glass it is not fragile. look here, for example. still serviceable in february 2022, the west announced the excommunication of russian scientists from international projects. a year after the start of the free trade , it became obvious that in the modern world, restrictions do not work and can hardly affect the development of fundamental science? now i have two mice in my hands , a wild-type female and a male model of alzheimer's disease, his electrophysiological parameters are worse and

memory problems are observed in the laboratory of the st. petersburg polytechnic universities are looking for ways to solve one of the most significant problems of our time according to who. the number of confirmed diagnoses is growing and growing exponentially very quickly, according to official statistics , today there are more than 55 million people in the world. young dementia, and after a couple of decades , doctors believe the number of such patients will increase by about three times, while 2/3 of all diagnosed cases of acquired dementia are due to alzheimer's disease due to the increase. e age of the average increase in the number of elderly people, since age is the main risk factor for this disease, a decrease in memory functions, communication, thinking, variability

in mood and behavior, for the first time , the german psychiatrist neurologist alzheimer revealed such symptoms in his patient, and in 1907. he gave a description of the disease does not exist and that's it. what hmm can offer, well, the modern science of medicine. this is a symptomatic treatment that will not cure the disease. but, uh, how would it facilitate uh, the course of the disease for patients and their relatives. pathology, as well as the processes of its launching , elena popugaeva, doctor of biological sciences, notes that we still do not know how our brain functions. in fact. this is probably the main reason. why is everything so complicated? why don't we go out? uh, to the very cherished pill that will cure all of us from insanity. step by step, the scientist checks his assumptions, comes to a standstill and starts the path anew in the world. at the same time

, there are many hypotheses and views. on the first causes, diseases which adhere to followers of different academic schools. we think that a. well, the main one of the main roles, and neurons play in the preservation of memory. the more death of neurons and contacts between them occur. the more severe the symptoms. and diseases. try to chat at the st. petersburg polytechnic institute , alzheimer's disease has been studied since 2012. recently , scientists have officially announced that they have made serious progress in their research. we found the structure of the chemical structure, as well, which may be the prototype of the medicinal drug. preclinical trials have shown that the drugs found successfully overcome the internal barrier separating the central

nervous system from the general environment of the body and quite quickly, according to experts, end up in the brain. that is, where it is required for this disease. right now i have here, uh, in a test tube are our substance to be followed. and here it is at a concentration of 20 million oe, we briefly call it c-20, this is the same derivative of benzopyran. the experiments were carried out on laboratory mice, in which before the experiment it was noted the so-called alzheimer's model of memory lapses to the point that rodents forgot life-threatening situations and were not afraid of potential threats. we are able to restore with the help of this substance. uh, the memory of fears in mice. there are still many tests ahead, the new drug needs to be tested for toxicity, mutagenicity , and the optimal therapeutic dose should be selected. if everything goes well, the next stage of clinical trials. i think that there are chances, but

there are still questions about time. that is, we are still at the very beginning of the exit path. hmm according to our estimates, at least 5 years on the way to creating a drug. at the joint institute for nuclear research, which is near moscow in dubna, the construction of a new nika russian collider complex, a superconducting accelerator of protons and heavy ions, is being completed, and there is absolutely no unique installation. there is no other like it very soon, scientists will launch in full force that same time machine that will reveal to mankind some fundamental secrets of the distant past. how, from the point of view of physics and chemistry, our the universe from what elements it was formed, what kind of processes and why

took place in space at that time, some of the answers to these questions are still there, but mainly in the theory of big science there are few dry calculations and conclusions. she needs concrete facts and clear evidence, like any theory, they always want to confirm or refute it, especially the universe. yes , our modern world is always very interesting and exciting billions of years ago, when there was no planet earth and other celestial bodies known to mankind in out of nothing, a big explosion happened. in the very first microsecond , a liquid gluon plasma arose in the resulting space. the seething cosmic soup of elementary particles and the quarks that held them together, almost immediately formed more

complex objects about drones, the most persistent, of which neutrons and protons, in turn, became the nuclei of atoms of the main building blocks of life, a big explosion, one of the theories of the origin of the world, unlike others, this version is considered the most proven, but in it has white spots. for example, science is unknown. under what conditions did the original plasma transform into a nuclear form of the existence of matter, it is precisely this moment that russian scientists want to recreate. it will really be a practical experiment, which will just pass the light in that niche of energy, in which there are no experimental data yet. here on those energies on these data it will allow us. uh, it is better to understand that there was the first moment of the life of the universe, says a leading scientific an employee of the sergei merts institute will be modeling inside the most complex engineering complex of linear accelerators. they are also

