we will tell you what this day is remembered for in history right now hello 800 years ago on may 31, 1223, the russians first fought the mongol conquerors in the battle on the kalka river. today it is territory. donbass commanders. jeba. sbdd, passed through the caucasians invaded the land. the polovtsians asked the russians for help. now they had a common enemy, they gathered more troops than the enemy, but mostly poorly armed

militia, and the princely squads were small mongols assured that they did not want to fight the russians only with the polovtsians, however, the princes did not succumb to the persuasion, and the ambassadors were ordered to kill the battle, they began without agreeing on a single command. polovtsy, volyn galician squads. they crossed the river, and the kiev regiments were defeated. they were not supported by the kiev prince. mstislav. romanovich defended himself in a fortified camp for 3 days. he was promised honorable surrender. he believed, but nomadic. for the mongols, it was a kind of reconnaissance in force 15 years later, khan batu launched an invasion of russia may 31 , 1891 is considered the official date for the start of construction of the trans-siberian railway or on that day, the great siberian route began from the ussuri section of the route, the tsarevich. nikolai alexandrovich, the future emperor nicholas ii , personally filled a wheelbarrow with earth and drove it to the embankment, after which he laid the first stone. the building

of the station in vladivostok was needed to connect the center of the country with the far east , to ensure its development and military protection , the project was developed by russian engineers. the construction was heavy in the wilderness, costing five times more than calculated in the world there was no such large-scale project. and although the trans-siberian railway has been updated and completed more than once ; it remains the longest railway on the globe with almost 9,300 km and is included in the book of re. ordov guinness on may 31 , 1916, a grandiose battle of the first world war broke out in the north sea; they wanted to undermine the power of the mistress of the seas and weaken the economic blockade that was depleting germany, but the british were the radio interception data, by the way, thanks to the secret codes that

the russian sailors obtained for them, and they quickly brought up reinforcements from both sides. in battle. 250 ships took part, including over 40 battleships. or battlecruisers, the british retained their naval dominance. but the germans did not reach their goals. on may 31 , 1946, an experimental design bureau 153 was created in novosibirsk ; one of the fathers of transport aviation, oleg antonov, became its permanent leader. universal biplane, an-2 of the legendary maize. it was used in agriculture in flying clubs, transported passengers and cargo and entered the guinness book of records as the only aircraft in the world that has been produced for more than 70 years. it is also made in the prc in the fifties with wild boars. antonov was transferred to kiev, military transport passenger an-8 an-12 was developed

, then cars with a huge payload appeared, and on 22 antey, the world's first wide-body aircraft and the world's largest turbofan heavy transportnaya 124 ruslan and super-heavy mriya which raised the buran spacecraft after the collapse of the ussr, the enterprise that bears the name of antonov became ukrainian, but could not rise to its previous level on may 31, 2003 . the revived amber room was opened in pushkin. it was created by a german master for the prussian king frederick, who presented it to peter the great. they assembled a room only under empress elizabeth, and under catherine, they added luxurious amber mosaics and installed it in the large catherine’s palace in tsarskoye selo during the great patriotic war, the nazis took out the room in an unknown direction. and here in the eighties, we began long painstaking work on the restoration of kaliningrad amber using ancient technologies of surviving drawings and

photo images, attracted art historians, chemists, forensic historians, restorers and completed the 300th anniversary of st. petersburg, this was such a day in history. stanislavsky director gillerovsky reporter work on himself. i really want to visit the trick. this is a very dangerous place. i myself go to trickery without brass knuckles and go without, look. what about him? killed say your handkerchief. i don’t believe his motto, because everything that you have just told is not true. the real killer is his system works flawlessly, stanislavsky turn, just like

in shakespeare.

what yesterday was science fiction is today a reality to create what others cannot do. what new scientific perspectives are opening up at the intersection of modern chemistry, physics and medicine of the 121st century. this is, first of all, a turn to biotechnology, when innovations in the field of medicine fall into the hands of doctors and will be applied in practice. now, when completely new materials have appeared, when a serious institute has taken up the development, and of our tasks and i. hope this gets implemented.

