not only did germany consider soviet technology to be inconsistent with west german standards, but this week ended. the history of the entire nuclear power industry in germany was disconnected from the network the last three operating nuclear power plants from r2 not corvest him 2 and jr. in 1954, before joining nato, germany signed the paris agreements, which eased the restrictions on its military-industrial complex following the results of world war ii, the german government pledged not to produce nuclear weapons and use the atom, exclusively in peaceful purposes. already in the mid-fifties, we’ll flash in the ganghenge, the experimental nuclear reactor was launched, and in the sixty-first, the first nuclear power plant was put into operation by today's standards, its technical characteristics are considered quite modest in the early seventies

, against the backdrop of the energy crisis and the arab oil embargo, the nuclear industry in the country received rapid development, and along with it , the anti-nuclear movement gained momentum under public pressure, then the construction of at least three nuclear power plants stopped. and another one had to be taken out. out of service spu year after the launch in the 74th place in the country or the federal office for the environment, and 4 years later , the blue angel eco-label appeared on the market, which made it possible to recognize environmentally friendly products. along with this, the country was strengthening the green party of the eighties, they ended up in the bundes. under their influence, in 2000 germany passed a law on renewable energy sources. at the same time , the government and the owner of the nuclear power plant concluded a nuclear consensus, according to which, in the next 20

for years, all operating nuclear power plants in the country had to be closed, and new ones were no longer built. the process of abandoning nuclear energy accelerated in 2011, shortly after the accident at foksim, then 817 german nuclear power plants turned off immediately, and after another 4 years one of the most efficient was closed. dancing in germany graphon ryanfeld, last year , against the backdrop of rising energy prices, the decommissioning of nuclear units slowed down , according to the sociological institute of the south , almost 2/3 of germans opposed their closure. and most of the respondents. in favor of extending the service life for an indefinite period, a letter with a similar demand was sent to german chancellor olaf scholz by 20 german scientists at the center of german specialists to dismantle only one stopped station because of two it will take

at least 15 years and at least a billion euros. the political decision, the natural social atmosphere in germany, is dictated by the green party, and it carried the banner of jihad against nuclear energy almost through its entire more than forty-year history. and so the enemy is defeated by economic issues lacking the transition to renewable sources. the process itself, which is doubly difficult in the conditions of the refusal of russian energy carriers. now also peaceful atom, the germans are not looking for easy ways, and we will talk with valentin about the prospects of german industries throughout europe. he has long been involved in the problems of nuclear energy. valentin hello what does germany's refusal of nuclear power plants mean in general from the point of view of the industry in a broader sense in europe, because, as i understand it, it is far from

all countries share this revolutionary approach and, uh, this is an example for others, or vice versa, an anti-example. there was such an image of a green lawn, on which bunnies jump, namely the country of a green lawn. but which was, in general, well, at first as a kind of ideology arose, yes, and then it was perceived as an excellent method. e new sales. eh what does that mean? that is, well, when the demand of the ordinary consumer rested curative yes. well, it's impossible to buy a fourth car there. she is not needed. there is an impossible house of 6.000 m². if you build, well this, as it were, is really not very good for nature. if everyone does this, then the idea was accepted that it is possible to sell the green world. it's like a big big cost of money to consumers.

yes, now just for electricity, and here is demand for the e-industry and here are the germans, no matter how they just believed, they did. this is the basis of its energy policy somewhere in the order. there is the beginning of the 2000s in 2006 was adopted. eh, the package of laws is energized. yes. uh, it's an atomic twist. this is a green turn. yes, that is hmm, it means that there, among other things , the rejection of nuclear energy by 2035 was declared. after the accident at fukushima, this period was reduced to 2022. here and now, uh, just a few days ago, and the last nuclear power plant in germany was closed. it turns out that here, uh, chernobyl which

greatly influenced the consciousness in europe and then focusimo these are rather reasons. yes, this is not the reason why you say so. ah, i think they were. uh, some incentives, yes, uh, that spurred on this one. here is the course of history of profit from the production of atomic electricity gets big concert yes ah in the event of an accident uh, pay for that accident. you are a simple burger, not a concern, because, of course, the scale of the accident, it will immediately be shifted to its liquidation. this accident hmm will be passed on to the state. as it is generally speaking, the same applies to any major industry. well, yes. well, uh, here it is also, as it were, such an idea, which, uh, is, in general, floating around. e in the air in germany , apparently, she was good. uh, connected somewhere with the idea that nuclear power is evil. here,

and hmm plus one more was added. the idea that nuclear fuel is burying spent nuclear fuel anywhere but in my backyard. yes, and it works. as a result, that's all, well, it led to the fact that 30-40% of the population there is actively against nuclear energy. it is clear that they came, they drew, they achieved results. and now what, they will make this energy transition, but here is the most unfavorable situation, in principle, the country is now covering its needs, and even if partially by imports from the same france where everything is in order with the nuclear power plant. they provide yes more than two-thirds of the energy. well, it should be noted that these blocks

