hello this is a question of science. i am aleksey semekhav literally a few thousand kilometers from us and from the place where you are now. you can arrange, you can say, an ocean of liquid metal, it's hot there. and

a little further below it is still hot, but there the pressure defeats the temperature and the metal turns out to be solid, despite how hot it is. how what is happening there below us in the center of the earth determines the conditions on the surface of this planet, the very nature of its existence and the conditions for life on it. i am visiting today doctor of physics and thematic sciences director of the institute of physics of the earth named after ilyich schmidt of the russian academy of sciences member, correspondent of the russian academy of sciences sergey andreevich tikhonsky sergey andreevich hello, thank you very much for taking the time to come to the studio. hello. thank you invitation. the core is a hot core of the earth is a hot source of energy what well, you

started with the most difficult question. you can say, but then it will be easy. well, the fact is that, in general, energy sources that determine the temperature distribution of thermal planet flow. they well, in general, it is not completely clear. well, in general, they say debatable. although of course, we have a general idea. well, here it is necessary to dance from the stove. yes, from how the earth and the solar system were formed in general. here we have the institute of eminent schmidt. here is her schmidt, his main contribution to geophysics. although he actually started as a mathematician gibralist . this is a cosmogonic theory, the modern dominant cold, like an organic theory. schmidt arise centers. yavitatsionnaya, greece centers of attraction. and these cold field particles are somehow separate. yes, there are meteorites relatively speaking, but gravitational instability arises around these centers of action. this is called, and in the course of adhesion, energy is released. well, it

's just kinetic energy. here are these particles that are collapsing on the center of greece. she's moving on. eh, respectively , they fall into the thermal energy, they probably heat up. yes, well, it’s like, here, everything seems to be fine, but when you start there already to make quantitative assessments, then everything is not so simple, because it is very difficult for us to evaluate. what part of the energy is radiated , you understand the release occurs mainly on the surface of the body ; a significant part of the energy is radiated into the external space, if radiation is neglected. huge heat release is obtained there, therefore, here is the balance of energy and where did the primary heat in the earth come from ? that is, you say that a significant part of this case - this is the initial warm-up from the shock percussion warm-up. quite right. and although he is amazing . right there, it's cooled down outside now, and over there, on the surface. and the radioactive decay alignment - this, probably, there may be the second most important source, but

there are still sources related to the fact that we just constantly happen in the process of evolution. uh, what is called gravitational differentiation. here, the earth is her outer shell. well, the most external is earth's crust thickness of the earth's crust. well , it is relatively small, if the average radius of the earth is 6.371 km at the pole, 21 km less than at the equator here, then the qur'an well is the first tens of kilometers. that is, it's not even something like an apple, it's quite small, and then we have thinner than an apple peel, well, to scale. yes, that is, this is such a scale, yes, and then we begin the mantle, which extends to the depth, just the borders of the outer core, and this is the depth. it is located there, a fuzzy border. you know, here you understand, there is the core. this is a transition zone in reality. it extends from the depths. there from 2.700 to 2.900 km. this is the so-called dream layer. and in this layer , gravitational differentiation is constantly taking place. our mantle consists of a significant degree of silicates

, silicates of aluminosilicates, that is, these are minerals, which include silicon in large quantities. well, it's generally the dominant chemical element in the earth. well , aluminum is also other metals there, but in general it is relatively lighter in relation to the predominantly iron that it consists of the core is matter, respectively, on this border you constantly experience gravitational differentiation, light, upward, heavy downward. again, it didn't end. no, this happens in everything, it ended, 4 billion years passed before it did not have time. yes, because, firstly, it’s just that the substance of the mantic, everything that is higher than 2,900 kilometers, we will say kilometers, is in a solid state of aggregation. well, there different parts of the mantle have different viscosities, but so as not to tire with numbers. yes, i will say that, generally speaking, the viscosity of the substance of the mantle can be roughly liken the viscosity of steel to metallurgists, they know perfectly well that those steels. only in this way, if you take a steel billet there , i don’t know, hang a significant load on it, then after

