we still don't know how our brain functions. in fact, this is probably the main reason. why is everything going so hard, why don't we go out. e, who is the most cherished pill that will cure us all of insanity ? at the same time, there are many hypotheses and views. on the first reasons, diseases which adhere to the followers of different academic schools. we believe that a well, the main one of the main roles. uh, neurons play a role in memory retention. the more death of neurons and contacts between them occurs. the more severe the symptoms. and diseases. st. petersburg polytechnic institute has been studying alzheimer's disease since 2012. recently, scientists have officially announced that they

have made significant progress in their research. we have found a structure, a chemical structure, as well, which may be the prototype of a drug. preclinical trials have shown the found means to successfully overcome the internal barrier that separates the central nervous system from the general environment. body and pretty fast tomboy experts, it turns out in the brain. that is, where it is required for this disease. right now i have here, uh, in a test tube is our substance to be followed. and here it was shortened at a concentration of 20 mmol e. i call it c-20, this is the same benzopyran derivative, experiments were carried out on laboratory mice, in which, before the experiment , the so-called vala model of alzheimer's disease was noted in memory, to the point that the rodents forgot life-threatening situations and were not afraid of potential threats. we are capable

restore with the help of this substance. uh, the memory of fear in mice. there are still a lot of tests ahead, the new drug needs to be tested for toxicity, mutagenicity , and the optimal therapeutic dose should be selected. if everything goes well, the next stage of clinical trials. i think that there are chances, but the whole question is still in time. that is, we are still at the very beginning of the way to enter the path of creating a drug, according to our estimates, at least 5 years. at the united institute for nuclear research, which is in the duma near moscow, they are completing construction new collider complex nika russian, superconducting accelerator of protons and heavy ions. this is an absolutely unique setup and no. there is no other

like it very soon, scientists will launch in full force that same time machine that will reveal to mankind some fundamental secrets of the distant past. how , from the point of view of physics and chemistry, our universe was born from what elements it was formed, what kind of processes and why took place in space at that time, some of the answers to these questions are still there, but mainly in the theory of big science there are few dry calculations and conclusions. she needs concrete facts and clear evidence, like any theory, they always want to confirm or refute it, especially the universe. yes , our modern world is always very interesting and exciting billions of years ago, when there was no planet earth and other celestial bodies known to mankind

, a big explosion occurred out of nothing in the abyss. in the first microsecond in the resulting space arose. liquid matter seething cosmic soup of elementary particles and the peculiar glue that holds them together, quarks almost immediately formed more complex objects about drones, the most persistent , of which neutron protons, in turn, became the nuclei of atoms of the main building blocks of life, a big explosion, one of the theories of the origin of the world, unlike others, this version is considered the most proven, but it also has white spots. for example, science is unknown. under what conditions did the original plasma transform into a nuclear form of the existence of matter, it is precisely this moment that russian scientists want to recreate there will be a really practical experiment, which just the same will pass the light in that

niche of energy, in which there are no experimental data yet. here on those energies on these data it will allow us. uh, it is better to understand that there was the first moment of the life of the universe, says the leading researcher. sergey merts they will simulate inside the most complex engineering complex of linear accelerators. they are also the sources of particles of cyclic accelerators, the booster and the nuclotron. here the heavy ions are collected in the thinnest beams will gradually accelerate almost to the speed of light and the collider itself with detectors that will record events and results. before the ions enter the colliders. they go quite a long way. they are born at the source. they are accelerated by a linear accelerator. then on the booster. they rotate further there, pass the nutron, it is expected that during the experiment many times a transition physical state will occur between the quark-halion plasma and hadronic matter, mixed phase, study which should clarify how billions of years

ago the material objects of the universe were formed, and perhaps how they are changing right now with me is the multipurpose npd detector. here he is one. from the detectors of the important detectors of the nika project , the accelerator of our nika, in which a collision of colliding beams will occur and about 14 million events will be born, and all in seconds, which we will need to detect. the main analytical unit is the brain of the collider complex during the experiments, it is here that the key the parameters that experts need to understand the ongoing processes are a. electric calorimeters on the sides of the stand and chamber. during the projection time, the flight cameras, which will record these particles, their tracks, with the help of which we will determine the momentum of the particle, and by the momentum we can determine the mass, knowing the mass,

