7,000 military personnel of different nationalities allows us to conduct large-scale multifunctional exercises. our combat opportunities will increase significantly. however , a little over a month ago, the news spread all over the world. morocco will supply ukraine with 20 t-72 tanks. the only of all african countries are these tanks. she received from belarus 20 years ago. we, it seems, really handed over the tanks, but not to ukraine, but to the czech republic for modernization. then they were supposed to return home, but, apparently, someone decided otherwise , paid prague for repairs and forced morocco to transfer equipment to ukraine, this is a new world order, but we moroccans have good economic relations with both russia and america russia has never been our enemy , we cooperate. many of our students study there in the east.

our diplomats of military understanding between countries from below are educated there . people do not understand why the americans come to them and why they train? why russia or china should be enemies us soldiers have already been coming to morocco but lately. in addition to them, there were also the french, spaniards and senegalese , about 20 countries participated in the exercises. why they train here in morocco i don't know hard to say, i really don't get it. the us army and the armed forces of less developed countries are conducting exercises to practice the destruction of russian-made air defense systems. perhaps the pentagon planned to demonstrate to friendly countries its ability to counteract and successfully hit the most modern air defense systems in a similar way, the united states could once again show friends. the need to develop cooperation. after all, if american equipment is capable of hitting russian anti-aircraft

systems, then he needs to buy alexander popova from morocco yes, international review. of the african countries that are allowed to be indirectly involved in the american coalition of support for ukraine, the rest keep their distance, but all the direct participants in the conflict are trying to get through to the dark continent after advertising more. issue a free credit card for 120 days without interest, and we will refund up to 5,000 rubles. each uralsib perspective, where you are a solution for every day from vtb vtb cards with cashback up to 30%. this is a reason to be happy with every purchase, to please someone else to turn regular coffee.