well, at this point i propose to summarize, we are sure that you noticed the main thing that our speakers talked about. behind these quotes in the huge flow of information, we will try to highlight the essence of the events taking place. the trend for kiev is unfavorable, failure at the front is reflected in financial support in washington, they are busy with their own affairs and are ready to reconsider their relationship with the ukrainian regime. meanwhile, someone already perceives kiev as a bleeding ulcer, someone becomes an enemy for it, and the one who was yesterday before there are important changes in mood all around, but at the same time they clearly won’t give up supporting ukraine, they just leave it idling, that’s all, we just listen and emphasize the main thing, see you, see you, hello, international review on air, in the studio fyodor lukyanov, today the program includes international reviews, events of the week, chronicles, facts, comments. high,

very high relations. poland again had a fight with ukraine, the background to mutual claims. the right of a nation to self-determination: how to link it with territorial integrity. materials of our program. the resumption of nuclear testing as an instrument of global politics is a convenient reason for accusations. the power of the first atomic test explosion of our country exceeded the power of the atomic explosion of the first tests carried out by the united states, britain and france, this was achieved thanks to the joint work of our workers, engineers, technical specialists, scientists, soldiers, officers of the people's liberation army and all other participants in the tests. those whose enthusiasm raised high the red flag of the great teachings of maut dzedun. first test.

chinese atomic bomb in 1964, excerpt from a propaganda film made two years later. in 1945, when the era of nuclear weapons began, and to this day, more than 2,000 tests have been carried out in the world. the lion's share falls on the nuclear five. the last of its participants was blown up by france in 1996. then the tests were carried out by self-proclaimed, so to speak, nuclear powers. india, pakistan at the end of the last century. and north korea from 2006 to 2017. the world's first nuclear the bomb was detonated by the americans on july 16, 1945 at the allamagorda test site in new mexico. the power of the explosion was 20 kilotons. the next day, us president truman told stalin about the test at the underground conference. and on august 6 and 9.

atomic bombs were dropped on jeroshima by gosaki. the soviet union conducted its first nuclear test 4 years later at the semipalatinsk test site. the first hydrogen charge, called aviy, was detonated by the americans. this happened on november 1, 1952 on atoli and nevitok in the pacific ocean. but this it was not a bomb, but, if i may say so, a laboratory sample. a treble house filled with liquid deuterium. the first one. the rds6s hydrogen bomb was tested in the ussr. it was a complete device, ready for use. in 1953, it was blown up in the same place, at the training ground in semipalatinsk. true, they were not accepted into service. in november 1955, another thermonuclear bomb, the rds-37, was tested. and 6 years later, on the island of novaya zemlya, a soviet hydrogen tsar bomb with a capacity of 58 megatons was dropped.

nuclear flu from the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, and the shock wave circled the globe three times. france and china became nuclear weapons states in 1960 and 1964, respectively. france first conducted tests in algeria and later in the south pacific. china conducted all its nuclear tests at the lop nor test site in xinjiang province. in august of the sixty-third year in moscow, representatives of the ussr, usa and great britain signed an agreement banning the testing of nuclear weapons in three environments, in the atmosphere, in space and under water, but underground nuclear tests continued, from 1940 to 1992, more than 2,000 nuclear tests were carried out around the world. more than half of the bombs were detonated by americans. the soviet union carried out more than 700 explosions. the ussr, usa, great britain, france and china, as well as india and pakistan stopped

nuclear tests in the nineties of the last century. north korea remains the only country that has held them in our century. the topic of testing returned to the agenda due to the sharp deterioration of the international situation, which is logical. position expressed repeatedly at the official level: russia will resume them only if the united states does so. but there are other opinions as well. on thursday, the president of the kurchatov institute, mikhail kovalchuk, recalled how, at a time of heightened tension with the united states , in the year sixty-one, the soviet union tested the most powerful thermonuclear bomb in history, and now the situation is exactly the same: it is enough to conduct tests on a new land, just once at least everything will fall into place, kovalchuk believes. we already planned to discuss the topic

