france, ah, this is a strange canadian love. ovation to the ukrainian sss veteran. one of the parliamentarians speaks to another. who is he greeting in this way? the history of relations between poles and ukrainians is rich and traumatic. it is not surprising that passions run high for any reason. let's talk about this with alexey miller from the european university in st. petersburg. what is the role of the ukrainian factor for ukrainians and poles for the last, well, say, century and a half. first of all, this is the question of whether it is possible to mobilize malorosov to fight the russian empire together with the poles, they are trying to resolve this issue in the second half of the 21st century, and where the poles dominate the rusyns , who later also became ukrainians

mainly in galicia, that is, in austria-hungary, tension is growing there, typical of this, nationalist nature, two communities, the struggle for dominance and so on , everything begins to unwind very sharply in 1918, because this year... with the ukrainians they are really fighting for leo, no less significant events are taking place in the kiev region at this time , because ukrainian in fact, in a couple of weeks in the summer, the peasant wiped out all the large polish landowners who fled to flee to kiev, and people remembered this, they remember it now, especially in those families who had land somewhere along

the dnieper. in the twenties, pelsudsky and petlyury occupied kiev, that is, they were already fighting the soviets together, and then in the twenties, in the thirties, this idea that ukrainians should be used to fight the soviets, it is very close to the poles, this is a promethean action, support various anti-soviet forces and so on, and at the same time time within poland, these relations become more and more aggravated, but because then the career of such a young man bander and some more serious people at that time from among the ukrainian nationalists begins. on march 14 , 1923, the entente council of ambassadors authorized the transfer to poland of lands received from russia in accordance with the treaty of riga in 2021

. in addition to volyn and galicia, the poles gained three more regions of transcarpathia, which were mainly inhabited by ethnic ukrainians. the polish side pledged to give them freedom religion and the right to study in their native language. the corresponding decision was made by the polish sejm, but it was soon forgotten. in december of the twentieth, a law was passed in poland on the nationalization of land, according to which retired soldiers from the lands of former landowners and orthodox churches. as a result, about 200,000 poles moved to these regions and another 100,000 moved to the cities; in october 24 , the education law came into force, according to which polish became the only state language. number of polish schools and libraries per foreign. all this caused discontent

among ukrainian nationalists. back in 1920, former petliura colonel yevgeny konovalets created the ukrainian military organization uvo, and in 1929 the ukrainian nationalist oun organization was formed in vienna. both structures were replenished with unemployed ukrainian youth, who were not hired either for civil service or for any other prestigious job. they set fire to the estates of polish colonists, blew up railway tracks and police stations. august 24th thirtieth year, jozef pelsudsky signed a decree on carrying out pacification, forcing the golics and volyntsev to peace, 130 ukrainian activists were arrested, including several former deputies of the sejm. often searches and arrests turned into ordinary robberies and pogroms. on september 30, polish police... eliminated

the leader of the oun in western ukraine. in response to this, on the orders of the head of the oun propaganda department, stepan bandera, the minister of internal affairs, bronislaw piracki, was killed. in the summer of 1936, all the organizers of the murder were arrested. warsaw district the court sentenced bandera and the other conspirators to death, which was later commuted to life imprisonment. bandera was released from prison in september 1939 and began actively collaborating with german military intelligence. then all this flows into the tragedy of 1943, as yes, in fact, in this so-called volyn massacre - this is the struggle of partisan forces to , uh, maintain demographic control

over a particular territory, aun and upa slaughter the poles, with exemplary cruelty in order to... push these people out of volhynia so that those who were not stabbed were frightened and ran away, in 1944 an exchange of populations began, and between the soviet union and the polish people's republic, ukrainians were invited to leave for the ussr, poles and jews who were citizens of poland, and then became soviet citizens after , in the year thirty-nine, they are invited to return to poland, first completely voluntarily, then voluntarily and forcibly, as we were able to do in soviet times, in

the year forty-seven, and what was not done as part of this resettlement is, as it were, completed in as part of the vistula action, ukrainians, lemkos, boyks, were evicted from the eastern outskirts of poland, now the new poland, to those territories that poland inherited from germany, after world war ii, the new communist leadership of poland wanted the country to remain a mononational power. year, within the framework of an agreement on the exchange of citizens between the ukrainian ussr and the polish national liberation committee, trains with poles came from the soviet union, and ukrainians and residents of the western regions of poland returned to meet them. 2 years later, more than

million people, about 500,000 citizens arrived in the ussr, mainly in ukraine. at that time, according to various estimates , there were from 20 to 50 thousand ukrainians remaining on the territory of poland, among whom were representatives of the rebel army of the upa. in the spring of 1947, under the pretext of protecting civilians from the actions of ukrainian nationalists, the authorities began to massively evict ukrainians from southeastern poland to the northern and western lands, which until 1945 were part of germany. the process was led by military personnel of the task force wisla, which was engaged in the liquidation of the upa , arrested everyone, in collaboration with the underground. all ukrainian and mixed families were subject to resettlement. processing was often accompanied by violence. the preparations were often given only a few hours, and people were sent to their destination in freight cars. upon arrival, the ukrainians

