[000:00:00;00] alcemere precedents of delaripovnik louise kashepol, when there was a memorial session in the senate of uruguay, then in the gallery the camera pulled out the current president lokashi paul, he was only born in the year of the transfer, but next to him the ex-president is a centrist, however, after the coup, he was also deprived of civil rights and his father is ex-president. punish the erer quite right, but after the coup, he was generally taken into custody. i'm because vrubile, the dictatorship, banned all parties among the missing benzos, not only communists and socialists, that is representatives of all political aspects. chile up with blood that human rights program of radio moscow in chile was hosted by the legendary katya alevskaya, but also by our mother's mother. but the paradox turns out, but at the beginning of the seventies in the soviet union, this is just the case as a variety, and the same soviet union defends human rights here. well, somehow i didn’t

think about it, but what’s with what? compare at the same time, the uruguayan senator miqueria was shot by his son right on the street. also, the elected senators have an interesting idea. every country has a ruling elite do you like it or not? our elite has lost her guest compass. uruguay - this is another shopping center called point caretes for the indigenous people of this city. here in general the symbol of naseem fuck this current shopping center, a former prison for years people were kept underground in the seventies eighties and among its former prisoners. already in this century, jose mujica was elected president of uruguay from the broad left coalition, but in the seventies he sat in solitary confinement, like a militant, stupidly maru their romantic cocktail of marx che guevara and robin hood in the sixties attracted many people, even from the most refined, but turned into more and more bolshevik thefts of people's valuables,

this our interlocutor wrote a book about the detective otero, who brought out the underground, that's stupid. maraz they provoked everything. let's be objective. if we say one thing, then we will talk about something else. who is to blame, who provoked are right, categorical denial, so to speak, that someone is specifically to blame, but i think that if it can, so to speak, there were fashionable dictatorships. with a light feed of our big northern neighbor torture detective. here they are not used. no, he did not use them, everyone admits it. and who suggested torture here? already in jail. yes, they were defeated and our elites lost their way , there was a feeling of impunity for those who continued to try to organize the disappearance and so on, no longer any partisans, which was terrible. this is the viciousness, political and spiritual rot always

inherent in fascism, and this one, but a form of authoritarianism that tries to maintain a hierarchical order and thinks that it can control people like sheep, one and all dictatorships. in south america, they seized power under the slogan of saving the motherland, as they recall , it is necessary to expose the former air force workshops so that those who say that this was not the case in argentina could see it. and if we win the next election, then we need to pass a law against denial, so that it cannot be said that nothing of the kind happened. especially for international viewing from latin america before the thirty years' war i am often asked how to prepare for

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friedrich schiller drama the death of wallenstein film a performance of the sixty-second year, filmed at the bavaria studio generalissimo albrecht von wallenstein, the main commander of the holy roman empire in the thirty years' war , a huge amount of scientific research and works of art is devoted to him , we are interested in him as a military leader who commanded, probably, the largest mercenary army in european history. in medieval europe, perhaps the first the mercenaries were the vikings who were employed in the personal guards of the byzantine emperors, for example, the future king of norway, harald. iii was the head of the emperor's guard in 1474, the french king louis xii concluded an agreement with several swiss villages. he undertook to pay each of them annually 20,000 francs. and for this they had to supply armed people, if the king wages war, so the swiss mercenaries appeared in 1477, the swiss, who made up

half of the army of lorraine, defeated the head under nance, the army of the burgundians, led by charles the bold, then the swiss paid attention, all the masters of europe and in particular the emperor of the holy roman empire maximilian the first habsburg. he hired them to train his army, which consisted. the german mercenaries of the landsknefts gradually, with the acquisition of combat experience, the german lanzknechts became competitors of the swiss, on may 6, 1527, during the war of the kayak league, the troops of the emperor charles the fifth of habsburg, who got out of control, broke into rome and subjected the eternal city to robbery and the destruction of pope clement the seventh was able to escape and took refuge in the castle of the holy angel, then the lasknefts killed most of the swiss guarding st. peter's cathedral . since then, many

european monarchies often began to hire landsknefts. they fought on both sides of the conflict, participated in campaigns against the moors in africa and clashed with the russian army of ivan the terrible in lyon during the thirty years' war. they have shown high efficiency. not surprisingly, apart from the salary. the mercenaries earned income from robberies in enemy territories. in the 16th century in europe, the famous flights of wild geese began. this was the name of the irish who fled from britain and entered the service of the french crown in the service of louis 14, there were about 20,000 irish in the 19th century with the advent of the era of conscription armies of mercenaries in europe, their services almost disappeared, their services came in handy in africa in the second half of the 20th century, when the term wild geese so called the battalion of michael hoaar the congo has acquired a new meaning, and the story of the soldiers. good luck received

