germany abandoned nuclear energy is not the best time for the country materials of our program. in this concrete cube beats the atomic heart of the reactor. here the atomic energy is transformed by the glass of the sun by the human hand. a documentary film from the seventies about the construction of the ludmin nuclear power plant in the grave district it was the largest of the two nuclear power plants in socialist east germany, five power units with a total capacity of 2200 mw, closed in the summer of 90, even before the formal unification of germany, soviet technology was considered inappropriate west german standards, and this week ended the history of the entire nuclear

power industry in germany, operating nuclear power plants and wages. in 1954, before joining nato , germany signed the paris agreement, which weakened the restrictions on its military-industrial complex following world war ii , the german government pledged not to produce nuclear weapons and use the atom exclusively for peaceful purposes. already in the mid-fifties shine. munich in harfing, earned an experimental nuclear reactor, and in the sixty-first into operation introduced the first nuclear power plant by today's standards, its technical characteristics are considered quite modest in the early seventies, against the background of the energy crisis and the arab oil embargo, the nuclear industry in the country developed rapidly, and with it

the anti-nuclear movement gained momentum under public pressure, then construction stopped, at least three nuclear power plants. and another one had to be decommissioned with a year after launch in the country's 74th turn or the federal office for environmental protection environment, and 4 years later , the blue angel eco-label appeared on the market, which made it possible to recognize environmentally friendly products. along with this , the green party was strengthening in the country. the eighties got into the bundesstat. under their influence in 2000 . in germany, a renewable energy law has been passed. at the same time, the government and the owner of the nuclear power plant concluded a nuclear consensus, according to which, in the next 20 years, all operating nuclear power plants in the country were to be closed, and new ones were no longer built. of energy accelerated in 2011 shortly after

the accident at foksim, then 8 and 17 german nuclear power plants were turned off immediately, and after another 4 years one of the most efficient was closed. dancing in germany graphene ryan feld, last year, against the backdrop of rising energy prices, the decommissioning of nuclear units slowed down, according to the sociological institute of the south , almost 2/3 of germans opposed their closure. and most of the respondents. in favor of extending the service life for an unlimited period, a letter with a similar the demand sent to german chancellor olaf scholz 20 german scientists at the center of german specialists to dismantle only one stopped station due to r-2, it will take at least 15 years and at least billions of euros. political decisions are natural

, the social atmosphere in germany is dictated by the green party, and it carried the banner of jihad against nuclear energy almost through its entire more than forty-year history. and now the enemy is defeated by economic issues lacking the transition to renewable sources. the process itself, arduous in terms of failure from russian energy carriers doubly. now also peaceful atom, the germans are not looking for easy ways, and we will talk with valentin ebalov about the prospects for german industries throughout europe. he has long been involved in the problems of nuclear energy. valentin hello what does germany's refusal of nuclear power plants generally mean from the point of view of the industry in a broader sense in europe, because as i understand it, all countries in them share this revolutionary approach and, uh, this is an example for others, or vice versa, an anti-example. there was such the image of, uh, a green lawn on which

bunnies jump, namely the country of a green lawn. but which was, in general, well, at first as a kind of ideology arose, yes, and then it was perceived as an excellent method. e new sales. eh what does that mean? that is, but when the demand of an ordinary consumer rested on being treated, yes, well, it’s impossible to buy a fourth car there. she is not needed. there is an impossible house of 6.000 m². if built, well, it's, as it were, really not very good for nature. if everyone does this, then it was accepted such an idea that you can sell the green world. it's like a big big cost of money to consumers. yes , now just for electricity, and here is demand for the industry and here are the germans, no matter how they

just believed they did. this is the basis of its energy policy somewhere in the order. there is the beginning of the 2000s in 2006 was adopted. uh, a package of energovend laws. uh, it's an atomic twist. this is a green turn. yes, that is, uh hmm, it means that there, among other things , the rejection of nuclear energy to 2035. after the fukushima accident, this period was reduced to 2022. so, here, uh, just a few days ago, and the last nuclear power plant in germany was closed. it turns out that here, uh, chernobyl, which greatly influenced the consciousness in europe and then focusimo. it's more of a reason. yes, this is not the reason why you say so. ah, i think they were. uh, some incentives, yes,

uh, that spurred on this one. here is the course of history profits from the production of atomic electricity gets big concerts, yes, and in the event of an accident , it will be a simple burger, not concerns, to pay for this accident, because, naturally, the scale of the accident, it will immediately be shifted to its liquidation. this accident hmm will be passed on to the state. how is it generally speaking? the same applies to any major industry. well, yes, well, uh, here it is also, as it were, such an idea, which uh, in general, hovers. e in the air in germany , apparently, she was good. uh, connected somewhere with the idea that nuclear power is evil, huh ? hmm plus this idea was added, that nuclear fuel buries