is it possible to grow living tissues in a test tube cell technology tissue engineering technologies can even come to almost any supermarket, research and development for the medicine of the future are going on in the laboratories of the kurchatov institute today, and as it turns out, this is not only interesting, but also beautiful. november 2022 the entire russian award for fidelity to science among the contenders for the victory is the national research center kurchatov institute and the first place in the exhibition of photography science is beautiful, the kurchatov institute. the victory in the science as

art nomination was brought to the kurchatov institute by a project called science - this is a beautiful collection of photographs taken by the staff of the research center right at their workplace during scientific experiments. our scientists are involved. they see pleasure in their work. they see how it beautifully penetrates into the mysteries of the microworld, and really amazing sometimes impressionistic pictures of both the microworld and large installations and physical phenomena turn out, therefore, and about the decade. e science. i think for the next 10 years. we have many, many more interesting things. thanks again from all my colleagues the idea of ​​the project was born back in 2018. during this time, hundreds

of pictures were reviewed and the most interesting ones were selected. bacteria nanocapsules protein crystals particles of polymeric materials, as it turned out under the sight of the camera they all look like real art objects there must be some variety between the image of a simple microscopy. yes, and the next plus still need to touch on different mathematics. no, well, this one will also go stopped. structure, says protein. a priori there is a very important topic, so i am now very actively involved in everything. this is how, in a rather relaxed atmosphere, the selection of the most interesting and striking shots for the project takes place. science is beautiful. let's say i really like it. here is the photo as far as it was taken regular phone. yes, and not specifically the usual titanium foil with it in europe. that is, this is just the beginning of the development of the brothers. it seems to me that this is the charm, because this project

allows not only the use of some kind of gastritis, but also equipment. and beautiful with him, but he actually shows the scientific world to a simple person. that is, the fact that a simple person does not see such foil in life and hardly ever, yes, the point is that when we say nuclear medicine in people's heads , x-ray is better teachings, attitudes, etc. further, but in fact, where does the development of a radiator for treatment begin? today, many areas of work of scientists of the kurchatov complex nbx the nature of such technologies related to biology, genetics, medicine, together with practicing doctors, scientists from the national research center are developing new materials, approaches and technologies for modern medicine, few people know, but the kurchatov institute began to engage in research related to

medicine in practice from the first days of its creation. when genetics was defeated by in fact, all the outstanding geneticists were collected by kurchat, then you strongly alexandrov and as a result, we, in the fifties, had one of the iconic powerful genetic research centers in the world. now, if we talk about the origins of nuclear medicine, then already the forties. we studied the mutagenesis of the so-called living organisms that were studied. what about the effects of radiation? we have been actively involved in this. this is the next stage it is. forerunners of nuclear medicine big you should have seen. and how does it work? what occurs in genetics. although they did not know how to decipher the genome in this way, genetic changes could be observed in different ways. and what is the main thing in medicine today. the first is diagnostics, a unique

high-tech x-ray. ultrasound is everything that came out of science in particular from the atomic project. an uninitiated person will never guess what is depicted in this cosmic-looking image. this is not the lunar surface at all. and the photo of the sphere was burned by lactide, made on an electron microscope, polylaxide, a natural polymer, which has experts say a great future in the implantation of life-size microspheres, look quite prosaically a simple white powder in probing microspheres. they are quite interesting they have a porous structure. they are very heavy, and contain about 95 percent or more of air. we can make them bigger, right down there, yes, but those particles are millimeters. we can make them very small. in this case. i now have particles somewhere in the order of 100-150

microns, and these particles turned out to be quite good, but a filler for various materials, including, first of all, perhaps for hydrogels. a mixture of hydrogel and a porous filler is actually plasticine, which can fill any bone defect. this technology is indispensable in maxillofacial surgery in the case when, due to the inflammatory process, part of the bone is destroyed and even an implant can no longer be installed in order to restore and replenish this tissue. , but it is necessary to use osteoplastic material one of such materials is being developed by our laboratory. the main advantage of natural polymers is biodegradability. that is, after the material has worked its way. it decomposes into the simplest information and is naturally excreted from the body. in addition, the polymer