tests, cnn is just boasting of fresh satellite images, according to which russia, the united states, and china are actively refreshing theirs. polygons, but now there is a reason, even more so. let's talk to the most knowledgeable interlocutor. grigory berdennikov, an outstanding russian diplomat, for whom the topic of nuclear testing is literally native. hello, how do you like mikhail valentinovich kovalchuk’s idea to remind americans of the year sixty-one? emotionally, i fully understand what our watering scientist said and... kurchatovsky, then - we also had a moratorium on nuclear tests, well, that is, tension was escalated consistently, tension was clearly escalating, and under the guise of this moratorium, then a decision was made,

well, show kuska’s mother, that’s what this device was called then, which was blown up over . but it worked, what do you think? i think it certainly worked , then what happened next was the caribbean crisis, but as a result of the caribbean crisis we achieved the withdrawal of their missiles from turkey and italy, received guarantees for castres, well this is true, but it turns out that after all, it was... a test in itself, it raised the bar , after all, the caribbean crisis was needed after that to defuse? well, the cuban missile crisis, i don’t think that when we placed the missile in cuba, we had in mind what would happen, such a development, any

historical parallels, they are usually false and confusing, yes, but still, here is the current atmosphere, many colleagues talk about what they lost. such an american film , the day after, where the horrors of this exchange of blows were shown quite vividly nuclear, the catastrophes that would follow, then the theory of a nuclear earth was very much... strongly promoted, and this mattered , in 1988 in new york there were multimillion-dollar demonstrations against

the arms race under the slogan of a nuclear freeze, if you remember, i i observed this, so to speak, live, then there was a third special session on disarmament in new york, that’s exactly what it was all about, that is , the situation was very, very, very acute, but now we don’t see anything like this in the west yet, the agreement on a comprehensive nuclear ban tests, the covenant, was approved by the un general assembly and opened for signature on september 24, 1990. on the same day, it was signed by five official nuclear powers: the usa, france, great britain, china, and russia. the treaty prohibits explosions of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in space, under water and underground. the document is of an unlimited duration. exit from it is provided only in

the event of emergency circumstances threatening the supreme interests of the participating state with a notice of 6 months. the agreement is not yet in force, there are only its preparatory commissions and technical secretariat, headquartered in vienna. for the treaty to enter into force, it must be ratified not only by the owner countries. nuclear weapons, but also those that can create them. this list has been compiled. according to magathe, these are 44 states, but only 36 of them signed the document and passed it through national parliaments. the treaty was not ratified, although the united states, china, egypt, israel and iran signed it. and india, pakistan and north korea refused to sign at all. wherein all countries except israel announced. voluntary moratoriums on nuclear tests: russia and the united states back in 1992, north

korea in 2018. at the same time, the trump administration revised the us position regarding the treaty. the latest us nuclear doctrine, published in february 2018, states that washington no longer intends to seek ratification and entry into force of this treaty. moreover, the united states is ready if it becomes necessary to renew nuclear weapons. testing, the biden administration has not made any announcements regarding the treaty, however, in october 2022, the next edition of the us nuclear doctrine was published, which states that the americans will make efforts to enter into force, although there are serious obstacles on this path, you can say, a living witness to the process of preparing the conclusion of a comprehensive ban treaty, the idea itself,

what was it connected with? are these humanitarian, political, technical reasons? well, firstly, from a technical point of view, by that time, in general , a lot had been carried out by the interested countries tests, here are the ideas that needed to be tested for... all cases of life, but from the level of knowledge on the nuclear, so to speak , charge that was, the conclusion was that in general this is completely unnecessary, therefore those who did not join , at the un, used this theme. to the fullest, and we had a very easy position, we said yes, yes, we are for it, but the americans were

forced to say, no, we are not ready to support, why just or with them, which means we had negotiations with the triples, russia, usa, england at the end under carter the end of the seventies, they touched a little in the eighties, but then the reagan administration was elected, who was categorically against it, he was a tough leader, and he walked out of these negotiations, simply stopped them, although quite significant progress was achieved there, that’s his entire administration, they stood firmly on the position