we will be able to understand what was born in us, the most-itself. at the beginning of the collision, these parts are fully prepared, the linear accelerator and the two cyclic stage complexes. nika in the building nikolaider, engineering work is being completed, and then we have it scheduled somewhere by september. as far as i remember, all these magnets that are behind me should be collected. they will all come together. that's it already in the tunnel of the collider, through which the beams will fly. by the end of this year, they plan to complete the assembly of all magnets, launch and set up high-precision equipment to make tests, and the first experimental collisions of heavy ions. they expect to carry out new installations at the beginning of 2024, when we have already installed our nika, so that finally get the first physical event, and then already. i think this will be a real real victory for our entire institute. russian nick is original, but not the only one

in switzerland . but this does not mean that ours is worse there, or theirs is worse, or somehow it’s simple, because different physics, however. all they say, candidate of physics of mathematical sciences serheimerz differ with its functionality. and we are just studying this phase transition, because when our project was planned, nothing but theoretical studies. they conducted and showed that it is precisely in this energy range in these collision densities on which our collider will operate, and a phase transition is expected between quarkled plasma and the substance that we all live in , in addition to global scientific projects such as studying the universe accelerator complex. in dubna, he is able to solve and quite practical applied tasks, some of which are already being dealt with by the senior engineer. georgy filatov specifically. this setup, as well as allows you to test, and with the help of galactic cosmic radiation chips.

ah, with the hull removed , testing is underway. uh, chip who don't pass the test. e, the types that have passed the tests are rejected, and inserted into the e, space shuttle or spacecraft and in this way we increase the reliability of space travel in galactic cosmic rays contained in among other things, heavy ions and specialist developers. it is important to understand in advance how electronics will behave in real conditions in orbit. there it turns out, the first experiment, everything works great.

well, you understand that there are still many experiments to be done, doctor of physics and mathematics maxim nikitin has been going to his goal for years and achieved it alone, an extremely rare case in modern fundamental science, so it’s not like it’s a question of how it could be done, but how long it takes to do it alone was to do. new basic the mechanism for storing the transfer of information in dna is the genetic secret of life it would seem that it was revealed decades ago and unexpectedly received weighty scientific addition, this is the whole story. that's what, well, the essence of this discovery before the eyes of hundreds of thousands of biologists was 70 years old. well, no one noticed. after the work of charles darwin and gregor mendel in the field of evolution and heredity, biologists and not only they have long tried to understand exactly how

genetic data is transmitted in wildlife, finding such carriers was considered the main scientific problem of the middle of the 20th century, knowledge that is very important to us in order to understand how we are arranged. how it works, living organisms in general, and so on from the point of view, for example, therapy, yes, to understand how if something breaks in such mechanisms. yes, how to deal with it, how to treat it? it's deeper. understanding exactly how various processes work in our cells, and in our tissues, and so on, is the key to discovering the secondary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. acid picture taken by biophysicist franklin he went down in history like photographs

. each chain consists of bricks atgz, which means that if it is on one chain, then there should be m on the second chain and they form a connection, well, respectively tes a, a gsc the beauty and stability of two symmetrically twisted molecular chains. she captivated scientists so much that they no longer looked for other options for the transfer of genetic information or did not find, in fact, there was. uh, the general logic is that if one chain wants to transfer information to another chain, then they must form such connections. well, in general, plump and so on, in addition to double helixes , other dna complexes also float in the cell broth of living organisms, but they seem to be irregularly short and not durable. connected. this goal

will communicate with this goal, building not all connections in a row. yes, but only some of them such fragments were not previously taken into account, considering them a kind of garbage. maxim nikitin proved. it is not so that 70 years were written off in reality can influence the genes and control them. if we have one chain and a second goal, which in general , practically no connections between themselves can form the old paradigm in the general logic. yes, they were not supposed to transmit to each other, and not what information. but what i show in the article, for example, this one is formed by this some kind of weak complexes. here are the connections. they interacted broke up. now this one went to communicate with this one, supported together, fell apart, and already this one finally transmits information to this e of the latter or nucleotite, and it seems that these two should not have exchanged information with each other, and

due to such a weakly afinic interaction, they transmitted information to each other. the fundamental mechanism he discovered maxim nikitin called molecular switching his discovery explains the author does not deny previous knowledge about complements them often i hear that there, that’s all, everything has changed and so on, and so on. not everything that was previously known. it continues to work. everything is correct. everything is good wonderful. it's just that now we managed to discover this mechanism expands our understanding, and gives us new opportunities in genetics. there are still many problems that have no solutions. so scientists cannot fully explain how the mechanisms of aging work or why this or that side effect of drugs occurs, perhaps the answers are hidden in short dna and those connections that were not taken into account before , we just don’t know if they use it now nature for something useful. well, for some purposes, for example, for the memory of evolution