can be given a different shape and volume. this object, which looks like a piece of foam, is actually a high-tech product that scientists in the laboratory of polymer materials have developed at the request of pulmonologists . the so-called bio-filling for the lung, of course, does not perform the most complex functions of the lung tissue, so consider it a full-fledged implant is impossible, but it is necessary to restore the functioning of the respiratory system, when surgeons remove part of the affected lung and it is necessary to fill in the missing volume . light, would not be too heavy, but at the same time, then it sprouted with connective tissue and became part of the body, and then naturally biographed. we are already doing such work. experiments on rabbits on pigs are already being carried out.

the positive task of replacing part of the lung was not an easy one. scientists managed to make the filling almost weightless, only 4% of the volume is occupied by the polymer itself, the rest is air. to create such a refined material, experts used the freeze-drying method. another installation, with the help of which scientists plan to obtain living tissues, or even entire organs, directly in the laboratory . and from collagen is a natural protein that forms the backbone of skin tendons and cartilage in our body. true, such a souvenir cannot be taken with you as a keepsake. collagen requires special

storage conditions; layer by layer is applied by the printer and repeats the structure of living tissues. so you can print the basis of blood vessels , create a patch for a sick heart, get artificial skin, the whole human body is a collagen frame and different cells located on it. now we need this knowledge, but take and make the same frames matrices, they are called and uh then. if we then put the correct cells there. they can give one or the equivalent of tissue, organs and so on. these almost invisible threads that look like cobwebs are also made from a natural polymer. in this case , chitosan. it is found in the shells of crustaceans and the chitinous membrane of insects

due to a thin capillary. the solution comes out and is fed to the capillary. high dc voltage under this voltage, the solution is drawn into a thin stream further, this stream can split. it can be here you can clearly see the solvent here, meanwhile it evaporates, and then the already dry polymer fibers lie down for long-term electrodes, and in this way. here we get non-stationary materials by a method called electroforming. and although it was discovered more than a century ago for medical purposes, it began to be used relatively recently and the prospects are obvious here, but when creating the materials of the product, there is either an implant using some kind of such method. we get the very architecture of the material, the surface morphology, uh, similar to the native tissues of the body and thus such materials, then later take root easier and are not rejected by the body. for example

, a medical bandage with unique properties can be obtained from biopolymeric novo-lokan. it protects against infection, while it does not get wet, does not adhere to the wound and is easily removed in cases of extensive skin lesions, as it is an indispensable thing for burns. scientists have even developed a portable version of the device for electrospinning, everything you need fits into one compact suitcase. oh well, here we have received non-woven material right at hand for such emergencies, if urgently needed in the field without installation without connection to electricity. well, in principle, it is possible to cover the area here. there are even several hundred square centimeters. here 's the method. well, the person is already transporting further. to the nearest hospital there to further solve this problem, it is possible to make fragments of a matrix of blood vessels for this purpose,

a non-woven material is sprayed on a model printed on a bioprinter, a complete tube of bios-capable polymer of the required shape of an ideameter is obtained. the next stage of research is to find a way how these artificial fabrics revitalize matters. how to tame living cells and create all the conditions for their reproduction is done by specialists in tissue engineering, our laboratory is engaged in, if so, well, basically, then the development of biocompatible matrices, and the tissue is engineering, that is, and these are such structures that are a replacement or model, but of real living tissues of the human body, that is , they are developed in such a way that a we isolate the cells of some tissue that interests us and a well, seven of them on any space suit carrier , the so-called here is the one in which these cells