were dispersed over a wide area, mainly in the alsztyn, szczecin, wrocław and gdańsk voivodeships. and their numbers. should not exceed 10% of the local polish population. in places during the period of residence , police surveillance was established over the migrants, family, cultural and religious contacts were limited, and public statements in the ukrainian language were suppressed. along with this, there was a ban on moving without government approval. all this was accompanied by the work of emergency military courts, which sentenced people to death for collaboration with the upa. during operation vistula, about 150,000 ukrainians were resettled. a thousand ended up in a concentration camp, and several underground members were shot by decision of the field courts. the official operation ended at the end of july 1947, but the deportation continued later. the memory of those

events that i spoke about is very vivid. in 1989, i... was in poland and my friend invited me to her village, where she was from in the lublin voivodeship, to spend christmas. and for 3 days, well, people eat, drink, however, without losing the ability to communicate, and for 3 days they remember some interesting events from the past, and there would be nothing about any communists, everything was about this forty third, forty-four, and about from which edge of the forest the ukrainian partisans came out , from which ... cannon of the forest the soldiers of the regional army came out, and this is such a trauma when you live

for months, waking up and not knowing whether you will live until sunset, every day, the canadian incident drew attention to the ukrainian diaspora, how it was formed, ukrainians, rusyns moved overseas, much the same as the irish or... italians, that is, these were moves in search of income, quite massive, by the way, among these there were quite a lot of people, well, if they had any political sentiments, beliefs of the left, but this is before emigration before the second world war, it seems to be a separate issue, but at the end of the second world war and after it, many people

who were war criminals ended up overseas, or in australia, and or in england, these were the main directions, and they actively collaborated with various intelligence services, during the cold war, in fact, this was... the main task and the main way to avoid punishment for what happened during the second world war, canada gradually became the center, that is, in fact, these people took over the existing canadian organizations that existed at that time, created their own, and it cannot be said that every ukrainian canadian, like this... is

the heir to the criminals of the second world war, but people who , are closely connected - with this tradition, in fact play - a key leading role, and they very harshly punish apostates who try - to question: with the correct verse of the line, i know of cases, fellow historians whom they were simply thrown out of work if they began to object to what they were doing, and this ukrainian diaspora, it was very influential in ukraine, uh, after the collapse of the soviet union, it is very influential now in canada, well, because they control quite a large

a set of votes, that is, an embarrassment in the canadian parliament, this is not an accidental misunderstanding, an event that shows that those who organized it believed that now this could be done, because, as it were, well, he was fighting the right enemy, who is now our enemy, therefore, no one in the ranks will remember what division he was in, but here the poles spoiled it, this shows how important these stories are for the poles. thank you, we talked with alexey miller. on thursday, the president of the unrecognized republic of nagorno- karabakh, artsakh, signed a decree on its self-liquidation. i can’t immediately think of any examples of an acute territorial conflict ending in such a routine and regulated manner. true, it seems that the first result will be the exodus of almost the entire armenian population, which in its own

azerbaijan does not believe in the future, but this is unlikely to upset baku much. the territorial integrity of the state has been restored through a calculated and well -prepared use of force, taking into account current geopolitical realities. the self-determination of the armenian minority, with the demand of which the confrontation began more than 35 years ago, did not take place. the contradiction between the right of a nation to self-determination and the preservation of the territorial integrity of states is one of the most glaring. if you take a break from casuistry and look. data self-determination is in the lead; since the end of the 19th century , the number of states has quadrupled, not counting territories with semi-recognized or special status. the first, so to speak, major self-determination was realized when the north american colonies liberated themselves from england,

they already wrote down in the 1776 declaration the question of the legality of self-determination, then... the constitution of 1891 enshrined this, this process began first at the domestic level, in almost all constitutions of the world the right to self-determination in certain phraseological turns is already a given, it is a given, at the same time it is natural that the state exists on a certain territory with a certain population, a certain public authority, and each state considers the territory as... the sphere of its existence stands for respect for the unity of this territory and the allowance of its disintegration, rejection, and so on, and both of these principles have the right to exist. by the hand of lenin, in the decree on peace, for the first time in history , the right to self-determination was enshrined, this

legislative act, this was november 8 , 1917, surprisingly, but exactly 3 months later the right to self-determination appeared in one of the points of the message to congress, and there in these fourteen points he will also abandon the right to self-determination. the history of karabakh shows that movement occurs in two directions. however, formally, no one ever recognized the independence of the nkr, so azerbaijan had no legal obstacles. when they talk about people's rights. as a mandatory right to secede, create an independent states and so on, take away, take away, the right to self-determination includes several forms, self-determination of peoples, cultural autonomy is also self-determination, and often