decades of tens of years have passed there, it safely begins to slowly flow. here in this sense. yes , the mantle can also flow, but still we all understand what steel is. this is a solid matter in our everyday understanding, and for 4.5 billion years, on these scales, they still come down to what you call gravitational three orders of magnitude, that is, on a scale of millions of tens of millions of years, it also flows and there is mantle convection, but all these times are millions of tens and hundreds of millions of years, and therefore it has not ended. well, because it is rather slow and the process of mixing of matter is slow, and please enlighten me, the core is actually where it becomes liquid at the boundary of the core and mantle. we have a chemical frontier. that is, if here inside the e mantle, we also have a border there 410 km, 67. kilometers, but there these boundaries are predominantly phase.

but the core-mantle boundary is the chemical boundary above the aluminosilicates in the mantle are lighter, and below it is predominantly iron plus nickel well, there is also, of course, an impurity element, but they are already impurity mainly iron and nickel metal, and it is hot due to pressure or because it warms it inside it is hotter, because it was primary there, it was initially heated. and now we have touched on the reasons why it was heating up, yes, and this heat, it just hasn’t had time to leave yet, but of course, certain sources of heat also have and besides, but this radioactive decay, which, of course, also warms. there is another important source associated with the process of iron crystallization at the boundary of the outer and inner cores. wow, so we got to the border of 1900 km. we have begun the outer core, which is liquid, and liquid. here in our household plan. it flows here , it flows in everyday life, like a mantle. here, which means when we get to the depths, approximately there is 5.1005.120 km. he is there too transition zone exists. it is due to the fact

that the pressure is growing with us, as it was quite rightly noted. yes, the pressure wins and the substance crystallizes, but the process of crystallization, as we all know. yes, he is always accompanied in the energy department. here is the outer core. it is still due to this heated process is also not over. although it could, although it did not end, once everything crystallizes, the liquid core will not become, only the solid will remain, but we do not have our lives and it is understandable. yes, here we are completely it's like it's been there for hundreds of millions of years. well, the question is, after all, when and how fast this process goes, it is largely related to the fact, and when the inner core was first formed in general. well, and in general with the question of how the core was formed, and this is also not really clear to the end. that is, so in the process of gravitational. and when the planet was formed, it warmed up, yes, but we don’t fully understand whether everything was initially melted or, generally

speaking, everything was never initially melted, and we don’t understand in a good way when the core was formed in general and when the inner core was formed in particular, whether it is approximately the same age as the earth, that is, there are 4 billion years, let's say, yes, no five four, well, four billion years, well, there are, such a hypothesis, which is also confirmed by the results of modeling, that, perhaps, the inner core, in any case, arose relatively recently by the standards of the age of the earth. wobbler three, two three billion. no, less. yes, well, somewhere around 460, maybe million years, the cambrian explosion, probably, yes. yes it that's roughly correlated with uh rapid development in life. e in the cambrian period. well, in particular, it is associated with that. perhaps this is a hypothesis, what i'm talking about now. this is a hypothesis that when you have an internal core you have due to that heat release at the border of the internal and external speaker. not only did we just talk, but

we have increased, as it were, an influx of energy. here in this liquid outer core and the process of generating a magnetic field, and the outer dross of the earth for us, especially remarkable in that the geomagnetic works in it. like this everything manifests itself on the surface mainly in relation to the magnetic field, respectively, you have this geomagnetic dynamo that needs energy sources. it is not a perpetual motion machine, because something must turn it. yes, perpetual motion, there absolutely right. and when you and i have an additional source of energy , the work of the magnetic dynamo intensifies, the magnetic field immediately becomes more intense and, accordingly, it increases the protection of the planet from there in cosmic radiation. and so under this umbrella, life gets more favorable opportunities for development cools down. yes, you know, well, it is objectively, that is, it was the initial warm-up. she still radiates a diploma into space. and in the process of cooling, you have a