, aging and so on, or this mechanism interferes with it. in order to somehow function the results of his many years of research , maxim nikitin laid down in an article in january of this year it was published by an authoritative journal, and then other scientific publications. the scientist himself continues his experiments; his previous experiments were with a destroyed cell. why destroyed because i had to clearly know the concentrations of those molecules that are, well, in experiment. how we love their elemental body systems. we need a very large team here. this cannot be done alone. yes, well, and here, as it were, well, work on all fronts and the search for new funding and the search for a new one. well, that is, there is a large team that can lift such a big project.

and its preservation is the overarching task of science of the 21st century, the array of data that humanity has accumulated to date is more than two trillion gigabytes, in fact. we dirisham all the same problem. here is the save information problems of big data are noted by scientists not even in their volume, but in the ways of working with giant layers of information and carriers, those that exist now are not designed for centuries. there can be mechanical damage, magnetic exposure, chemical exposure to moisture, and so on and so forth, a lot of reasons, uh, no, manufacturers will never guarantee that you will put a hard drive on a shelf, and it will lie there. , 50 years you will never get this and the sda is the same situation. in

the russian chemical-technological university named after mendeleev working on the technology of eternal digital memory project manager ivan glebov demonstrates a sample made on the basis of glass. everything is still correct. such a drive does not require special care, is not subject to aging, is resistant to aggressive environments, chemical effects of radiation, bright light and elevated temperatures, including an open flame, says ivan glebov, this is an extremely reliable carrier. and although it is made of glass. he uh he ain't brittle about how to pass them to store people thought about information in ancient times. so, during excavations in the assyrian capital

, they discovered a large cuneiform library compiled in the seventh century bc, deciphering the signs, scientists discovered the history of civilization between the speech of the tablet and the depicted clay passed unscathed through the centuries. and we do almost the same thing, but with the modern level at the nanoscale, that is , let's say disaster-resistant glass. let 's say, like quartz glass. uh, it's glass that can withstand temperature extremes in 1.000°. this means that the information will contain this temperature, and that means, uh, here we will surpass the sumerian akats culture, which gave us cuneiform writing and preserved information on the table. so the clay tablets are 6,000 years old. ultra-stable optical memory is a popular topic among world-famous corporations, microsoft and other giants are searching in this direction, but each has its own materials and technologies

. this is also for reliability, because this glass is fragile. it is, uh, 4 mm thick, just makes it possible, uh, to balance reliability and uh, and now compensate for fragility, but its density is 300 gb more than the usual 70 more. than bluerate, a unique feature of quartz media is that information is not recorded on the surface, but driven in layers inside the glass , lasers are used for this. however, such data also needs to be obtained by some special method , the reading process is that we take the disk for information and install it on microscope table, we find the desired fragment and we already get an image, which

means that the data array we recorded is presented, and then we can decode any of these fragments. well, for example, we take the central and press the button. here we have a text fragment that we have recorded. at this stage, it is possible to read it only in a laboratory, but in parallel with storages, the authors of the idea are thinking over systems that will scan disks at high speed and open those recorded on their data is such a good case when we move, on and on. uh, progressively developing this technology. i hope that very soon we will bring it to the industry at the level of the second important point - this is the technology that here we rely on russian manufacturers for those competencies that we still have strong

in russia mendeleev but also the physical institute of the academy of sciences here the project is metaphorically called ice memory the term ice memory when we can really forever, what is called in freezing information in e, the structure of e. hmm uh, well, natural. in general, a stone, yes, that is, in some ways it resembles. uh, when the ancients, so to speak, people carved , uh, cuneiform, there on the stones only now we don’t do it with a chisel, but with a laser, they all work with diamonds for many years mark stones with special laser radiation , internal marks that are invisible to the eye have become, which contain information about the origin mineral and other information, technology developed here and honed to perfection. this is a certain element that also records information for long-term, that is, almost