certain peoples stop there, they can ask for cultural autonomy, national cultural. they can raise the question of being, becoming a subject of the federation, not becoming a subject of the confederation , not getting the right, for example, to elect from among their members the department of parliament, the central one, and so on, that is, a lot of different things, well, yes, so macron proposed autonomy to orsica just the other day; karabakh, like a number of other well -known conflicts, is a product of the collapse of the ussr, very complexly structured. a country whose leaders rather arrogantly believed that its configuration would not change against their will. we also encountered, by the way, in the seventy-second article, the constitution of the seventy-seventh year of the ussr, there was also a formula written down, each union

republic retains the right of freedom to secede from the ussr, well, who could have thought then that this problem could really arise, but in in ninety, ninety-one, you see, the balts tripped us up, when the question arose, they announced they were leaving , they realized that there was no mechanism for the political divorce process, how to get out, how to count property, debts, property and so on, other and other things, so of course there are problems in this regard. today , ethiopia has gone the farthest in this regard in terms of formalizing the possibility of exit and the mechanism for exit, as it may seem surprising to me; the constitution of ethiopia clearly spells out the mechanism, written

firstly, every nation, nationality, people have the right to freely emerge, but for this it is necessary that the legislative body first raise this issue: after 3 years , the central government of ethiopia will raise the issue in a referendum, if the majority votes, then there should be a constitutional process and so on, but they prescribed, prescribed , we note that there was a fair amount of ethno-territorial violence in ethiopia, eritrea fought for 30 years, amicable independence, received only thanks to the fall of the ethiopian communist regime, and from the province tigray, adisaba recently fought to the death. in general, the experience of ethiopia is interesting, but it is something to be emulated. does not look like, in general, with all due respect to international lawyers, who are capable of cogently explaining anything, empirical experience, alas, speaks in favor of

brute force, as one of the most famous international sociologists of the century, charles tilly, wrote, wars create a state, and the state is waging war, some, however, take it quite literally. in the early nineties, i visited several times - at different conferences where i participated, these overseas ukrainians, one very prominent historian, a good historian, told me that from his point of view, the way this independence fell, fell on ukraine, it’s wrong, and it’s like an unfinished story, because, firstly

, from his point of view, it was necessary to carry out a population exchange, as in forty-four, forty-five , that is, russia had to give up those 7 million ukrainians who lived in russia, and 7 million russians would go back to russia from ukraine, that’s what he offered. then he said that in general, strong independence, with a strong identity, it is born out of war , in general, if you look at the press, there is western ukrainian, ninety-one, ninety-two, war with russia seems inevitable and b- desirable. and it is clear that these ideas have not gone away. what the ukrainian diaspora was most afraid of, uh, for many years, was that - this drive towards

independence, when we move away from moscow, we leave moscow, it will fizzle out, a reverse movement will begin, which will be impossible to stop, so it was necessary to create some kind of irreversible, this is the feeling of irreversibility, this is what they really lacked. war does mean irreversibility, just not the kind that nation builders dream of. there are no military confrontations whose results would be recorded once and for all. the deadline is coming, any results are being revised, and now any history is being rewritten. only human losses are irreversible. the loss of the lives of those for whose sake, it would seem, everything is being done, and it happens that it is difficult to distinguish defeat from victory

it really becomes impossible, you watched the international review, goodbye, the most famous city is south africa, the most beautiful city is kiptown, this is our support for russia , it says moscow, there are a lot of such t-shirts printed, africa is always business through relationships, business through eyes, we just sent a whole batch of products from south africa to russia. we can understand each other on many issues. i had a dream, i'm 34 years old, i open a small oyster tank. russia chose me, not me well, there are a lot of opportunities for africans in russia. i came from south africa.

russia is a very strong international leader who can lead. we have large shale gas deposits in our country. we need russian companies as partners.

this is a very important moment, the first meters of movement, then everything will go easier, it’s interesting, but to be honest, i like it better at our shooting, their technique is much more complicated, in 2 months it’s time to learn how to ride an abrams, it’s very difficult, but what is it

this is included, all the targets matched the combination of our equipment, so we showed what we can do and how we can do it, the faces changed a lot, and when dear friends, i am pleased to invite you to our new release of the author's program besagon tv , which will be called mil pardon under the blanket, i think it will be interesting, i’m looking forward to our meeting.

vladimir putin made a video message on the occasion of the day of reunification of new regions with russia. dear friends, dear citizens of russia. congratulations on your reunion day donetsk and lugansk people's republics, zaporozhye and kherson regions with russia.