cinema recognition. swiss mercenaries are in demand to this day exclusively from they are guards guarding the residence of the pope. our good friend and almost a full-time historiographer is our guest. andrey serov andrey hello, well, the phenomenon of mercenarism in europe in the 16-17th century. if you leave, here, uh, to the origins, how important a kind of activity it was then and how they treated it generally speaking, and you need to start with the fact that the word soldier itself, and italian penetrated into all european languages, including germanic and the word soldier from words solda, that is, a coin. well, yes, but the counterers are those who organized, the private army from the word condotta, that is, an agreement, that is, the word itself

carries. eh, the memory of that era belonged. and as i understand theoretically always with suspicion, and from the ancient heritage. e through greece perceived in different translations and in the original. ah, in general , the ancient memory is only that uh, that one must be a warrior. who defends their homeland? as like ancient greek city-states. and if the mercenary serves the one who pays the money? uh-huh, and this is either uh, the total private power of interest, maybe the authorities are unfair. if necessary, then another, uh, another payer will appear, then have always been treated with suspicion. this is so clearly stated by machiavelli, but it was in the era of the meteoriel, just a mercenary army.

uh, they finally replace the knightly a and the era of domination of various kinds of mercenary armies will continue in europe in general in the seventeenth century and in a sense, in the 18th century, if you look at the share of hmm foreigners. let's take this. foreigners in the armies of the major european powers rarely fell below a quarter, and it happened even in prussia, even in the 18th century, two- thirds were at the same time. well, that's it in one year, but the third quarters even in france quarter although france is the largest country in europe in terms of population and it competed sovereign. well, that is, barking, who will pay more or how it happened. and yes, there were contracts, so to speak. e long-term tradition. eh, tradition implies, and duration, apparently, and the most striking example

of elandgravery is essence, and in 1730 every nineteenth inhabitant, and then even more, up to seven percent of the population. and it needs to be multiplied. uh, twice, because men are fighting, but they belonged to the army and one. the rulers of hesse, kassel , spoke in the middle of the 18th century as enlightened. uh, our army is peru, that is, our source of income. peru i mean, first of all, precious metals in spain, uh, here's the thirty years' war. it is known that not only individual soldiers, but also entire armies, moved freely from one owner to another, so to speak, and even these same religious discrepancies did not interfere. and how then was at least some kind of morale provided for the contactees, and

already so, maybe not called, but these organizers of private armies, a, followed the morale and the most striking example is the most famous example of albert einstein online a , who fought against looting, but imposed regular indemnities on the occupied city, so that the soldiers would observe discipline, of course, they did not braid, but at least, and so, er, so he had designs. and, probably, cash fidelity was built on the regularity of payments to a large extent. so, that is, here is the same wallenstein, as a very large one of the largest commanders of that time, one of his tasks, apparently, was to keep it. actually under the control of his army. yes, yes, it turns out like this, well, this is such a specificity, after all, for he must think strategies, but then you understand, it's not clear who, but this is what critics always said is that this is what everyone

who read the ancients authors, and then i read it, and the italian humanists all of them had this question, if there are people who are ready, uh , to fight for money or do something for money, then where is the common good, but to understand in general, the good existed and there was the concept of a just war, if they fight for money, then where is the just war. well, it has always been like that, if we look at russia in those days, something similar, we had a failure with a dalagardi jacope, which everyone probably remembers, when vasily shuisky called the swedish detachment. and there were not only swedes. by the way, there were also different germans. and during the time of troubles, the fight with the poles ended. as you remember? a war on two fronts, because the swedes also later began to occupy, uh, russian lands. and

here, if not foreigners, but compatriots, so to speak, but on a commercial basis, it was generally like the norm, or how it works with us. we never had enough money. i'm like that yes, uh, the cossacks, too , because there are analogues in europe and in the world, but money has never been good, in general, the phenomenon of mass mercenarism or whatever. it can be called when it ends, when the regular armies completely take over this area with the great french revolution, when they united two two processes, and the first is a sharp increase in the size of the army, and this is already connected with the development of the strategy of military tactics of military art, a sharp increase in the size of the army and someone has an idea of ​​\u200b\u200ba people's army historians reconstruct. such

