hello, international review is on air, in the studio fyodor lukyanov. today on the program is an international review. events of the week, chronicle, facts, comments. high, very high relations. poland again had a fight with ukraine. prehistory of mutual claims. the nation's right to self-determination. how to link territorial. integrity:

our program materials. the resumption of nuclear testing as an instrument of global politics is a convenient reason for accusations. the power of our country's first atomic test explosion exceeded the power atomic explosion of the first tests carried out by the united states, britain and france. this was achieved thanks to our joint work. those whose enthusiasm raised high the red flag of the great teachings of maut zzedun. the first chinese atomic bomb test in 64 . an excerpt from a propaganda film made two years later. from 1945, when the era of nuclear weapons began, to this day, more than 2.0 tests have been carried out in the world. the lion's share is coming. on the nuclear five,

the last of its members was blown up by france in 9, then tests were carried out by self-proclaimed, so to speak, nuclear powers: india, pakistan at the end of the last century and north korea from 2006 to 2017. the world's first atomic bomb was detonated by the americans on july 16, 1945 at the test site. mexico, the explosion yield was 20 kilotons. the next day, us president truman told stalin about the test at the podzdam conference, and on august 6 and 9, american atomic bombs were dropped on kherasima by government forces. the soviet union conducted its first nuclear test after 4 years at the semipalatinsk test site. the first hydrogen charge, called aviy , was detonated by the americans.

happened on november 1, 1952 on atoli and nevitok in the pacific ocean, but it was not a bomb, but , so to speak, a laboratory sample, a tremor house filled with liquid deuterium, the first hydrogen bomb, pdsc-6c, was tested in the ussr, this there was a completed device, ready for use, in august fifty-three it was blown up at the same site in semipalatinsk, although it was not accepted for service, another one was tested thermonuclear bomb rds-37, and 6 years later a soviet hydrogen tsar bomb with a capacity of 58 megatons was dropped on the island of novaya zemlya. the nuclear flu from the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, and the shock wave circled the globe three times. france and china became nuclear weapons states in 1960 and 604 , respectively. france first conducted

tests in algeria and later in the south pacific. china conducted all its nuclear tests at the labnor test site in xinjian province. in august sixty-third in moscow, representatives of the ussr, usa and great britain signed a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in three environments, in the atmosphere in space and under water, but underground nuclear tests continued. from 1945 to 1992, more than 2,000 nuclear tests were carried out around the world. more than half of the bombs were detonated by americans. the soviet union carried out more than 700 explosions. the ussr, usa, great britain, france, china, as well as india and pakistan stopped nuclear tests in the nineties of the last century. north korea remains the only country that has held them in our century. subject

testing returned to the agenda due to the sharp deterioration of the international situation, which is logical. the position has been expressed repeatedly at the official level that russia will resume them only if the united states does so. but there are other opinions as well. on thursday, the president of the kurchatov institute, mikhail kovalchuk, recalled how, at a time of heightened tension with the united states, in the year sixty-one, the soviet union tested the most powerful thermonuclear bomb in history. now we have exactly the same situation: it is enough to carry out tests on a new land, one “at least once, everything will fall into place ,” kovalchuk believes. we were already planning to discuss the topic of testing. cnn is just boasting of fresh satellite images, according to which russia, the united states, and china are actively refreshing their testing sites. but now there is a reason, even more so. let's talk with the most

knowledgeable interlocutor, grigory vitalievich berdennikov, an outstanding domestic diplomat, for whom the topic of nuclear testing is literally native. hello hello. how do you like mikhail valentinovich kovalchuk’s idea to remind americans sixty-first year? emotionally, i fully understand what our outstanding scientist and head of the kurchatov center said, of course, these parallels with what happened in the sixty -first year suggest themselves, then we also had a moratorium on nuclear tests, well, that is, tensions were rising consistently tensions were clearly escalating, and under the cover of this moratorium, then a decision was made,

well, show kuskin’s mother, that’s what this device was called then, which blew up over, but it worked, what do you think, i think that without... it certainly worked, then what happened next was the caribbean crisis, but as a result of the caribbean crisis we achieved the withdrawal of their missiles from turkey and italy, we got guarantees for castres, well, it’s true, but it turns out that after all, the test itself, it raised the bar, after all, the caribbean crisis was needed after that to defuse, well, the carara crisis, i don’t think that when we deployed the missiles in cuba, we meant that such a development will occur, any parallels are historical, they are usually false

and confusing, yes, but still here is the current atmosphere, many colleagues say that they have lost the sense of the seriousness of the threat, so... that’s why a reminder is needed, that’s why kovalchuk speaks about this, i remember, in 1988 there was such an american film, the day after, yeah, and where the horrors of this exchange of nuclear strikes, the catastrophe that would follow, were quite vividly shown, then it was very strongly promoted - the theory about nuclear earth, and it mattered, in 1988, in new york , there were multimillion-dollar demonstrations against the arms race