crystallization center. and so it began to grow. and now it has grown to the state that we have, that is, its borders are at a depth of 5,000 100 km. well, maybe from scratch. she started 1,000 with a small radius of it. on the inner solid the core grew approximately over the mth period of rapid development of the conditionally rapid development of life on earth. if we accept this hypothesis, then this is apparently so in this respect. uh, of course it's very interesting, in general, this is so or not. that is, indeed, when the inner core was formed. well, the fundamental questions of the evolution of the magnetic field depend on this, because if this is so, yes, then we can estimate the growth rate of the inner core and approximately assume when it will flood everything with it, and we have the means to find out, in general, any indirect. well, just the beginning of this year. it was marked by some generally stormy stream of news about this, uh, which, in general, were often mistaken for something completely different not what was written there next to in the original articles, but you know, in a sense, that's

what was published there, well , in fairness, let's say what these considerations generally say about what we have, let's say more inside the inner core still exists. the internal nucleolus is excellent in its properties, generally speaking, it's somewhere three inside inside inside. yes, that is, there is an external liquid solid internal inside. something else inside something else inside the solid, which is solid, but with other chemical properties no, not chemical, but rather phase , perhaps, because there the pressure is already such that iron exists in a different modification, but, but here it is . the main thing is not even that. the main thing is that we see each other's character they are beyond tropia seismic seismic esotropia means the speed of elastic waves. and everything we know about the earth on 90%, it is elastic waves so far. in general , 90% of the information about the subsoil, well, it is understandable is a conditional assessment well, the overwhelming overwhelming anyway, an array of information about coins. this is, of course, seismic data. and so. uh,

if generally speaking all the basic knowledge that there is a core. it is interesting that, generally speaking, the very fact that the core exists is one of the first facts that was established regarding the earth's core as a whole externally inside. this is 1906. yeah, when uh people found out that uh spread time waves, well, by the diameter of the earth, that is, by 180 °, yes, it's just in diameter, but it happens more slowly than one might expect. and then the assumption arose that in the center there is something with an average lower speed, all further observations of this kind confirmed and refined the details of the process. that is, if in the thirteenth year gutenberg discovered the boundary, er, of the outer core and mantle of the gutenberg boundary, and in the thirty-sixth year, the presence of the inner core was actually discovered. that is, here we have epochs such reference points when basic ideas about how

the core is generally arranged and you add 2022 directly to this consequences, but for the sake of justice, for the sake of joy, i must say that it ’s just now. well, articles have appeared that additionally confirm what the last decades have already been talking about. that is, well, since about the nineties of the last century and now the two thousandth years, just now how did it happen that a large amount of information was collected , processed, which somehow generalized confirmed and this is, well, such a stormy moment of a stormy growth. and what is the most important thing i have to take out of this new thing. well, if we're talking about the latest, what have we learned? this is what really exists inside the core. uh, the inner nucleolus is like that. uh, its radius is now about 650 km. well, that is pretty decent. well, after all, it is actually small in terms of mass, because yes, but nevertheless, almost half of yes is internal, which in its properties is quite healthy different from the core as a whole. yeah, it's different, but primarily seismic esotropia, that is, uh,

there, waves that go along approximately on the axis of rotation go fastest along the equatorial plane, too, quite quickly. but at an angle approximately 45 there. well, more precisely, 48 °, here it is the slowest. and this is very similar to e, anti-therapy, associated precisely with e with the crystal lattice of iron, which is in such a special phase state, which can be characteristic of these temperature and pressure ranges. well, first of all, pressure. well, it is important, what is important is that we have a certain border. here we are 650 km we have such a nucleus, and then another nucleus begins, that is, at that moment there was some change in the nature of the crystallization of the nucleus on the surface of the inner and outer , some process took place. and now, if we try further, yes, for now this is, as it were, a stuffing by such a seismologist. yes, we see this, they will fly further now. uh, geologists are geodynamic people, uh, and they'll start

hypothesizing around that. how can we correlate this with something in the geological history of the earth, you know? is it possible estimate? so i think that people will already appreciate now and are sitting and doing this, moreover, by what time does this correspond, to what, uh, uh events in the geological history of the earth can this be correlated and maybe something so essentially important will be revealed to us. here i am physics, you know, i always have such a position in life that we follow. we do not build hypotheses, we supply data. yes, we are talking about what we found. well, in this case, not us, but our australians there. how are you wise to him? yes, and you talk about it this way, of course, it’s very interesting listen to what it means, but still geophysics is an exact science. yes, we try to stay within the limits of exact science. this is, uh, the first such an interesting, a-a phenomenon that we must endure. right now yes, right on me, well, it happened it turned out. it is before our eyes, in the second.

