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truffle. enjoy and when paying through st. petersburg plus 10% off everything. hello, i'm sergei stankevich, we continue to turn over and reread the pages of the calendar, remembering the faces and events of a significant era, when new russia was born from the soviet union at the end of the 20th century problem. will the soviet empire be preserved by anyone, even at a bloody price? the soviet union was

an ideological project empire. the republics united for the sake of implementing a joint the project of the planned construction of communism under the eternal monopoly leadership of the cpsu, unity was ensured by two types of coercion, both ideological and administrative-forced , both guidelines and impulses of coercion came from moscow as an imperial party, but the ideological center of the state was unitary and portacratic in terms of the method of management, and the russian people were perceived other peoples, as the imperial ethnicity is a symbol of the elder brother. the reformist perestroika of mikhail gorbachev fell into a kind of historical democratization and glasnost, gaining momentum in 1986-1990, led to

a weakening of the levers of administrative coercion and ideological control, the abolition of one-party monopoly. made it optional to participate in the project of building communism. removal of censorship wave of revealing publications, sharp public debate led to a general reassessment of the symbols and authorities of the soviet era, and competitive elections. the new authorities made it impossible to preserve the former unitary method of state management. the indestructible union needed urgent rethinking and radical modernization. with each year of perestroika, the 15 union republics felt more and more free, asking fatal questions. and why is everything decided in moscow and distributed from moscow, is it worth

it for us to be together in the three baltic republics of the national elite, they relied on secession from the union already in 1988. moldova georgia and armenia announced their withdrawal in 1990, in the rest of the republics the desire to remain prevailed, but on other conditions of equal rights and fair, if perestroika led by gorbachev were able to show at least the first signs of a progressive economy to the republics during the 6 years of reform. to give them economic independence, to link them with joint investment projects. this would have been a powerful unifying stimulus, but gorbachev got bogged down in hesitation and contradictions in september. 990, he abandoned the saving economic program of 500 days as a result , the leader of perestroika fell under increasing pressure in the allied nomenclature, which

demanded from the president of the ussr eden sec of the cpsu with preservation of the old imperial statehood at any cost, not stopping before the use of force. at the end of 1990, the conservative imperial opposition launched a direct attack against the leader of perestroika. on december 17, at the sixth congress of people's deputies of the ussr, the deputy of the cpsu umalatova throughout the country accused gorbachev of the collapse of the ussr and demanded an immediate vote on the resignation of president sergeevich is and will not be accepted. i went to put the proposal to a vote. recall that gorbachev was elected to the highest state the post congress was in this respect quite vulnerable to the resignation of the president voted about 400 deputies of the right wing

majority, including democrats. at the head of yeltsin, they voted against the resignation , right from the rostrum of the congress , foreign minister eduard shevardnadze resigned grammatically, warning the country and the world that dictatorships were coming in the ussr in the near future. if you want my protests against the offensive of the dictatorship, yielding to the pressure of the conservatives, gorbachev made a sharp cream to authoritarianism november 17, 1990 was announced the centralization of federal power in place of the former government. the ussr created a compact cabinet of ministers headed directly by the president instead of the dissolved presidential council. where liberals were included alexander

yakovlev vadim medvedev brought in shatalin , the security council was created where they no longer had a place, the post of vice-president of the ussr was introduced to which gorbachev held gennady yanaev. president gorbachev received the authority to impose direct presidential the topic of emergency measures of a firm hand and even dictatorship was widely discussed due to the fact that the soviet republics, one after another , began to legally formalize the final secession from the ussr , the baltic republics became the first to depart in the spring of 1990 in the declarations of their parliaments, lithuania, latvia and estonia announced the restoration of state independence. the supreme soviet of the ussr immediately canceled these declarations, but this did not prevent the baltic republics from immediately

to start forming new government bodies, there were two authorities, parliaments and governments of independent states not recognized by anyone, opposed local communist parties, relying on the councils of labor collectives and law enforcement agencies, which continued to obey moscow. the union center issued an ultimatum to the baltic republics to immediately restore the full scope of the constitution ussr and tried to suppress by force parallel independent local authorities , the largest military operation actually aimed at introducing direct presidential rule were undertaken in lithuania and latvia in early 1991, in vilnius, key facilities were taken under guard by the forces of the 76th airborne division on the night of january 12-13, 1991,

