k after the coup and he was disenfranchised and his father is the ex-president of lokashi, ereiro. quite right, but after the coup, he was generally taken into custody. the fact is that the dictatorship banned all parties among those who disappeared without axes, not only communists and socialists, that is , representatives of the entire political spectrum of kili. alevskaya, but also the mother of our mother, and after all , the paradox turns out, but the beginning of the seventies in the soviet union is just a matter of expulsion rostropovichnitsyn and in practice, the same soviet union defends human rights here, well, somehow i thought about it. yes, but what to compare with what at the same time, the uruguayan senatorship was shot right on the street by his son. also elected senators holds an interesting idea. in any country. is there a ruling elite like it or not? our elite has lost its compass for guests.

this is another shopping center called a point for the indigenous people of this city. there are symbols here. this current shopping center, a former prison for years, people were kept here in underground in the seventies eighties and among her former prisoners. veche jose mujica was elected president of uruguay from the broad left coalition, but in the seventies he was sitting in solitary confinement, like a militant, stupidly maru their romantic cocktail of marx che guevara and robin hood in the sixties attracted many even from the most refined, but turned out to be increasingly bolshevik stealing people's valuables, this interlocutor of ours wrote a book about a detective otero, who revealed that under the field, this is a dumbass. everything was provoked. let's be objective. if we speak one thing, let's talk about the other. who is to blame the left who provoked the right are right. no, a categorical denial is impossible, so

to say that someone is specifically to blame, but i think that then, if it can tell, there were fashionable dictatorships. with the light touch of our big northern neighbor , detective oteru did not use torture. no, he did not use them, everyone admits it. and who suggested trying here? the 73rd tupamarus militants are already in jail. yes, they were defeated and our elites went astray, there was a feeling of impunity for everyone who continued to torture to organize the disappearance without a trace, and so on, no longer and no partisans, which was terrible. this is viciousness, political and spiritual rottenness always inherent in fascism, and this is a form of authoritarianism that tries to maintain a hierarchical order and thinks that it can rule people like sheep, every single dictatorship. in south america, they seized power under the slogan of saving the motherland, as they recall, it is necessary to expose the former

air force workshops in order to see those who say that this was not the case in argentina. and if we win next election, then a law against denial must be adopted so that it cannot be said that nothing of the kind happened. especially for international review sergey brilev from latin america dig deeper to the thirty years' war only in alpha-bank get the first alpha-stickers in russia, paste them on your phone and pay. as usual, have time to order before june 30 and get your sticker absolutely free at alpha-bank.ru alpha-bank is the best mobile bank. even i am

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lenta to reduce the price of 10,000 coffee products at 189.99 rysculograms. we live in one country, but we are so different the doorbell rang and we do not notice the distance when we hurry to our loved ones. him into the water.

across the country for a kiss beloved. therefore, it is good that there is someone who understands each sberbank for each for his own for 160 million in the houses of the ecoculture of chance. no eco-culture, there are delicious tomatoes. it seems you strong changed the first date.

no, i am forced to resort to violence or endure its possibilities, there is no other choice friedrich schiller drama the death of wallenstein film play sixty the second year, filmed at the bavaria studio, generalissimo albrecht von wallenstein, the main commander of the holy roman empire in the thirty years' war, he is devoted to a huge amount of scientific research and works of art, we are interested in him as a commander who commanded, probably, the largest mercenary army in european history. in medieval europe, perhaps

the first mercenaries were the vikings who were hired into the personal guards of the byzantine emperors, for example, the future king of norway, harald, the third was the head protection of the emperor in 1474. the french king louis the eleventh concluded an agreement with several swiss villages. he undertook to pay each of them annually 20,000 francs. and for this they had to supply armed people, if the king wages war, so the swiss mercenaries appeared in 1477, the swiss, who made up half of the troops of lorraine, defeated the army of burgundians led by charles the bold under the names, then the swiss paid attention, all the masters of europe and in particular the emperor holy roman empire maximilian the first habsburg. he hired them to train his army, which consisted.

the german mercenaries of the landsknefts gradually, with the acquisition of combat experience, the german lanz-knechts became competitors to the swiss, on may 6, 1527, during the war of the cognac league , the troops of emperor charles the fifth of habsburg, who got out of control, broke into rome and subjected the eternal city to robbery and ruin pope clement the seventh could escape and took refuge in the castle of the holy angel, then the lasknefts killed most of the swiss guarding the cathedral st. peter's since then , many european monarchies often began to hire landsknefts. they fought on both sides of the conflict, they were participants in the campaign against the moors in africa and clashes with the russian army of ivan the terrible to the left during the thirty years' war. they have shown high efficiency. not surprisingly , apart from the salary. the mercenaries earned income from robberies in enemy territories. in the 19th century , the famous flights of wild