the sources of particles of the booster and nuclotron cyclic accelerators. here, heavy ions collected in the thinnest beams will be gradually accelerated to almost the speed of light and the collider itself with detectors that will record events and results. before the ions enter the colliders. they go quite a long way. they are born at the source. they are speeding up. the third then on the booster, they rotate there further it is expected that during the experiment many times there will be a transitional physical state between the quark-glyon plasma and hadronic matter , a mixed phase, the study of which should clarify how the material objects of the universe were formed billions of years ago and are possible, how they are changing right now with located by me is a multipurpose npd detector. here it is one of the detectors of the important detectors of the nick project, the accelerators of our nick, in which the collision of colliding beams will occur and

about 14 million events per second that we will need to detect. the main analytical unit of the brain of the collider complex during the experiments, it is here that the key parameters that experts need to understand the ongoing processes will be measured, these are uh electric calorimeters on the sides and a camera. during the projection time, the flight cameras that will capture these particles and their tracks, with the help of which we will determine the momentum of the particle from the momentum , we can determine the mass, knowing the mass, we can to understand what was born in us at the very beginning of the collision of these parts, completely ready, a linear accelerator and two cyclic stages of the complex. nika in the building of the nicolaider, engineering work is being completed, and then we have a schedule somewhere in september. as far as i remember, all these magnets that are behind me should be collected.

they will all come together. that's it already in the tunnel of the collider, through which the beams will fly. by the end of this year, they plan to complete the assembly of all magnets, launch and set up high-precision equipment to make tests, and the first experimental collisions of heavy ions. they expect to carry out new installations at the beginning of 2024, when our nika will already install them in order to finally get the first physical events, and then already. i think this will be a real real victory of our entire institute. original, but not the only switzerland is the tank of the most famous colliding particle accelerator , with its help, in 2012 , the higgs boson was discovered in the world, there are other colliders. but this does not mean that we are worse there, or they are worse, or somehow it’s just that, because different physics, however. all of them say, candidate of physics of mathematical sciences serheimerz differ in their functionality. and

we are just studying this phase transition, because when our project was planned no theoretical studies were done. i was led and shown that it is precisely in this energy range at these collision densities that our collider will operate, and a phase transition is expected between pargolyarized plasma and matter, which we all live in addition to global scientific projects such as the study of the universe accelerator complex. in dubna, he is also able to solve quite practical applied problems, some of which are already being dealt with here, says the senior engineer. georgy filatov specifically. this setup, as well as allows you to test, and with the help of galactic cosmic radiation chips. ah, salt, the body removed is being tested. uh, chip who don't pass the test. uh, the types that have passed the tests are rejected, and inserted into the space shuttle or spacecraft and thus we increase improve the reliability of a space flight in galactic

cosmic rays contains, among other things , heavy ions and specialist developers. - it is important for the manufacturer to understand in advance how the electronics themselves are in real conditions in orbit by video. there it turns out, the first experiment, everything works great. well, you understand that there are still many experiments to be done by doctor of physics and mathematics. 7 nor kitin did it for 9 years, so it’s not like it’s a question how it was possible to do, and how long one

had to do it alone. this study, the scientist identified and demonstrated a new basic mechanism for storing and transmitting information in the dna of the genetic secret of life. it would seem that disclosed dozens of years ago, unexpectedly received significant scientific addition. this is the whole story. that's what, well, the essence of this discovery before the eyes of hundreds of thousands of biologists or well was 70 years old. nobody just noticed. after the work of charles darwin and gregor mendel in the field of evolution and heredity, biologists and not only they tried for a long time to understand how exactly genetic data is transmitted in wildlife, to find such carriers was considered the main scientific problem of the middle of the 20th century, knowledge that is very important for us in order to understand how we are arranged, how it is arranged, generally alive organisms and so on in terms of, for example, therapy, yes, to understand how if