were closed gradually and gradually some kind of replacement arose , the most interesting thing is that often. these were coal blocks, that is, and, of course, uh, the reality is at odds with uh, its own slogans, but the wild organization of the energy sector. well, simply, because it is impossible to fulfill so many goals at the same time. and for any money, it's just a technical question, ah, and there are other stories, for example, uh, within the framework. here e, germany's energy greening had to be paved. uh, the so-called ziklink. uh, this is a huge power line from north to south from the north sea to bavaria uh and local, so uh communes protested that huge iron structures stood on their green better. as a result, it was necessary, but to lay it with an underground cable, that is , underground electric power cables are being built across the country

and are now being built. it is quite logical that in this situation that you described, and now germany is one of the meetings in sanctions against dew is there, that is, to include sanctions against russia in the next eu package, firstly, as far as you think, this is promising. secondly, what will it mean for us that part. which rosatom is connected with western countries, and before the united states , by the way, not with europe and this is the supply of enriched uranium or enrichment services for someone else's damage. by the way, uranium, by the way, is mostly not ours, but, because russia produces , uh, less uranium than it consumes, that is, we, uh, let's say, uh from other countries - this is a raw uranium appendage of us. here we are we are engaged in just the upper redistributions. the soviet union began to enter the european

market in the seventy-first year. after the text-nab export company signed a contract with the french atomic energy commission for the supply of uranium enrichment services in the nineties , russian nuclear enterprises began to actively cooperate with western europe's mitran company in the construction and operation of nuclear power plants for nuclear exploration and radioactive waste management in as a result, by the middle of the 2000s, russia became the largest supplier enriched uranium to european countries and today in terms of exports to the eu it is second only to kazakhstan the world nuclear industry depends on russia by 14% in terms of uranium by 27% in terms of conversion and almost 40% in terms of enrichment for the tops moreover, about a quarter of the fuel for american nuclear power plants comes from russia's rosatom , together with khan's vesting chaos and

french fromatom, is one of the three leaders in the supply of nuclear fuel to the world market. in addition , there are 18 nuclear power plants in the european union, which are designed according to russian or soviet technologies. and according to experts, they cannot safely operate on fuel of a different origin, we are talking about nuclear power units of the czech republic hungary finland bulgaria romania and slovakia, the latter, according to the slovak minister of energy, is 100% dependent on supplies and nuclear fuel from russia attempts to transfer these stations to american fuel from the company vesting. chaos. they were undertaken repeatedly, in particular, so ukraine went the way after 2014. but during this time on imported assembly. managed to translate less half of the blocks, earlier the same experiment was carried out by czech power engineers, but suffered.

the fiasco american assemblies deformed from high temperatures as a result of which they were replaced with external russian fuel rods they are similar to american ones, but still differ in mass and size according to bloomberg, today russia directly depends on the operation of european nuclear power plants that supply energy to 100 million people and to find replacement may take several years. in fact, this story is about breaking off cooperation with rosatom and it began, er, in the twentieth year, even maybe even earlier. well, that is, there were ideas before, but here are some concrete first legislative decisions in the us, which are more dependent in terms of the supply of enrichment services. ah, they appeared here in the twentieth year. there is such an agreement between russia and the united states and russia as well. it was

accepted there. e step by step. uh, well, a statutory import ban. uh, services, enrichment or enriched uranium from russia uh, here uh, on the contrary, actually american consumers. uh, specifically the owner of as is a private company in the united states and they suffer, that is, for them, of course, it is more profitable to enrich, and uranium is in russia because it is the cheapest service in the world, but well, how would the republican legislators push through such a gradual refusal to switch to european capacities enrichment. well, uh, about the rest of the world outside the rest of the west . well, in turkey , yes. yeah, it's clear that erdogan is in a hurry for the elections, but nonetheless. uh, boycott

on the part of the west, e, hinders the development of cooperation with others. i mean, secondary sanctions will probably also apply to other countries, or like. hmm . i think it will be, uh, minimal impact, because rusat has an atom. uh, there are numerous construction schemes. there at the station for export. uh, i mean, it could be, uh, interprofessional agreement. intergovernmental, uh, when, in fact, uh , the state, respectively, sanctions the customers from that side, well , i don’t think that even around such a large object. e hmm, even the united states in its impulses sometimes, so to speak, going far beyond the borders, but will, for example, break off some kind of relationship with egypt well or turkey and