spent nuclear fuel anywhere but in my backyard. yes, and it works. as a result, that's all, well, it led to the fact that 30-40% of the population there is actively against nuclear energy. it is clear that they came, they drew , they achieved results. and now what, they will make this energy transition, but here is the most unfavorable situation, in principle, the country is now covering its needs, and even if it is partially imported from the same france where everything is in order with the nuclear power plant. they provide more than two-thirds there. ah, energy. well, it should be noted that these blocks were closed gradually and gradually some kind of replacement arose , the most interesting thing is that often. these were coal blocks, that is, and, of course, uh, the reality

is at odds with its own slogans, but dikorbanization of energy. well, simply, because it is impossible to fulfill so many goals at the same time. and for any money, it's just a technical question, ah, and there are other stories, for example, uh, within the framework. uh, the greening of germany's energy industry was necessary pave. uh, the so-called zetlings. it's a huge north-south power line from the north sea to bavaria, uh, and the local, uh, communes were protesting that huge iron structures would be better placed on their green. as a result, it was necessary, but to lay it with an underground cable, that is, an underground electric power cable across the whole country. here they are building it now. it is quite logical that in this situation, which you have described, and now germany is one of the targets of sanctions against dew there, that is, to include sanctions in the next package of the european union

against the russian one, firstly, as far as you think, this is promising. secondly, what will it mean for us that part. which rosatom is connected with western countries, and before the united states, by the way, not with europe and this is the supply of enriched uranium or enrichment services for someone else's damage. here at the wounds. by the way, mostly not our own, but because russia produces, and less uranium than is consumed, that is, we, uh, let's say, uh from other countries - this is a raw material wound and an appendage of us. here we are just doing the upper redistribution. the soviet union began to withdraw the european market is still in the seventy-first year. after the text-nab export company signed a contract with the french atomic energy commission for the supply

of uranium enrichment services in the nineties , russian nuclear enterprises began to actively cooperate with the company of mines from western european countries in the construction and operation of nuclear power plants for nuclear exploration and radioactive waste management as a result, by the middle of the 2000s , russia became the largest supplier of enriched uranium to european countries and today in terms of exports to the eu, it is second only to kazakhstan world nuclear waters depends on russia by 14% puran by 27 in terms of conversion and almost 40% in terms of enrichment for tops moreover, about a quarter of the fuel for american nuclear power plants comes from russia rosatom together with the kansk vesting, chaos and the french fromatom is one of the three leaders in the supply of nuclear fuel to the world market. in addition , there are 18 nuclear power plants in the european union, which are designed according to

russian or soviet technologies. and by according to experts, they cannot safely operate on fuel of a different origin, we are talking about nuclear power units of the czech republic, hungary, finland, bulgaria, romania and slovakia , the latter, according to the slovak minister of energy, is 100% dependent on supplies and nuclear fuel from russia . house were undertaken repeatedly, in particular, so ukraine went the way after 2014. but during this time on imported assembly. managed to translate less than half of the blocks, previously the same experiment carried out by czech power engineers, but suffered. fiasco american assemblies deformed from high temperatures as a result of which they were replaced by russian fuel elements. outwardly, they are similar to american ones, but still differ in mass and

size, according to bloomberg, today the operation of european nuclear power plants directly depends on russia , which supply energy for 100 million people, and it may take several years to find a replacement. in fact, this story is about breaking off cooperation with rosatom , and it began, uh, in the twentieth year, even maybe earlier. well, that is, there were ideas before, but here are some specific first legislative decisions in the us, which are more dependent, but in terms of the supply of enrichment services. ah, they appeared here in the twentieth year. there is such an agreement between russia and the united states, and it was adopted there. e step by step. uh, well, a statutory import ban. uh, services, enrichment or enriched uranium from russia and here uh,

on the contrary, actually american consumers. uh, specifically the owner of ac is honestly a us company and they are suffering, that is, for them, of course, it is more profitable to enrich, and uranium is in russia because it is the cheapest service in the world, but well, how would the republican legislators push through such a gradual refusal to transfer to european enrichment capacities. well, uh, about the rest of the world outside the rest of the west . well, in turkey , yes. yeah, it's clear that erdogan is in a hurry for the elections, but nonetheless. uh, as far as the boycott from the west, uh, hinders the development of cooperation with others. that is, secondary the sanctions will probably also apply to other countries or whatever. hmm