a clausian, writes directly about this, on the one hand, the modern state with the election monopoly inflicted creates a regular army, and on the other hand, the regular army creates a state creates an idea of ​​​​the people, and even a literary language, to some extent, creates a nation, but which should be understood by everyone, because in the army you can’t say that we have a different dialect in this dialect. we, we, i didn’t understand, this once, apparently, passes, and that is, the army creates modern states. hmm, and modern nationalism, these ideas are created by modern armies. and of course , first of all, this happens on land, because at sea, and the echo of these old private armies was also preserved. and privateering was the last time, uh, on a large scale, uh, privateering

corsairs were privateers, but they showed themselves during the wars for the independence of spanish america, and privateering was finally prohibited by international law in the paris peace treaty, which ended the crimean war in 1856 . here's to the question that the state creates the army of the army of the state. and this naturally gives rise to the desire of the army in some cases. well, so to speak, to influence the state, namely to intervene in politics not from among this case, but typological is it possible to say that some kind of state system or regimes are more are prone to adhere to such a tradition, i think, yes, in modern society in a modern state, so we have a lot of work for the worldly, doing this among others, but there is a state. where is a in the first place is

a? the idea of ​​​​the political role of the army, that is, something arises that we stopped in the 18th century, when there were guards love spells and there were guards. uh. well, in general , peter's children are real children. petra's country has not yet been so changed by reforms as the army is a new army, an army of a new type, but we have it was stopped. uh, although you can look at the decembrist uprising from this side, that is, and the army, uh, the military, firstly, is educated. secondly, e, with approximately common ideas about life about how life should be arranged, and the third disciplined, like any military, but, that is, the idea of ​​​​a military coup arises, how fast and a political revolution that directs the development of the country . uh, along the way, uh, who are these military, as a single, how to say corporation, huh? desires

a and a very vivid example, of course. latin america in the 20th century, partly in the 19th and in the 19th century , is the legacy of those long wars of independence, and the role of the military before that , of course, was not. here are these caudillos, and perhaps even a more interesting example, turkey, where ataturk is military and ataturk radically changes country a and the military e in turkey after the turk, a in power or near power and throughout the 20th century, a up to recep tayyip erdogan, and if the military, as a very well-coordinated corporation with a common idea of ​​​​how turkey should be, and first of all secular and shall we say oriented. relatively speaking, about the west, if they don’t like something, they staged a coup

, and directed the development of the country where they thought, where they wanted, and recep tayyip erdogan, e, this tradition broke and broke, apparently, e not just winning in elections with other slogans with islamic slogans, but also defeating the coup attempt. moreover, such a humiliating coup turned out to be quite good for the prestige of the military, of course. i think he used all sorts of things to show how different the military guaranteed. thanks a lot. very interesting. andrey eff from the school of economics was our guest. strength and power, violence and order, coercion and flexibility , the stability of any society and state of a universal recipe depends on the balance of these concepts. no, france is on fire on tuesday , a police officer shot and killed a seventeen- year-old arab teenager while trying

to check his car. but as it turned out, it did not pose a threat, the rising wave of protests and pogroms, the largest in almost 20 years, is similar to american events three years ago after the death in police custody of black john floyd. a surge of violence exposed sharp contradictions. some say they will get rid of racism, others. they have a tolerable tolerance for the aggression of a minority. the first truth sounds louder in the zeitgeist. well, and another masterpiece of tolerance, an iraqi dissident migrant burned another koran in front of the cathedral building. chaity in stockholm with police permission, albeit to the annoyance of the government, which is desperately persuading turkey to let sweden into nato instead of a deal on the eve of the vilnius summit

outrage throughout the islamic world. why allow this? freedom of expression is more sacred than any religious shrine in the modern world , there is not enough instructions on general safety techniques, which buttons not to press so as not to bang and where they fit in so as not to kill only where to get a mechanic who will start repairing a fragile structure, armed with thin tools, sledgehammers are now held in high esteem. it was an international review. goodbye. sberbank presents the lowest loan rate of 4% in the first month. what amount orel i take a loan tails a loan? stop guessing. check your credit potential in sberbank

online and find out the available amount and conditions for all loan products from sberbank in tomatoes eco-culture of chance. no eco-culture. there are delicious tomatoes. i have been denisen for 15 years. i am developing a small business in alpha bank and i believe that there is no such thing as a small business. therefore , alpha bank and i are launching a fund for large businesses all over the country. the best stories will receive money. tell us about your business on alfa bank.ru. endlessly watch your cheese in tilzitor, king is impossible guys, you should rather try cheese cutlets. beef steak

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