an anti-terrorist group that arrived from moscow in vilnius secretly the kgb of the ussr alpha , with the support of armored vehicles, stormed the television center. during the operation, 13 defenders in front of the center and an officer of the alfa group viktor shatskikh about 600 people were killed, on january 20 the capital of latvia was injured during clashes between police forces and protesters building barricades killed at least seven people, including policemen and journalists. dozens were wounded by the response to the events in the baltic republics became truly mass protests throughout the ussr, the special scope of the protests was given by the general expectation that a similar force. and actions with the transition to martial law can be taken in moscow and in the whole country, having assessed the scale of the protest moods and the dubious prospect of further forceful pressure on the union center. suddenly declared that no one

planned to introduce in the baltics. direct presidential rule there was a communication failure a tragic accident in vilnius and riga in january 1991 became an important psychological frontier for all political forces seeking to decide the fate of the ussr in one way or another and victims. the creator of perestroika clearly understood that the role of a military dictator inducing with the iron hand is absolutely not for him. the security armies and the ministry of internal affairs, which were not the first time dragged into politics, and then thrown and accused of arbitrariness, began to negatively perceive any orders to interfere in

political affairs . at the same time, among such convinced hawks as the union marshals and soft gorbachev. now it has turned into a fronde fraught with conspiracy. they decided for themselves that, if we were to introduce a regime of a strong hand in the country, then seriously and definitely without gorbachev for their part. democratic opposition in the face on january 20, 1991 , an opposition rally was held in the center of moscow, which brought together about 500,000 people, supporters of democracy for the first time demanded gorbachev's resignation and

chanted the slogan freedom will die with us . the failure of the military-police operation in the baltic republics in january 1991 prompted gorbachev's team to urgently resort to to the last and decisive means to hold a referendum on the preservation of the ussr pentalgin a remedy for various types of pain pentalgin acts against pain, wherever it is, regardless of the causes of its occurrence, pentalgin we will do without pain you will get what you want, that impossible

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hello, i'm sergey stankevich, we continue to read and ponder the pages of the calendar, trying to better understand the dramatic events of that era, when at the end of the 20th century we moved from the soviet union to the new russia today we will remember how the referendum was prepared and how it was held in 1991 about the preservation of the soviet union at the beginning of 1991, the reformist course of the president of the ussr mikhail gorbachev how perestroika entered a period of political crisis, the reformer communists, fell between two fires between the soviet party, which accumulated the wrath of despair on the state

nomenclature and the strengthened democratic opposition, the leader who was boris yeltsin and the main base of the parliament of the russian federation , swung sharply to the right, gorbachev tried in january 1991 with the help of the army to introduce direct presidential rule in lithuania and latvia, tragic experiments gave the opposite result. power actions the soviet army in vilnius and riga only accelerated the reaction of the state half-life , nothing remained for gorbachev. how to make a decisive bet on a referendum only a popular plebiscite. could have kept under the president under the departmental state of him on january 16, 1991. the supreme soviet of the ussr decided to hold a referendum on the preservation of the soviet union

on march 17, 1991 and to sum up the voting results, both for the union as a whole and for each republic individually, the wording of the question put to the vote was deliberately ambiguous. do you consider it necessary to preserve the union of soviet socialist republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedoms of a person of any nationality will be fully guaranteed? the citizens of the ussr were asked to preserve what did not yet exist, a renewed federation with new relations of no longer soviet, but simply sovereign republics , they were tempted by guarantees of rights and freedoms that had yet to be enshrined in law, the denial of the old ussr was also emphasized by the fact that

the referendum was held only in nine republics out of 15; three baltic republics, as well as armenia , georgia and moldova, refused to participate in it. therefore, the vote was not for the preservation of the outgoing old one, but for the creation of a new union in a narrow composition on conditions that nine republics had only to agree on. and here is an explanation from mikhail gorbachev himself. answering questions about the preservation of the union, citizens should, of course, keep in mind that we are not talking about the old, but the new, truly transformed federal union state. some republics decided to hold their own republican referendum in ukraine in parallel with the all-union one and were asked to decide. is it necessary to participate in the renewed federation on the basis