, under the slogan of a nuclear freeze, if you remember, i watched it, so to speak, live, then there was a third special session on disarmament. this is exactly what it was all about, that is, the situation was very, very, very acute , but now we don’t see anything like this in the west yet, the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty was approved by the un general assembly and opened for signing on september 24 ninety, on the same day it was signed by five official nuclear... usa, france, great britain, china, russia, the treaty prohibits explosions of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in space, under water and underground. the document is of an indefinite nature; withdrawal from it is provided only in the event of emergency circumstances

threatening the supreme interests of the state party, with a notice of 6 months. the agreement is not yet in force; only its preparatory form exists. mission and technical secretariat with headquartered in vienna. for the treaty to enter into force, it must be ratified not only by countries that have nuclear weapons, but also by those that can create them. such a list was compiled, according to magathe, these are 44 states, but of them only 36 signed the document and passed it through national parliaments, did not ratify the treaty, although the usa, china, egypt, israel and iran signed it, and india, pakistan and north korea refused to sign at all. at the same time , all countries except israel declared voluntary moratoriums on nuclear tests. north korea in 2018. at the same time

, the trump administration revised the us position regarding the treaty. the latest us nuclear doctrine, published in february 2018, states that washington no longer intends to seek ratification and entry into force of the treaty. moreover, the united states is prepared if it becomes necessary to resume nuclear testing. the biden administration has not made any announcements. regarding the treaty, however, in october 2022 , the next edition of the us nuclear doctrine was published, which states that the americans will make efforts to bring the ban into force, although there are serious obstacles on this path, you can say, a living witness to the process of preparing the conclusion... the ban, the idea itself, what it was connected with, these are humanitarian, political,

technical reasons, well, firstly, from a technical point of view, by that time, in general , a lot of tests had been carried out by the interested countries, there were basically no ideas left that needed to be tested in full-scale tests, computer programs for all occasions, but from the level of knowledge on the nuclear charge, so to speak, that existed, the conclusion was that in general this was completely unnecessary, therefore , those who did not join, especially in the un, used this topic to the fullest, and we had a position, we said yes, yes, we were forced to say no for the americans

, we are not ready to support, and why just in defiance or with them, which means we had negotiations with the triples, russia, usa, england in the end with crankcase in the late seventies, hit a little the year eightieth, but then it happened... the reagan administration was elected , who was categorically against it, he was a tough leader, and he, uh, walked out of these negotiations, simply stopped them, although quite significant progress was achieved there, that's his entire administration , they stood firmly in their position... no negotiations on a test ban, we were in favor, it was

very simple for us, then at the un, so to speak, when any pressing issue against us came up, we transferred it to the question of tests, and so to speak , they found themselves in the place of those criticized ours are american, but the americans turn out to be consistent, they didn’t ratify and this is the current treaty, which means that the democrats who concluded this treaty, well , in 1996 they had the clinton administration, clinton himself was very publicized when he, in - the first ones, he himself personally signed, wrote such an article in the new york times, which was quite a sensation at the time , that this was the greatest achievement in the field of control over... like for all centuries, so they

tried to push it through congress in 1999, but unexpectedly, so to speak, well we then had such fairly close contacts with them, they said that they were completely confident that, so to speak, they had ratified. moreover, they told their friends, the british and the french, when they asked you that we need to ratify, so they said, yes, yes, of course, and even better, to ratify as quickly as possible. and the americans had a collapse, they didn’t get the votes, so what happened next was that, under obama, they tried all the time, well, in any case, not to remove this issue from the agenda, and

they worked with congress, although they didn’t work not very active, because they saw that the bloc was quite significant, and trump just did it, he signed a piece of paper in 1918, it ’s called a nuclear posture review, where he stated that the administration would no longer try to ratify it, that is, since we insisted, this is us made that the conditions... the entry into force of the treaty is accession to it , that is, ratification, by all countries that have the potential to create nuclear weapons, well , there is a 44 list, as part of the treaty, a list of specific countries, and they appear there,