of no negotiations on a ban on testing, we were in favor, it was very simple for us, then at the un, so to speak, when any pressing issue against us came up, we transferred it to the question of testing, and so to say, we found ourselves in the place of those criticized, our americans, well, the americans turn out consistently, they did not ratify and so... that means, that means, uh, the democrats who concluded this treaty, well, in 96 they had the clinton administration, clinton himself uh, strongly lit up when he, firstly, he himself personally signed, wrote such an article in the new york times, which was quite thunderous at the time , that this was the greatest achievement in the field of arms control for all ages,

so they tried '99 to do this through congress, but unexpectedly, so to speak, well, we then had such fairly close contacts with them, they said that they were completely confident, yeah. that, so to speak, they will ratify, moreover, they told their friends, the british and the french, when they asked, we need to ratify, so... they said, yes, yes, of course, and even better, that you quickly ratify, they ratified, but the americans had a collapse, they didn’t get votes, and then it was like that, uh, under obama, they tried all the time, well,

in any case, do not remove this issue from the agenda, and worked with congress, although they did not work very actively, uh , because they saw, well, the bloc was quite significant, and trump just did it, he signed a piece of paper in 1918, it ’s called nuclear review, where he stated that the administration would no longer try to ratify it, that is, since we insisted, we did it. that the condition for the entry into force of the treaty is accession to it, that is, ratification, by all countries that have the potential to the creation of nuclear weapons, well, that’s 44, there is a list, as part of the agreement, a list of specific

countries, and naturally the united states appears there, tell me, you mentioned that at... the level of knowledge that was there in the late eighties, early in the nineties, in general everything was clear and there was no technical need, more than 30 years have passed, yes, i can well imagine that the same military people say that now it’s necessary to check after all, if you’re talking about checking, if not about new developments, so to speak, some new configurations, some kind of modernization, but just about checking. that it is reliable, well, it works, yes, yes, that it will explode on time, not in a warehouse there, and that it is safe to store, but this problem is solved in the contract itself, small tests in which there is no, physically no chain reaction,

yeah, a chain reaction does not start , but the nuclei themselves... may be present during the explosion, so they are allowed, if it works just for testing, it doesn’t work, it’s safe to store, it’s not safe to store, then this can be done in within the framework of the agreement, it is clear, well, then we will, we will observe, thank you very much , ambassador grigory berdennikov was our guest , while the grandees are hinting to each other that patience is not unlimited, pyongyang for now... bc by the horns. this week, north korea's supreme people's assembly enshrined nuclear weapons in its constitution. the dprk, as a responsible nuclear weapons state, promotes the development of nuclear weapons to guarantee the country's right to survival and development, suppress war, protect peace and

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front in the fight against russia will not refuse more reliable allies than ukraine and poland, but suddenly, between. with the grain issue. warsaw has put an embargo on the supply of ukrainian grain to europe. although the position is not supported at the eu level, the countries of ukraine’s neighbors are inclined to the polish position. everyone has their own dissatisfied farmers and everyone faces elections. poland, by the way, is in 2 weeks. ukraine responded by filing a lawsuit against the wto border countries. about grain sentiment from just a few months, a whole smuggling business has appeared. ukrainian grain began to settle in poland.

there should be a seal, a seal. this side door through which you can easily pour grain. the door can be opened without problems. our neighbors are poisoning us, we are being poisoned by grain, and not only the farmers have problems, but also... why should poles eat bread made from unusable flour? we have our own high-quality grain, but we don’t need ukrainian grain. there are two problems - quality and price. ukrainian grain is definitely cheaper than polish grain; as a result, local high-quality wheat has become cheaper. previously, you had to pay 1,600 polish zlotys per ton, now it’s half that. it of such low quality that it is only suitable for manufacturing.