something breaks in such mechanisms. yes, how to deal with it, how to treat it? it's deeper. awareness of exactly how various processes work in our cells, and in our tissues and so on, the key to the discovery of the secondary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid at one time was a unique x-ray image taken by a biophysicist. franklin, he went down in history like photographs, 51. a year after this event, in april 1953, james watson and francis crick presented the dna model in the form of the famous double helix in the nature magazine. what does it mean that there are two chains that can be represented schematically like this; it forms a double helix due to which each chain consists of bricks atgz, which means, moreover, if it is on one chain, then m should be on the second chain and they form a bond. well,

respectively, you are with a. gs beauty and stability of two symmetrically twisted molecular chains. she captivated scientists so much that they no longer looked for or found other options for transferring genetic information, in fact, it was the general logic that if one chain wants to transfer information to another chain, then they should form such connections. well, very plump and so on, in addition to double helixes in cell broth living organisms, other dna complexes also float, but they seem to be irregularly short and loosely connected; this goal will communicate with this chain, building up not all connections in a row. yes, but only some of them such fragments were not taken into account before, considering them a kind of garbage. maxim nikitin proved. it is not so that 70 years were written off in reality , it can influence genes and control them if we have one chain and a second chain,

which in general cannot form practically any connections with each other. the logic of the old truthful. yes, they were not supposed to transmit to each other, but no information. but what i show in the article, for example, and this one is formed by this. some weak complexes, because of such connections , they interacted and fell apart. now this one went to communicate with this one, supported together, fell apart. and already this one finally transmits information to this one, uh, the last olinucleotitis, and it seems that these two should not have exchanged information with each other, but due to such a weakly affine interaction. they passed information to each other discovered by him the fundamental mechanism. maxim nikitin called molecular switching his discovery explain the author does not deny previous knowledge about complements them often i hear. what is there, everything has completely changed and so on. not everything that was previously known.

it continues to work. everything is correct. everything is good wonderful. it's just that now we managed to open this mechanism expands our understanding, and give us new opportunities in genetics, there are still many problems that have no solutions, so scientists do not can fully explain. or not? or why does this or that side effect of drugs occur, perhaps? the answers are hidden in short dna and those connections that were not taken into account before , we just do not know if nature is now using it for something useful. well, for some purposes, for example, for the memory of the evolution of aging and so on, or this mechanism interferes with it, in order to somehow function the results of its many years of research. maxim nikitin put it in an article in january of this year, it was published by an authoritative journal, followed by other scientific publications. the scientist himself continues his experiments; his

previous experiments were with a destroyed cell. because i had to clearly know the concentrations of those molecules that are, well, now it is important for him in the experiment. how molecular switching works in the living elementary systems of the body is a very large team. this cannot be done alone. oh well, and here, as it were, well, work on all fronts and the search for new funding and the search for a new one. well, that is, there is a large team that can lift such a big project. memory and its preservation the all-encompassing task of science of the 21st century, the array of data that mankind has accumulated to date is more than two trillion gigabytes of essence, we are all solving the same problem.

here, this is the preservation of information, the problems of big data are noted by scientists not even in their volume, but in the ways of working with giant layers of information and carriers , those that exist now are not designed for centuries to be mechanically damaged by the magnetic effect of chemical exposure to moisture, and so on and so on. lots of reasons, uh, no, manufacturers don't it will never guarantee that you will put your hard drive on the shelf, and it will lie there for 50 years, you will never get it and traffic rules are the same situation. university named after mendeleev to work on the technology of eternal digital memory project manager ivan glebov demonstrates a sample made on the basis of glass everything is still working. which

drive does not require special care are not subject to aging, are resistant to aggressive environments, chemical effects of radiation, bright light and elevated temperatures, including open flame says ivan glebov is an extremely reliable carrier. although it is made of glass. he uh, he is not fragile. store information people thought back in ancient times, so during excavations in the assyrian capital of niva, archaeologist austin laillard discovered a large cuneiform library compiled in the seventh century bc, deciphering the signs, scientists discovered the history of civilization between the speech tablets of baked clay passed unscathed through the centuries. and we do almost the same thing, but with a modern level on a nanoscale, so