there are other schemes, that is, let's say station q owns rosatom in turkey and hmm that he is building a turkish one for some customer. yes, he builds himself. yes, and there is an agreement that he says to sell electricity at a good price there for a certain period of time in order to buy a station there after construction. thank you very much, we talked with valentin fucked up. nothing here reminds of the usual thermal power plants. this is the coal of a nuclear power plant, a cassette with enriched uranium , its energy value corresponds to six thousand wagons of coal, a uranium rod, which is enough for a year of operation, can be transferred in an airplane instead of 150,000 wagons of coal. and this is about 20,000 trains . that is, it works better. well, yes, there were

times when nuclear energy in the same germany was considered the most environmentally friendly. and this has passed. may 18 is the deadline for russia set as the last. here is the so -called grain deal a month ago , according to turkey's version of ukraine, it was shed for 120 days. however, russia announced 60 more moscow may terminate the agreements if russian demands for the removal of barriers to the export of domestic agricultural products and fertilizers are not satisfied. on july 22, 2022, in istanbul, ukraine, russia, turkey signed an agreement on the export of grain and products from ukrainian ports, in order to prevent the supply of weapons in istanbul , an international ship inspection center was established more

one document was a memorandum of understanding between russia and the un secretariat. it was supposed to not interfere with western countries buying russian fertilizers and products. the agreement was valid for 120 days and was automatically extended for the same period if there were no objections in november 2022, it was extended for another six months , however , difficulties arose even then, for example, in october russia suspended its participation in the deal after the attack of ukrainian naval drones on sevastopol, moscow stated that grain was used for this corridor, while they themselves were launched from the ship of the grain carrier. in addition, the deal was initially considered as a program for the supply of products to the poorest countries in the world to ensure global food security, but as a result, the products were received

not by those who most needed it; china became the leader in imports. second place, followed by spain, turkey and fourth and fifth places are occupied by prosperous italy and the netherlands bangladesh with a population of 170 million people, and the grain deal received less than 10 million, israel and germany imported grain more than kene in needy countries in her year, sugar got only 3% of all deliveries , on the other hand, ukrainian grain exports created problems for farmers in poland romania bulgaria hungary czech republic and slovakia grain hit local markets and caused a sharp drop in prices. against the backdrop of a rise in the price of fuel and fertilizers , this hit local producers. finally, an important part of the agreement was the sale of russian fertilizers that were in european ports and the supply of russian ammonia through ukraine for 8

months, the shipment did not start and nothing in these matters has changed as a result in march. the russian side extended the deal for only 60 days; this period expires in may this year. to dissect our time, trying to understand what it was about the grain deal, they will write me one dissertation. difficult. to find a more illustrative example of confusion, politics and diplomacy, the interweaving of omissions, hidden and not very good intentions of hypocrisy and ingenuity, if you look at its content, then this approval of the three key states of the black sea. well, the region yes, but russia , ukraine and turkey that the merchant ships

that sail from ukrainian ports. ah, first of all, they won't be exposed. they will be military, well, what is called safe sailing in the ukrainian territorial year? uh from the sport of odessa and the international territorial year in the black sea and enter and pass the straits. yes, there, well , it’s specifically said about this, then, there is the turkish strait and those ships that go to odessa or from odessa along this one agreements. they pass this inspection in turkey, and russia also participates in the inspections. therefore, in principle, well, it did, if it is called that, yes, but this is this initiative it is actually called the un. this is an initiative to ensure the peaceful passage of merchant ships in accordance with the requirements of the norms of international law, the obligations

of the sea under the law of the sea, which, well, in principle, russia has never abandoned them. if you look in this context, the main benefits of turkey's recipients ankara is now the main orbiter and manager of the black sea grain trade and, of course, not at a loss. but what about the wringing of hands over the latest famine over the world, pure demagogues, not quite the so-called grain deal, or this set of these declarations, which was recorded and the creation of this inspection. according to the courts, she, uh, solved some problems. well related to hunger, especially in africa in the developing world why because sated the whole market? yes, it is very important here that we often encounter perfume criticism. uh, well, our president said about this that ukrainian grain went to the wrong place, they say, not not to africa, but there to europe or asia or somewhere else, in fact, this is not very

important, because, well, how do i i already said it's a product. eh, these chest of drawers is interchangeable , it defines what is called generic features and filling in one place. it leads to fulfillment elsewhere, too, because the communicating vessels, roughly speaking, uh, ukrainian grain went to europe and there european grain to africa ended up with prices valuable fell, which we generally observe, that is, a peak. uh, these alarmist moods in the market are a kind of hysteria that there will be prices now. well, there e cycle e sharp rises it. well, he was asleep. judging by open information, the name of the deal is deceptive russia ukraine did not directly agree on anything russia's guarantee for fertilizers and the removal of banking and financial restrictions in the industry, no one gave the maximum. they promised help. well, of course,

if there were no secret protocols unknown to us. generally speaking, you can't to say that the secretariat of the united information organization is not doing its part . ah. well, you even heard the secretary general recently, he personally asked there . and something else, that is, there were such theses, they sounded, but it is clear that they were not a secretary. he imposed these sanctions, there, concerning calculations and so on, and not the secretary, then he somehow blocks russian agricultural exports, if these are all these problems that russian agro-exports, they follow there is no activity of the secretary, then he helps the secretary. he. well , we see and hear that he is trying. at least e does. everything can do everything that can or does not complete something. it’s like we can’t say for sure, hmm, but obviously , at least that part of his some kind of, well