naturally, the united states, tell me, you mentioned that the level of knowledge that was there in the late eighties. in general, everything was clear and there was no technical need, more than 30 years have passed, yes, i can well imagine that the same military people say that now we need to check, after all, if you are talking about checking, if not about new, so to speak, some developments, some new configurations, some kind of modernization, but simply about checking that it is reliable. and that it is safe to store, but this problem is solved in the treaty itself, small tests in which there is no, physically no chain reaction, yeah, a chain

reaction does not start, but the nuclear fuel itself can be present in the explosion. so they are allowed, if it works just for testing, it doesn’t work, it’s safe to store, it’s not safe to store, then this can be done within the framework of the agreement, it’s clear, well, then we’ll, we’ll observe, thank you very much, ambassador grigory berdennikov was our guest , while the grandees hint to each other that patience is not unlimited, shows how to take bookmakers for horns, this week the supreme... the people's assembly of north korea enshrined nuclear weapons in the constitution. the dprk, as a responsible nuclear weapons state , has been promoting the development of nuclear weapons to guarantee the country's right to survival and development, suppress war, protect peace and stability in the region and the planet, as

said, exhaustively. after the advertisement about the conflict that everyone is talking about... but which no one was expecting now. poland and ukraine. i go into the shower, a projectile flies into the office, you and rudskoy made some mistakes in type, naturally, completely, what would you have done differently, we could have won, those who went against a peaceful city and unleashed

a bloodbath, criminals, then this option was chosen, not... parliamentary, not popular, but tough, not to shoot from tanks it was necessary, the spectacle was, of course, to put it mildly, bad, it was from here that the same broadcast was conducted, which was watched by the whole world, the fact is that each side believed that the instigator was the other side, in those days i myself fulfilled the oath, even 30 years later, i believe that i do not know the whole truth about the events. russia is experiencing the most severe political crisis in post-soviet history, which will end in bloodshed.

there were a lot of drug addicts in the ranks of my unit, they said that they were gaining confidence in their actions, the soldiers who were running next to me were just as chaotically shooting at houses, shooting at windows, you understood that you were shooting at the residents of mariupol, you understood, well ... i was on drugs, those pills that we saw are serious tranquilizers, a person forgets what pain, fatigue, everything that is used on in ukraine, this is done in a factory manner by research institutes, nato ones, the same opium spray based on nalovubin, the cia clearly continues to carry out similar activities all over the world, it immediately comes to mind... investment rating,

economics, through specific history, we can reach people, we often talk about money, the amounts are serious, in russia there is a clear and clear signal, at what point you say: everything, i did everything in this project, everything i could, i will never say whether i can ? russian industry to replace foreign ones suppliers, you need to mobilize all the resources, give me the recipe, in general, this is how to achieve what you have achieved, it seems to you that you are on top of the world, you got up, dusted yourself off and went, is russia ready to change, evolution occurs in any structure.

in a united front of struggle against russia, there seem to be no more reliable allies than ukraine and poland, but suddenly, a well-fed cat ran between them, it began with the grain issue: warsaw is the initiator of the embargo on the supply of ukrainian grain to europe, although the position is at the eu level not supported, the countries of ukraine’s neighbors are inclined to the polish position, they all have their own dissatisfied farmers and they all face elections. poland, by the way, is in 2 weeks. in response, it filed a lawsuit against the border countries of the wto. about grain sentiment from warsaw alexandra popov.

in just a few months, a whole smuggling business emerged. ukrainian grain began to settle in poland. there should be a seal, a seal, this is a side door through which you can easily pour grain. the door can be opened without problems. we are being bullied neighbors poison us with grain, and not only farmers, but consumers have problems, why should poles eat bread made from unusable flour, we have our own high-quality grain, but we don’t need ukrainian grain, there are two problems - quality and price. ukrainian grain is definitely cheaper than polish grain; as a result, local high-quality wheat has become cheaper. previously, you had to pay 1,600 polish zlotys per ton, now it’s half that. it is of such low quality that it is only suitable for making alcohol and gas installations, it is not for food consumption, it cannot even be fed to livestock.