geese began in europe. this was the name given to the irish who fled britain and entered the service of the french. the crown in the service of louis xv consisted of about 20,000 irish in the 19th century with the advent of the era of conscription armies of mercenaries in europe almost disappeared, their services came in handy in africa in the second half of the 20th century, when the term wild geese was the so-called battalion of michael hoaar congo acquired a new meaning, and the history of the soldiers . good luck received cinema recognition. swiss mercenaries are in demand and to this day, only of them are guarding the residence of the pope. our good friend and almost a full-time historiographer is our guest. andrei sr. hello andrey, well

the phenomenon of mercenarism in europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. if you leave, here's to the origins, how important the type of activity it was then and how it was treated generally speaking, and you need to start with the fact that the word soldier itself, and italian penetrated into all european languages, including german and the word soldier from the word solda, that is a coin. well, yes, but counterers are those who organized, private armies from the word condotta, that is, an agreement, that is, the word itself carries, and the memory of that era belonged. and as i understand theoretically always with suspicion, and from the ancient heritage, uh, through the perceived in different translations. in the original, in general , ancient memory is only that, that one must

be a warrior, who defends his homeland with as ancient greek policies. and if the mercenary serves the one who pays the money? uh-huh, and this is either, uh, a total private power of interest, maybe the power is unfair. if needed, there will be another one. uh, another payer, that is, always treated with suspicion. it is so bright in machiavelli, yes, yes, it is stated, but it was in the era of meteorilium, just a mercenary army finally replace the knightly a and the era of domination of various kinds of mercenary armies will continue in europe, in general, in the seventeenth century and in a sense, the 18th century, if you look at the share of foreigners. let's take foreigners in the armies of the largest european ones, the powers rarely

fell below a quarter, and it happened even in prussia in the 18th century it was even two-thirds at the same time. well, that's it in one year, but the third quarter even in france quarter although france is the largest country in europe in terms of population and it competed with the sovereign of. well, that is, who pay more or how it happened. and yes, there were contracts, so to speak, e long-term traditions, and traditions imply, and duration, apparently, a most striking example, e, landgraviate essenkasel, and in 1730 every nineteenth inhabitant, and then even more up to 7% of the population. and it needs to be multiplied. uh, twice, because men are fighting, but they belonged to the army and and one of the rulers of essen kassol in the middle of the 18th century spoke of the enlightened. uh, our army is peru, that

is, our source of income, uh, peru i mean uh. yes, where do precious metals come from to spain, uh, in the three-to-thirty -year war, it is known that not only individual soldiers, but also entire armies moved freely from one owner to another, so to speak, and even these same religious discrepancies did not interfere. and how then was at least some morale of the confectioners ensured, and already that, maybe not called, but these organizers of private armies, and they followed the fighting spirit and the most striking example is the most famous example of albert einstein and who fought against looting, and imposed regular indemnities on the zanya. and the cities, so that the soldiers observe discipline, of course, did not braid, but at least

, and so, uh, so he had a plan and, probably, cash loyalty was based on the regularity of payments. e, to a large extent so , that is, here is the same walgenstein, as a very large one of the largest commanders, at that time one of his tasks, apparently, was to keep this. actually under the control of his army. yes, yes, it turns out like this, well, this is such a specificity after all for he you have to think about strategies, but here you understand, it’s not clear who, but this is what critics always said, that this is what everyone who read ancient authors, and then read, and italian humanists they all had this question, if there are people who are ready, uh, to fight for money or do something for the sake of money, then where is the good here, but to understand in general, the good existed and there was the concept of a just war, if they fight for money, then where is the just war. yeah well it's

always been like that if we look at us something similar to russia in those days, we had a failure with a dalagardi jacope, which everyone probably remembers, when vasily shuisky called the swedish detachment. and there were not only swedes. by the way, there were also different germans. and during the time of troubles, the fight with the poles ended. as you remember? a war on two fronts, because the swedes also then began to occupy, uh, russian lands. but, if not foreigners, but compatriots, so to speak, but on a commercial basis, it was generally like the norm or like us it is arranged. we never had enough money, the word of war, the cossacks, too, because there are analogues both in europe and in the world , they never had enough money for money. in general, the phenomenon

of mass mercenarism or whatever. this can be called when it ends , when the regular armies completely take over this sphere with the great french revolution, when two two processes have combined, and the first is a sharp increase in the size of the army, and this is already connected with the development of the strategy of military tactics of military art the growth of the army and something the idea of ​​​​the e army of the people uh-huh the army of the nation, and the clausian writes about this. it is not modern historians who reconstruct the klausovian, on the one hand, the modern state, with weber's monopoly on violence, creates a regular army, and on the other hand, the regular army creates the state creates an idea of ​​the people, and the nation is created even by, to some extent, literary language, but which should be understood by everyone, because in the army you can’t