what many have heard. it was a publication that made a lot of noise simply because they didn’t even read the title. now i 'll show you what it's called. look, it's written in english. i translated literally into russian many ten-year variations are the rotation of the internal ira of the earth. that is, in fact, people wrote that there is a variation. well, specifically 60-70 years , a period of 67 years. a differential speed of rotation of the core relative to the mantle, that is, it exchanges angular momentum with the mantle rotates relatively. quite right. here it is very important to say how much faster or slower, which means that e is at the maximum, according to the estimates in this case of chinese colleagues, and up to the maximum, which accounted for somewhere at the beginning of the xxi century, the end xx beginning of the xxi century. that differential rotation rate was about 0.12° per year. ok. so that's about one millionth of the earth's average rotational speed

. all in all, it's amazing that it can be measured absolutely? this is understandable, right? that is, what colleagues actually did, but now you can see the picture. yes, they just took it and uh, looked at the waves that come from repetitive earthquakes, and then everything is very simple intuitively. it’s clear a couple, but a couple of earthquakes station trajectory is the same however, if nothing changes in the path of the wave, then nothing will change in the wave form, if it changes, then it will change. well, we see that on those waves that came from pairs of earthquakes, just in the period there until about 2010, something like 2019, and quite a lot changed, the upper curve is blue, yellow. here on the upper curve are blue and yellow, but on all panels, but after 2019 we see red and black, they almost fit one into one, that is, intuitively and simply visually very clear, the proof is nothing complicated elementary well, then they looked at the whole thing in retrospect, collected a large amount of data and discovered a very interesting

fact that if we estimate the speed of rotation of the earth e, the speed of rotation is the differential speed of rotation of the inner core relative to the mantle, it turns out that it has such an oscillatory character. and so, if now we have both corruption, apparently, it happens almost synchronously, that is, no, generally out of sync. well, the core rotates and the mantle overtakes. yes, no one overtakes anyone. here, that same share of hail. the one fraction of a degree, then somewhere around the 60s and 70s of the 20th century the situation was the same yeah, that is, they also rotated synchronously, then there was a relative acceleration. here it is for this fraction of a degree, yes, at the peak, and then slowing down again, well, of course. previously , we simply do not have data, because there was no data of that quality, there were not enough developed seismic networks. and here's where the discussion begins. and let's see what other processes we have on earth have an oscillatory character with a period of years. uh

the process that we are actually observing, well, episodically fragmentary from about there since the 18th century. and these are variations in the length of the day, that is, variations in the speed of the earth's rotation. well, you understand, the faster the earth rotates , the shorter the day for the same fractions for the same millisecond microcircuits, but this is the first millisecond and i want to say right away that this is the fastest. uh, during the observation period, the earth rotated at the end of the 19th century. the day was about 3 m/s. shorter than now, then there was a fairly rapid change and at the beginning of the twentieth century straight into the twenties. the earth rotated the slowest and the day was about four milliseconds longer. than now in general there is a slowdown in the speed of rotation of the earth due to tidal friction for some time. that is, due to the interaction of the earth. sun moons. all the while , the speed is spinning. the moon has already stopped. so in this process, in addition to the general slowdown in the speed of the earth's rotation, there is also an oscillatory component. as are connected