will always feel good for experiments. living human cells are needed; they are obtained from skin fragments, for example, tired after plastic surgery and consent. centov uses these cells , they are seeded on a polymer matrix of a special composition and sent to an incubator where the temperature of the human body is maintained and after 2 weeks artificial skin grows right in petri dishes. outwardly very similar to the real one. on artificial leather it is possible to simulate various diseases and test drugs and partially exempt experimental animals from this mission, in addition to skin cells, biotechnologists grow in vitro and more complex types of vascular, nervous or muscle tissues. you can see yourself a living cell planted on a polymer frame with your own eyes using an electron microscope, for example, this cell

in the picture. it looks like everything suits. if the cells will try to grow, if the polymer of the cell does not like to separate, here is this photo, made in the probe and electron microscopy resource center. kurchatov institute also got into the collection of the project. science is beautiful. electron microscopes are one of the most demanded devices at the institute ; with their help, you can immerse yourself in the microworld to see how materials and even living cells are arranged at the atomic level. there is a manipulator needle that, uh, can touch the sample and extract some sample of the sample. e from well from the basis and for further research, that is, literally precision work with materials. can we have some separate a small spot measuring 10 nanometers. this is 1/5 of a human hair taken from

a microscope. one of the premises of the laboratory resembles a space flight control center. it's hard to believe, but this is a huge installation, also a microscope, namely a cryogenic, translucent electron microscope, by the way, the only russian name corresponding to titanism is an electronic microphone. here we can see the main parts - this is the source of electrons, which are then accelerated to an energy of 300 kg volts projected onto the object and then with using a lens system, the image is enlarged and falls on a high-sensitivity camera. shooting biological objects requires special conditions, because under the influence of a powerful electron beam and vacuum used in a microscope, the structures of living cells are destroyed. in addition, the sample itself

must be transparent to the electron flow. a thousand times thinner than a human hair. to do this, we need to create a very thin layer. e water, which contains the objects of interest to us, and so that this film does not collapse. especially under vacuum. she needs to freeze. uh, we do blast freezing in liquid food and we actually have, uh, no ice specialization. during freezing, it turns out that there is no amortization in which individual molecules are built-in, then stuffed into a microscope and we examine the structure of the object very close to the native one with the help of titanium, scientists examine sections of living cells, study the features of the work of ribosomes of cellular organs responsible for protein synthesis . the study of one sample can last a whole week during which time the electron microscope will make tens of thousands of individual

pictures. after their processing by a computer program, one high-resolution three-dimensional image will be obtained, a picture worthy of the cover of the best scientific journals. this photo also took part in the exhibition of the project. science is beautiful. although it was obtained using a simple optical microscope, there are small spheres in the picture. in fact, complex containers made of a biodegradable polymer, inside which there is a drug, such developments are carried out by specialists from the nanocapsule laboratory. we form carriers for drugs. these can be various capsules and containers of particles. eh, we load active substances into them, and then we study, in principle, how this active substance will behave in certain

conditions. that is, we need to understand how stable this capsule is, so we are exploring how this active substance will be released from our capsule or particle container, the very idea that targeted drug delivery has been taking for a long time. scientists, after all , an ordinary pill goes a long way before the active substance enters the desired organ and suppresses the focus of the disease, while healthy tissues suffer and a lot of side effects appear. today the main path of medicine. this is the so-called personalized medicine. what does this mean? here we are all the same people, we have the same genes. yes, globally, you need, firstly, to be able to decipher the full-scale genes of 3 billion dollars, first, then understand and understand which part of the genome. what is responsible for, and then study and then we move on to predictive and personalized medicine based on

knowledge of the genome. in 2007, we have more than one person in the country. i didn’t know how to decipher, there were no instruments, no knowledge of decoding the genome. yes and so we created the conditions of infra. tour at the institute here and transcribed for the first time in russia the first russian cinema - it was the seventh in the world in 2008-90 and since then we have ensured the sustainable development of genetic researchers in the country, in which the kurchan institute today is the main scientific organization the head of this program - this is the basis of knowledge of the genome of modern medicine. so, detailed, knowledge of the genome of genetic passportization will make it possible to proceed further to a specific selection of pills , such a medicine is suitable for you, but another for this person. yes, it's a disease.