say that we have a different dialect in this dialect. we we i did not understand, this is one time, apparently, passes, but hmm, that is, the army is being created a modern state hmm and nationalism is a modern idea, these are created by modern armies. and of course , this happens first of all, and on land, because at sea, and the echo of these old private armies was still preserved. and privateering was still the last time, uh, on a large scale, uh , privateering corsairs privateers, but they showed themselves during the wars for the independence of spanish america and finally prohibited by international law, privateering was in the paris peace treaty, ended the crimean war in 1856. here's to the question that the state creates the army of the army of the state. and this naturally gives rise to the desire of the army. in what cases, well,

so to speak, influence the state, namely to intervene in politics. there is no number of this case, but typologically, is it possible to say that some kind of state system or regimes are more prone to adhere to such a tradition? i think yes, and in modern society in a modern state, so i worked a lot. we got a mundane doing it among others, but there is a state where a is firstly a? the idea of ​​the political role of the army, that is , something arises that we stopped in the 18th century, when there were guards love spells and there were guards. uh. well, in general, peter's children are real children. peter's country has not yet been so changed by reforms as the army is a new army, a new type of army, but in our country this was stopped. uh, although you can also look

at the decembrist uprising from this side, that is, and the army, and the military, firstly, are educated, and secondly, it has about common ideas about life about how life should be arranged, and the third disciplined, like any military, but , that is, the idea of ​​​​a military coup arises, how quickly and political revolution that directs the development of the country, uh, to that channel, uh, which these military as a single, how to say corporation, huh? desires a and a very vivid example, of course. latin america in the 20th century , partly in the 19th and 19th centuries. this is the legacy of those longest warriors for independence, and the role of the military before this , of course, was not. these caudillos

or maybe even a more interesting example, turkey e, where ataturk is military and ataturk radically changes country a and the military e in turkey after the turk, a in power or near power and throughout the 20th century, a up to recep tayyip erdogan, a if the military, as a very well-coordinated corporation with a common idea of ​​​​how turkey should be, and first of all, secular and , let's say, relatively oriented, speaking about the west, if they don't like something, they staged a coup, and directed. in the development of the country to where they thought, where they wanted, and the rejeptator dogan broke this tradition, uh, and apparently broke it, not only by winning the elections with other slogans with islamic slogans, but also by defeating the coup attempt. moreover, such a humiliating coup turned out to be quite good for the military in terms of prestige, of course. i

think he used every opportunity to show how much the wrong military guaranteed it. thanks a lot. very interesting. our guest was andrey syrov from the school of economics strength and power, violence and order coercion and flexibility from balance these concepts depend on the stability of any society and the state of the universal recipe. no, france is on fire on tuesday, a policeman shot dead a seventeen-year-old teenager of arab origin while trying to check his car, the young man was impudent, but as it turned out, he did not pose a threat, a wave of protests and pogroms rose, the largest in almost 20 years is similar to the american events three years ago after the death at the police arrest of black man john floyd. a surge of violence exposed sharp contradictions. some say they're out of ussime

others they allow tolerance for the aggression of minorities. the first truth sounds louder in the zeitgeist. well, and another masterpiece of tolerance, iraqi dissident migrants burned another koran in front of the building. the cathedral mosque in stockholm with the permission of the police, albeit to the annoyance of the government, which desperately persuades turkey to let sweden into nato instead of a deal on the eve of the vilnius summit, outrage throughout the islamic world. why allow this? freedom of expression is more sacred than any religious shrine in the modern world lacks instructions for general safety technique, which buttons not to press so that they don’t bang and where they fit in so that they don’t kill only where can i get a mechanic who will start repairing a fragile structure, armed with thin tools now held in high esteem by sledgehammers. it

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russian bread industry is inundated with world markets. and now, if all this bloomed, then what was rotten, maybe nothing was rotten. formation of the enthusiasm of the people of soviet power, received an unprecedented colossal inheritance, how prudently it disposed of this inheritance. russia until the seventeenth year and what is there to do with this story and how much can it be repeated? what can we bring our country to? another kambert is the best job in the world, that

's right, don't sit on other leopards, they're on fire, like hello west didn't expect that ours can see. britons more than 20,000 people a day biblo during the great patriotic war we are in a very dangerous moment in human history

what is happening in ukraine now is the gebbes lessons textbook 2018 edition of june 22 marked as the beginning of the german-soviet war. well, ukraine has nothing to do with the lessons of the past. otherwise, we will repeat it . politicians who use speculators from history make decisions based on history.

business is rushing to orbit putin discussed with the head of roskosmos, attracting private companies this the topic was touched upon at the forum of the agency for strategic initiatives. what is it about? how will russian cosmonautics develop? more than 420 apu militants were destroyed per day in the lpr and the zaporozhye region , saboteurs were covered by special forces of the airborne forces inspecting the building of artyomovsk, how it helps