i think it will be uh, minimal impact, because uh, rusatom, and there are a lot of schemes for building a nuclear plant for export. uh, i mean, it could be, uh, interpro-agreement. intergovernmental ah, when , in fact , the state acts on the other side of the customers, respectively, sanctions. well, i don't think even around such a large facility. ah. mm, even the united states in its impulses sometimes, so to speak, going far beyond the borders, but will, for example, sever some relations with egypt well, or turkey. and there are other schemes, that is, let's say that rosatom owns station q in turkey , but hmm. that is, it

builds a turkish customer for us. yes, he builds himself. yes, and there is an agreement that he says to sell electricity at a good price there for a certain period of time in order to buy a station there after construction. thank you very much, we talked with valentin fucked. nothing here reminds of the usual thermal power plants. this is the coal of a nuclear power plant, a cassette with its enriched uranium the energy value corresponds to six thousand wagons of coal, a uranium rod, which is enough for a year of operation, can be transferred in an airplane instead of 150,000 wagons of coal. and this is about 20,000 trains . let the times work better when nuclear energy in the same germany was considered the most environmentally friendly. and this has passed.

on may 18, the deadline that russia set as a deadline expires. here is the so-called grain deal a month ago, according to turkey, ukraine was shed for 120 days. however, russia announced sixty further moscow may terminate the agreements if russian demands for the removal of barriers to the export of domestic agricultural products and fertilizers are not satisfied. on july 22, 2022, in istanbul, ukraine, russia and turkey signed an agreement on the export of grain and products from ukrainian ports in order to prevent the supply of weapons in istanbul , the international ship inspection center was created . another document was a memorandum, and mutual understanding between russia and the un secretariat it should was not to interfere, nor western

countries to buy russian fertilizers and the agreement was valid for 120 days and was automatically extended for the same period if there were no objections in november 2022, it was extended for another six months, but even then there were difficulties, for example, in october russia suspended its participation in the deal after the attack of ukrainian maritime drones on sevastopol moscow stated that a grain corridor was used for this, and the pilots themselves were launched from a grain carrier ship. in addition, the deal was initially considered as a program for the supply of products to the poorest countries in the world to ensure world food security, but according to the results, the products were received not by those who most needed it; china became the leader in imports in second place, followed by spain, turkey, and the fourth and fifth places are occupied by prosperous italy and the netherlands

bangladesh with a population of 170 million people, and the grain deal received less than 10 million, israel and germany imported grain more than kenya, only 3% of all deliveries of sugar got to the country in need by its year, on the other hand, the export of ukrainian grain created problems for farmers in poland romania bulgaria hungary czech republic and slovakia grain villages in local markets and caused a sharp decline. against the backdrop of a rise in the price of fuel and fertilizers, this hit local producers. finally, an important part of the agreement was the sale of russian fertilizers that were in european ports and the supply of russian ammonia through ukraine, but shipments did not start in 8 months and nothing in these matters changed as a result in march. the russian side extended the deal only for 60 days this period expires in may this year.

to dissect our time, trying to understand what it was about the grain deal, they will write me one dissertation. difficult. find a more illustrative example of intricacies, politics and diplomacy, the interweaving of omissions, hidden and not very well-intentioned interests of hypocrisy and ingenuity. and if you watch part of its content, then this is the statement of the three key states of the black sea. well , the region yes, but russia, ukraine and turkey that the merchant ships that sail from ukrainian ports from odessa nikolaev first of all they will not be exposed. uh,

they will attack the military. well, what is called safely sailing in the ukrainian territorial year, and from the sport of odessa and the international territorial year in the black sea and entering and passing through the straits. yes, there , well, it was specifically said about this, that is, there is the turkish strait and those ships that go to odessa or from odessa according to this agreement. they pass this inspection in turkey, and russia also participates in the inspection. so basically, well, it's a deal, if you call it that, yes, but this is an initiative, as the un actually calls it, this is an initiative to ensure the peaceful passage of merchant ships in accordance with the requirements of international law , the obligations of maritime law, which, in principle, russia adheres to never gave up on them. if you look in this context, the main thing is that

ankara, the recipient of turkey's benefit, is now the main orbiter and manager of the black sea grain trade and, of course, not at a loss. but what about wringing hands about the famine hanging over the world is pure demagogues, not exactly the so-called grain deal, or this set of these declarations that was recorded and the creation of this inspection. according to the courts, she, uh, solved some problems. well associated with hunger, especially in africa in the developing world. why because it saturates the market as a whole? yes, it is very important here that we often encounter criticism of spirits there. uh, well, our president said about this that ukrainian grain went the wrong way, they say, not not to africa, but there to europe or asia or somewhere else, it really doesn't really matter, because well, like i said, it's a commodity. e, to whom direct he is interchangeable , he determines what is called generic characteristics and filling in one place.