let's say disaster resistant glass so let's say so quartz glass. er, it's glass that can withstand temperature changes of 1,000°. this means that information will contain this temperature, and that means that we will surpass the sumerian akats culture, which gave us cuneiform writing and preserved information on the table, so on clay tablets for 6,000 years. ultra-stable optical memory is a popular topic among world-famous corporations , microsoft and other giants are searching in this direction, but each has its own materials and technology one of the demos made at mendeleev university is visually similar to a cd a little thicker than a normal one sits. this is also for reliability, because this glass is not fragile. it is, uh, 4 mm thick, just makes it possible, uh , to balance reliability and uh, and now

compensate for fragility, but its density is 300 gb more than the usual 7 disk more. than bluerate, a unique feature of quartz media is that information is not recorded on the surface, but is driven in layers inside the glass. lasers, however, you also need to get such data by some special method . the reading process is that we take a recording disk. we install it on the microscope stage, find the desired fragment and get an image, which shows the means recorded on the data array, and then we can decode any of these fragments. well, for example, we take the central one and press the button. here we have a text fragment, which we wrote down at this stage, read. maybe

only in laboratory conditions, but in parallel with storage, the authors of the idea are also thinking over systems that will scan disks at high speed and open the data recorded on them, and the essence is such a good case when we move forward and forward. uh, progressively developing this technology. i hope that very soon we will bring it to the industrial level. the second important point is technology, that here we rely on russian manufacturers for those competencies that we still have strong in russia in russia , not only mendeleev but also the physical institute of the academy of sciences is engaged in the technology of durable information carriers. here, the project is metaphorically called ice memory . hmm

uh, well, natural. in general, a stone, yes, that is, in some ways it resembles. uh, when the ancients, so to speak, people carved, uh, cuneiform, there on the stones only now we don’t do it with a chisel, but with a laser they all work with diamonds for several years stones with a special laser radiation put internal marks invisible to the eye, which contain information about the origin of the mineral and other information, the technology developed here and honed to perfection. these are some elements that also record information on e, long-term, that is, almost eternal. because it is almost impossible to spoil it, that is, to overwrite this information. uh, it is extremely difficult, probably possible, but along with the destruction of the actual diamond , creating a repository based on precious stones, beautiful ideas and even theoretical they say the possible at the institute, but it’s very

expensive, so here they decided to apply the run-in technology on more accessible materials, they used the cheapest or investing materials. well, or rather, those who, so to speak, are approaching the problem of icy memory, in particular the secondary one, and now on the basis of tariff materials. we also managed to show, as well as on almaz, that under the records, it can be very high, no worse than on almaz, but at the same time, in fact, well, uh, the cost of such materials is hundreds of times cheaper there. uh below, such media are believed that the authors of the development are not competitors, their niche is already existing, long-term storage of especially important information, such systems are in demand in state archives, databases of authorities, large companies, medical institutions, libraries, film funds, ice memory - this is some of our still a prospect, that is, to find a way to record information in large volumes,

because humanity has produced a huge amount of information. really. we consider it important to us it is interesting and important and that it should be kept. well, at least there are five generations, at least, and it's better there for a thousand years, so that it is often stored fundamental discoveries find application at long intervals applied research faster in the perspective of several years. well , no matter how desirable the latter are, it is believed that it is the former in the end. for a country's economic breakthroughs usually, of course, this is a gradual process. yes, that is, people go along a long road to some result , they move in a certain direction, especially if this experimental work builds some installations, and then i assemble already a beautiful picture, which means they present it to the public and are already drawing it up, as a result, despite the partial isolation of russian

science, ties with countries that do not share the position are maintained. west huge potential resources and competencies allow russian scientists to work on the result, even in the face of restrictions, almost everything that surrounds us now is the result of developments by the twentieth century. all of them, for example, were synthesized, and they are a jewelry stone similar to a diamond based on the developments of isaac of the kitai-gorod legendary physicist and chemist at the mendeleev university. the ruby ​​stars of the moscow kremlin were created in big science there is no superfluous, they say, a scientist has fundamental ideas, it may take longer to implement, but then they also have a long life for eternity.

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a the main news that came on sunday artyomovsk was completely liberated vladimir putin congratulated the wagner group and the russian military with the liberation of the city, the press service of the kremlin a. i will read out the official message vladimir putin congratulates the wagner assault detachments and all servicemen of the russian federation armed forces unit who provided them with the necessary support and flank cover by completing the operation to liberate artyomovsk. the kremlin also noted that all those who distinguished themselves will be presented with state awards.