eternal. because it is almost impossible to spoil it, that is, to overwrite this information. uh, extremely difficult, probably possible, but along with the destruction of the actual diamond, create a repository based on precious stones. nice idea. and even the theoretically possible ones are said at the institute, but it’s very expensive, so here they decided to apply the run-in technology on more accessible materials, they used the cheapest luminous materials. well or rather, those that, so to speak, approach the problem of the problem of ice memory, in particular in the platter and already on the basis of tariff materials, we managed to show, as well as on almaz, that the recording density can be very high, no worse than on almaz, but at the same time, in fact, well, uh, the cost of such materials is hundreds of times cheaper there, such carriers believe that the authors of the development are not competitors, they already exist

in their niche, long-term storage of especially important information, such systems are in demand in state archives and databases of authorities large companies, medical institutions, libraries, film funds, icy memory - this is some of our still perspective, that is, to find a way to record information in large volumes, because humanity has produced a huge amount of information. really. we consider it important to us it is interesting and important and that it should be kept. well, at least there are five generations, at least, and it’s better there for 1,000 years, so that it is kept often fundamental discoveries find application at long intervals applied research faster over the course of several years. well , no matter how desirable the latter are, it is believed that it is the former in the end. for a country's economic breakthroughs usually, of course, this is a gradual process.

yes, that is, people go along a long road to some result, they move in a certain direction , especially if it is experimental work that builds some installations, and then i collect a beautiful picture, which means they present it to the public and already draw it up, as a result, despite partial isolation of russian science, ties with countries that are not sharing a position. west huge potential resources and competencies allow russian scientists to work for results, even in the face of limitations, almost everything that surrounds us now is the result of the developments of the twentieth century. all of them, for example, were synthesized, and they are a jewelry stone that looks like a diamond based on the developments of isaac, the legendary physicist and chemist of the mendeleev university in kitay-gorod. the ruby ​​stars of the moscow kremlin were created in big science there is no superfluous, they say, a scientist has a fundamental idea, perhaps longer

to realize, but their life is then a long eternity.

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, install, open, watch russian channels and all movie series and cartoons , educational programs and documentaries . hello, the international review of fyodor lukyanov's studio is on air today in the program of the international review of the events of the week of chronicles facts comments the results of the turkish

elections are now exactly the second round of a divided country. international discharge, how the luxury of reducing voltage leads to its growth our program content. centuries of georgiy arbatov the era of destruction the plot of our program a german of turkish origin, probably the most famous and most ardent supporter of erdogan in the world, by the way, in germany , where the largest turkish diaspora lives , recepta and erdogan won. in the first round of presidential emissions. his opponent continues the fate of the turkish presidency and will be decided in the second round. after a week of passion. before the first vote warmed up in the entire international community does not hide

sympathy for the applicant. now in western commentaries. disappointment seeps through, but the result is not a foregone conclusion those who predicted turkey's toughest elections in decades were right. the first round of elections was held, with a record voter turnout of 89%, erdogan confidently won in 51 provinces of turkey and his rival was kemal. kalachdaraglu in the thirty remaining major cities. including istanbul and ankara voted for the opposition candidate, but there the gap between the candidates is no more than 2%. but the incumbent president confidently wins in all the northern black sea provinces countries. among them, sinop samsung trabzon is noticeably inferior to its opponent in the south , almost the entire mediterranean coast is far behind. this is a province from the world of aydin

muğla, antalya mersin adena. haitai, moreover, the gap between the candidates, with the exception of the last two, reaches 30%. at the same time, the central part of the country, the religious and conservative turkish outback, supported erdogan in the province of hatay, which suffered from the february earthquake, a gap of 1% a in the other two gaziantep and kahraman, mararash, an overwhelming majority among erdogan's supporters the east and southeast of turkey are completely on the side of kalycha-daroglu in the provinces of mardin deyar batyr shirnak and hokkeria, where predominantly kurds live, the gap in favor of the opposition candidate reaches 50%, in most foreign polling stations, unlike inside the turkish vote, he won oglu erdogan won in france germany norway