of the previously adopted declaration of sovereignty for the then ukrainian elite? it was an insurance mechanism. we virgos participate in the union, but only on our sovereign terms as russian citizens. it was proposed to vote additionally for the introduction in the republic of the post of president elected by the people as many rightly suspected a new post collected a little quite a specific person. boris yeltsin, february and march 1991 were marked by the most intense political struggle in connection with the referendum with gorbachev and his team mobilized everything that was still alive and the work of a capable allied company chi. which at that time decreased from 19 million to 16 million people and continued to fall in all regions and at all levels, organizations of the cpsu created headquarters

, took control of the media and printing houses in russia, the communist party campaigned for the preservation of the union and against the introduction of the presidency did not remain on the sidelines and the all-powerful kgb on february 7, 1991. the head of the secret service. vladimir kryuchkov sent gorbachev a spatial alarmist memorandum on the political situation in the country. in the document, the events in the union and in russia were portrayed as an ominous plot to seize power and change the socio-political system. the head of the kgb saw a particular threat to the regime in the creeping spread of market relations in the shadow business. and the emergence of new bourgeois chief kryuchkov declared the democratic russia movement and the leadership of the russian federation to be an adversary in the country, given the depth of the crisis

, the kgb chairman called for considering the possibility of using emergency measures, including the formation of temporary special government bodies that use the february memorandum powers granted by the president. kryuchkov became the ideological basis for a number of further events that shook the country in 1991. in february , a powerful political attack was organized by the allied leadership in order to remove yeltsin from the post of chairman the goal of the russian parliament was to prevent its further strengthening, especially promotion to the presidency of russia . on february 21 , six very authoritative deputies of the hot isaev abdulatipov, isakov vishnyakov , the hot-blooded isakov and abdulatipov, were

chairmen of the chambers of the supreme soviet of russia , veshnyakov and the hot-blooded cheese-maker, with a direct demand for yeltsin's resignation. isaev were deputy chairmen of yeltsin's parliament and could, on occasion, completely replace him. this was a most dangerous rebellion right on yeltsin's ship. a group of rebels received an unprecedented card on television, where they called for the removal of yeltsin and the refusal to introduce the presidential post in the republic with similar calls on february 23 , the only trade union and anti-yeltsin rally of many thousands was held on manezhnaya square in moscow yeltsin snapped in response to attacks from the front and rear sharp enough. he gave several interviews on television in which he blamed gorbachev for the collapse of the economy and the use of the army against civilians again and again demanded him

resignations about what the citizens are calling for during the referendum in the camp of yeltsin's supporters, a split occurred , the majority decided to agitate for the answer. yes , on both issues, the radical minority is predominantly immigrants. more than 148.5 million people, or more than 80% of the total number of voters of the ussr, took part in the new packaging of the referendum on march 17, 1991 on the fate of the soviet union in nine republics from the urals. there is legitimacy of the plebiscite, more than seventy-six percent of those who voted answered the main question of the referendum in the affirmative of the new federation of nine. republics should be voting in ukraine

was next for participation in the renewed federation of more than 70% for a declaration of sovereignty as the basis for further allied relations 80%. in russia , over 71% of those who voted for the introduction of the post of president supported participation in the renewed federation , 67% supported the reason for the noticeable difference. it's clear. 20 russian autonomies caution treated the presidency as a lever for strengthening russian and moscow centralism. the current arguments that the march 1991 referendum supported the preservation of the ussr have neither factual nor legal grounds; soviet citizens of nine republics out of 15 that were then part of the ussr voted for the desirability of participating in

a fundamentally renewed federation, moreover, on conditions that had yet to be agreed after referendum. the results of the march 1991 referendum became a kind of clear diagnosis. it is clear that the old soviet union is a thing of the past, but allied relations are in a new version. everything else could be saved and continued. to do this, it was necessary, relying on the will of the citizens of nine republics, to agree on and approve a new union treaty.

we'll take care of this. it will be the honest detective.

hello, we have the whole picture of this week exactly a year since the vile murder of daria dugina. performers and customers in kiev are known, but the west is still silent not only died like a hero.