the farmers lost their nerve and scattered a bag of ukrainian grain in front of the city hall in prudnik. the inscription on the memorial plaque informs us with deep regret that he has passed away. the polish farmer and entrepreneur reflects the mood in polish agriculture; in grubiszow they acted more harshly. here farmers say they were simply crucified, the european union, the oligarchs, the polish government and unpaid loans killed polish production. companies call me every day and they say that they have losses of 50 million zlotys. our purchasing center no longer buys grain from polish farmers during harvest, our grain is not competitive. michal koudejczyk is a well-known representative of the polish village, together with the agricultural union, he has been fighting for the rights of the polish farmer for many years, which is why a whole detachment of security guards is always dispatched, about a dozen police cars did not allow farms to go outside and block trains with grain. we, as

organizers, face criminal charges. responsibility for what we came to voivodeship and reported that grain was coming to the market from ukraine, the police, the same ones who were blocking us now, took us out of the office, they claimed that we were making a mountain out of a molehill. according to farmers, the situation can be improved by introducing customs duties on ukrainian goods, and not only wheat, but also corn, eggs, milk, tomatoes and cucumbers, because they also appeared on the shelves of polish stores. the european commission resolved the dispute in favor of ukraine and lifted restrictions on imports. corn, rapeseed and sunflower, but in the same day, poland, slovakia and hungary unilaterally introduced their own bans. hungary reacted more sharply by banning the import of 25 ukrainian goods, and poland, in addition to wheat, included wheat flour and bran in the blacklist. the problem is that german and dutch companies make money from this whole procedure. these manufacturers have been in ukraine for a long time, they are ready to overwhelm europe

with ukrainian ones. the family business suffered the most from the situation. together with his sons he cultivates about 200 hectares of land, he engaged in livestock farming and growing wheat and corn, now he doubts whether it is worth continuing? last year , gas prices increased by 100%. this year it's still 100%. the price of convenience has quadrupled and the price of fuel has doubled. we cannot produce wheat, it is simply impossible. the polish authorities tried. but the closer we get to parliamentary elections in poland in mid- october, the harder it is to ignore the problem. farmers, the main electorate of the ruling party, without them it will be impossible to win the elections, therefore, both the prime minister of poland and the president had to react sharply to zelsky’s threat and transfer the ban on ukrainian grain to the judicial plane. it would be good for ukraine to remember that it receives help from us, and that we are a transit country,

including ukraine. became so tense that zelski's last visit to poland went virtually unnoticed; the president of ukraine came to lublin to award the poles with orders for providing humanitarian assistance to refugees from ukraine, but neither the prime minister of poland nor the president came to the meeting. alexandra popova, especially for international viewing. agriculture has brought deeper contradictions to the surface. zelsky, from the podium of the un genasami, denounced countries that feign solidarity and indirectly support russia, making a thriller out of grain. to this, polish prime minister morowiecki warned the ukrainian president not to dare to insult the poles anymore. well, then the tragefarce played out in the canadian parliament, where, in the presence of zelsky and prime minister trudeau, deputies staged an avalanche for the ninety-eight-year-old ukrainian veteran

fight against russia, it quickly became clear that a veteran fought as part of an ss division, which he never hid and was proud of, and the front for canada on this occasion was organized precisely from poland. carlos latuve for mint pressws. on the topic of a guest visit to the canadian parliament by an ss veteran. a man who looks like prime minister justin trudeau says, "thank you for fighting the russians during world war ii." tom stiglich reminded trudeau of his words about the freedom convoy. then the prime minister called its participants fascists. here too he says: these the truck drivers are some kind of bunch of nazis. avanta artigala from distant sri lanka. zelsky’s visit, and then the honoring of the sss division veteran, was noticed even there. the drawing is simply called trudeau and zelsky. marc gonalvier from france. ah, this is a strange

canadian one. love, applause to the ukrainian sss veteran, one of the parliamentarians tells the other who he greets in this way? the history of relations between poles and ukrainians is rich in traumatic events; it is not surprising that passions run high for any reason. let's talk about this with alexey miller from the european university in st. petersburg. what role has the ukrainian ukrainian factor played for the poles in the last, well, let’s say century. at first, this is primarily the question of whether it is impossible to mobilize the little russians - to fight the russian empire together with the poles, and they are trying to solve this issue in the second half of the 21st century, and where m, the poles dominate the rusyns, who later also became ...'