a bag of ukrainian grain in front of the mayor's office in prudnik, the inscription on the memorial plaque with deep regret we inform you that he has died, the polish farmer and entrepreneur reflects the mood in polish agriculture, in grubishov they acted more harshly, here farmers say that they were simply crucified, the european union, the oligarchs, the polish government and unpaid loans have killed polish production, companies call me every day and say that they have losses of 50 million zlotys. our purchasing center no longer buys grain from polish farmers during harvest, our grain is not competitive. michal koodejczak is a well-known representative of the polish village; together with the agricultural union, he has been fighting for the rights of the polish farmer for many years, which is why a whole detachment of law enforcement is always sent to their protest. the eye of a dozen police cars did not allow us, as the organizers, to face criminal liability for coming to the voivodeship and reporting that

grain was coming to the market from ukraine. the same ones who us now they are blocking us, they took us out of the office, they claimed that we were making a mountain out of a mountain. according to farmers, the situation can be improved by introducing customs duties on ukrainian goods, and not only wheat, but also corn, eggs, milk, tomatoes and cucumbers, because they also appeared on the shelves of polish stores. the european commission resolved the dispute in favor of ukraine and lifted restrictions on the import of wheat, corn, rapeseed and sunflower, but on the same day, poland, slovakia and hungary unilaterally introduced money into this entire procedure, these producers have been in ukraine for a long time, they are ready to flood europe with ukrainian ones. the family business suffered the most from the situation.

he processes it together with his sons. land, he is engaged in livestock farming and grows wheat and corn, now he doubts whether it is worth continuing, last year gas prices increased by 100%, this year by another 100%, the price of fertilizer has increased four times, fuel has doubled times, we cannot produce wheat, it is simply impossible. polish authorities tried to hush up the grain scandal, but the closer we get to the parliamentary elections that will be held in poland in mid-october , the more difficult it will be for the main electorate of the ruling party to win the elections without them, which is why both the prime minister of poland and the president had to react sharply to zelski’s threats to transfer the ban on ukrainian grain to the court it would be good for ukraine to remember that it receives help from us, and that we are a transit country, and for ukraine too, the atmosphere became so tense that zelsky’s last visit to poland went virtually unnoticed by the president of ukraine.

assistance to refugees from ukraine, but neither the prime minister of poland nor the president came to the meeting. alexandra popova, especially for international viewing. agriculture has brought deeper contradictions to the surface. zelensky, from the podium of the un general assembly, denounced countries that feign solidarity and indirectly support. russia, making a thriller out of grain. to this, polish prime minister morowiecki warned the ukrainian president not to dare to insult the poles anymore. well, then a tragic farce broke out in the canadian parliament, where, in the presence of zelsky and prime minister trudeau, deputies staged an avalanche for a ninety- eight-year-old ukrainian, a veteran of the fight against russia. it quickly became clear that the veteran fought as part of the sss division, which

he never hid and was proud of, and the front for canada on this occasion was arranged precisely from poland. carlos latyuv for mintpress. on the topic of a guest visit to the canadian parliament by an ss veteran. a man who looks like prime minister justin trudeau says, "thank you for fighting the russians during world war ii." tom stiglich remembered trudeau, his words about the freedom convoy. then the prime minister... the minister called its participants fascists, and here he says: these truck drivers are some kind of gang of nazis. avanta artigala from distant sri lanka, zelsky’s visit, and then the honoring of the sss division veteran, were noticed even there. the drawing is simply called trudeau and zelensky. marc gonalvier from france. ah, this is strange canadian love. ovation to the ukrainian sss veteran. one of the parliamentarians speaks

to another. who is he greeting in this way? the history of relations between poles and ukrainians is rich and traumatic. it is not surprising that passions run high for any reason. let's talk about this with alexey miller from the european university in st. petersburg. what role has the ukrainian ukrainian factor played for the poles over the last, well, say, century and a half? first of all, this is the question of whether they decided to mobilize the little russians to fight the russian empire together with the poles, they are trying to solve this issue in the second half of the 19th century, and where,