by seasons of variations by redistributions of atmospheric masses, so are some components. well, which we are not until the end understand where they come from. and there is a component with a period of 670 years. here, in fact, now on there on the right panel we see a comparison of this curve e of the differential speed of the earth's rotation and, therefore, uh, variations in the speed of rotation of the earth's explosions. but soon not the earth at all, like the planets - this is astronomy. it is precisely that you are not isolated among geophysicists, and thus we have, again, i want to say a hypothesis that it is possible that this is a redistribution of the angular momentum. like, well, here, uh, we have slightly faster, the nucleus began to rotate slightly. no, everything is together for me, everything is preserved at the moment of momentum. again , this is required further, because all these estimates are still absolutely high-quality. yes, we just saw the coincidence of the period. you know , it is very dangerous to correlate a periodic process. well, because if we have a certain oscillatory process, one oscillatory process follows another, we begin to slightly

shift in phase. all this is farming. you will definitely find a correlation. yes it is very dangerous business, therefore it is necessary to treat this very meaningfully. here, in addition to just the presence of a correlation. there is also a physical connection. here we have just spoken about the conservation of the momentum of the number of movements, so it looks very reasonable. yes, reasonable, but of course, nonetheless. so far, these are purely qualitative considerations in order to give this quantity an estimate. well , further further construction of fashion in this regard is required. here the beginning of 23 was marked by such two actual ones , just, well, as it were, data and two sets evidence that is still to be comprehended in this regard. well, yes, we are here somewhere perhaps. sometimes some big ones, well , i won’t say discoveries, but there may be some new understanding, what is being done, what to do? and and how? it is quite indirect, but nevertheless affects well, not or very indirectly affects what happens. the only thing to say right away, yes, is that

after all, these delays between what is happening there and what is happening here are tens and hundreds of millions of years, after all. it's all very deep, so, of course, it 's very interesting and important, that is, in the sense of getting the heat back inside, like how does this influence spread in some way. yes, if we are talking about the magnetic field here, of course, everything is happening relatively faster for me, but again , i want to pay attention to the fact that we are talking about processes with a characteristic period of 670 years, possibly in processes and oscillatory processes. yes, that is, i just already understand, i have already seen publications on the internet and a series that the core of the earth began to rotate in the other side and so there was an earthquake in turkey that's when there was an earthquake in turkey i just immediately here i was just waiting for this you know. but you need to understand well that e read the article at the beginning, which means that this process is oscillatory. uh, some changes took place somewhere, apparently, in 2019, something happened in the earthquake in turkey, that is, nothing at all in general, in principle, yes, it’s just that

an article was published and an earthquake occurred in turkey at the same time, and communications. well, no need to summarize at all. please tell me very briefly it is surprising from a personal point of view that while studying the core of the earth over the course of these billions of years, you suddenly deal with a periodicity comparable to human life. there is even less human life, there are 67 years. how do you say that now you have reached such a level of accuracy in detailing what is happening with the core, although it would seem that at first you have such a common timeline. and god forbid there to understand at least something. well , this is a transition from quantity, but simply seismic. the network is developing very rapidly. and we have now there is a very dense seismic network coverage of the entire surface of the planet, therefore , seismic stations are of very high quality with digital recording with a very low level of intrinsic noise. that is, it is completely

incomparable with what it was at the beginning of the 20th century. and then at some point, and then the ability to process signals begins, because these data on the internal e, the nucleoli are the same as the data on the differential rotation of the inner core and the mantle. this is a product not only of data, but also of very, very subtle approaches to their processing. there is summation. now, if we talk about internal core, there are very interesting tricks. we use the so-called seismic ping-pong. there are used multiple reflections, won coming through the inner core occurred earthquake wave. away passed through the core. you didn't write it down. it bounced off the surface of the earth. passed back reflected again and so up to five times the passage through copper must be recognized. to recognize it, that is, there must be an appropriate quality of the given one. yes, you need to be able to filter it out. well, this is done by correlating there with the corresponding phase delays. this is the accumulation of data, it turns into quality, well, as always, science happens. you understand the data accumulating accumulating happens,

then some kind of qualitative leap, and we begin to see that your science is in some way. now it is in full bloom. e. well, i would say. yes, this is not the kind of renaissance that is planned. great, i uh, can't wish you much data because it's not a good wish, it's related to the earthquake. but i i can wish you a successful interaction with a variety of other sciences that help you process these data and extract meanings and understanding from them of what is happening thanks. thank you for your attention. all the best, goodbye.

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