it leads to fulfillment elsewhere, too, because, roughly speaking, the communicating vessels , the ukrainian grain went to europe, and there the european grain to africa, in the end , valuable prices fell, which we are actually observing, that is, the peak. uh, these alarmist moods in the market are some kind of hysteria, what is now there will be prices there will be well and there e cycle e sharp increases it. well, he was asleep. judging by open information, the name of the deal is deceptive russia ukraine did not directly agree on anything russia's guarantee for fertilizers and the removal of banking and financial restrictions in the industry, no one gave the maximum. they promised help. well, of course, if there were no secret protocols unknown to us. in general , it cannot be said that if the secretariat of the integrated information organization does not do its part

. ah. well, we even heard recently the general secretary, personally asked there . that is, there were such tags, they sounded. but it is clear that it was not the un secretariat that imposed these sanctions, related to settlements and so on, and not the secretary, then the un is somehow blocking russian agricultural exports, if these are all these problems that russian agricultural exports face, they do not stem from activities of the secretary, he assists the secretariat. well we see and hear what is trying. at least e does. everything can do everything that can or does not complete something. it's like we hmm can't say for sure, but obviously, at least. e that part of his some kind of, well, active advocacy position. uh, in order for russian agricultural exports to be on the market. he. well, the secretary does. yes, personally, genius , somehow in general, the effectiveness of international

institutions is once again a big question, as is the ability of the leading players themselves to agree on something now. russia has a non-formal tool to influence the process of participating in ship inspections. and this can be done, let's say, more or less zealously, thereby regulating the flow, moscow threatens to withdraw from the agreement, what does it mean in practice, the statement that we no longer guarantee safety will cause a commotion among shipowners and insurers who want to take over risks, image costs, including in the eyes of non-western consumer countries, will fall on russia. and as far as the market shudders, a high harvest led to a drop in prices. in addition, prices fell in the whole world. and the reasons for falling in in the world, it is a little more complicated, that is, there was no such situation that there was some kind of

unprecedented historical harvest in the world, but you showed up there, the logistics chains fell last year’s agitation, when everyone was afraid that russian and ukrainian grain. uh, leave the market. uh, and prices, well, normalized, roughly speaking, scenes with gas. yes, there was a hype , there was a panic, then everything returned a little bit to normal stocks, very large carry-over balances in the world. pulled high enough. and uh, therefore, well prices are logically perfect way, but fell. and when they started to fall, well people started to panic and dump. yes , the prices, it spurred the price down even more, because, well, the excess of supply on supply on demand. a. in general, a purely market speaker. ka is a purely market story, but to whom these goods are it is easily interchangeable, yes , what is called is determined by generic characteristics, so

people take, a grain from different countries, a and a significant degree and well, the availability of this is determined more by logistics, and not by the amount of this produced . u born cereals have created a remarkable collision in europe they are mentioned above countries. ukraine's neighbors almost simultaneously introduced an embargo on imports and even the transit of ukrainian grain ukraine had relatively small, uh , quotas within which they could export their products to the european union duty-free, and uh, the rest was regulated by duties. there were different e, different combinatorics. particularly for corn. this is such a key ukrainian product. uh, there was a rather interesting scheme, when after it was paid in the event that the prices for the exchange reached a certain low level and then the duties came into effect. this means that

ukrainian trade with the european union was built in this way before the start of agriculture and provoked over and over again in peacetime. the most fierce battle in united europe since the fifties, somewhere in april, the european union made a decision that ukraine would trade with the european union, since there were problems with the black sea corridor with exports through the black sea ports, that ukraine would trade with the european union on duty-free and to lead into and through the european union into its agricultural products and these agricultural products primarily oilseeds it gushed overland corridors in the european union market. and it is natural that first of all it flooded into the neighboring countries, and the east, yes, that is,

the eastern countries of the european union. and now we are witnessing the third stage, when there are so many ukrainian ukrainian products on the markets of these countries. e that it has already become a very serious systemic problem. e, which affects the whole the european union, but uh, the eastern countries of the european union with ukrainian neighbors, and they are forced to uh under uh pressures. e their farmers uh, take hastily take fire action. moreover, these fire measures are rather belated, because the problem did not form now, but it was already clear, around the fall of 2022. so here they are forced to fire order these countries. on an individual fire order

to take uh, these are the measures that they are now taking, and last year. uh, k- was in the european union. let's just say it's pretty a compact crop of grain in general and simply not a crop of a banal crop failure of corn, so it seemed to the europeans that this was ukrainian products, permission to import duty-free. ah, it will lead to such favorable consequences. in the sense that the europeans will receive, and the volumes of agricultural products that they lack, and especially corn, which really were not enough, and in any case they would have imported this corn from ukraine and it seemed to them that, so to speak, all this would be on time and well , but it worked. so