, active position of advocating for russian agricultural exports to be on the market, uh, he, well, the secretary does, yes, personal genius. in general, the effectiveness of international institutions is once again under great question, as well as the ability of the leading players themselves to agree on something. now russia has an informal tool for influencing the process of participation in ship inspections. and this can be done, let's say, more or less zealously, thereby regulating the flow, moscow threatens to withdraw from the agreement. what does it mean in practice, the statement that we no longer guarantee safety will cause a stir among shipowners and insurers. whoever wants to take risks, image costs, including in the eyes of non-western consumer countries, will fall to russia and how the market will shudder. a high harvest led to a fall in prices, in addition, prices fell in general in the world.

and the reason for the fall in the world is a little more complicated, that is, there was no such situation that there was some kind of unprecedented historical harvest in the world, but you showed up there, the supply chains fell last year’s agitation, when everyone was afraid that russian and ukrainian grain would leave from the market. uh, and prices, well, normalized, roughly speaking, the value of gas. yes, there was hype , there was panic, then everything returned a little to circles own stocks, very large carry- overs in the world. well, quite high. and uh, so, well, prices logically quite logically, and fell. and when they started to fall, well people started to panic and dump. yes, the prices, this spurred the price reduction even more, because, well, the excess of supply us supply to demand. but in general, a purely market dynamics.

to a purely market history, uh, the goods are uh, easily interchangeable, yes, what is called is determined by generic characteristics, so people take, and grain from different countries, uh, and in to a large extent and well, the availability of it is determined by karelogistics, not the amount of it produced. the native cereals have created a remarkable collision in europe as they are mentioned above countries. ukraine's neighbors almost simultaneously introduced an embargo on the importation and even transit of ukrainian grain. ukraine had relatively small quotas within which they could export their products to the european union duty-free. and uh, the rest was regulated by fees. there were different uh different different combinatoriums. in particular, for corn, this is such a key ukrainian commodity. uh,

there was a rather interesting scheme where the fee was paid if the prices on the exchange reached this low level and then came into effect of the past. this means that ukrainian trade with the european union was built in this way before the beginning of russia, agriculture and in peacetime provoked over and over again. the most fierce battle in a united europe since the fifties, somewhere in april , the decision was made by the european union that e ukraine will trade with the european union, since there are problems with the black sea corridor with exports through the black sea ports, that ukraine will trade with the european union, and without duty and transport agricultural products to and through the european union, and this agricultural products are primarily

oilseed grains gushed over land corridors in the european union market. and it is natural that first of all it flooded into the neighboring countries, and the east, yes, that is, the eastern countries of the european union. and so now we are witnessing the third stage, when there are so many ukrainian ukrainian products on the markets of these countries. and that it has already become a very serious systemic problem. uh, which affects the entire european union, but uh, the eastern countries of the european union with ukrainian neighbors, and they are forced to uh under uh pressures. e their farmers uh, take hastily take fire action. moreover, these fire measures are rather belated, because the problem did not form now, but it was

already clear, around the fall of 2022. so here they are forced to fire order these countries. on an individual fire order to take uh, these are the measures that they are now taking, and last year. uh, k- in the european union had, let's say, a fairly compact crop of grains in general. and just a crop failure is a banal crop failure of corn, so it seemed to the europeans that the permission for duty-free import of this ukrainian product would lead to such favorable consequences. in the sense that the europeans will receive, and the volumes of agricultural products, and especially corn, which really lacked, and in any case

they would have imported this corn from ukraine, and it seemed to them that, so to speak, all this would be on time and well, but it turned out that there was a rather serious bust with ukrainian products . and we, uh, see, uh, literally in the last few months. here are the analytical balance sheets compiled by our european colleagues. they literally changed before our very eyes. in the sense that it seemed that europeans would be so quite healthy and compact carryover stock for the 23-24 season, and now we see that it has increased very seriously and the europeans have a very serious economic surplus. all. it's clear. but the political embarrassment came out, the oath of boundless solidarity with ukraine ran into their own interests, the issue will be resolved, but the notch for the future will remain.