prehistory of mutual claims. the nation's right to self-determination. how to link with territorial integrity, materials from our program. the resumption of nuclear testing as an instrument of global politics is a convenient reason for accusations. the power of our country's first atomic test explosion exceeded the power of tests carried out by the united states, britain and france, this was achieved thanks to the joint work of our workers, engineers, technicians, scientists, soldiers, officers of the people's liberation army and everyone the rest of the test participants, those whose enthusiasm raised high the red flag of the great teachings of maut dzedong. the first test of a chinese atomic bomb in 1964, an excerpt from a propaganda film made two years ago. later, from

1945, when the era of nuclear weapons began, to this day, more than 2,000 tests have been carried out in the world. the lion's share falls on the nuclear five. the last of its participants was blown up by france in 1996. then the tests were carried out by the self-proclaimed, so to speak, nuclear powers: india, pakistan at the end of the last century and north korea from 2006 to 2017. the world's first atomic bomb was detonated by the americans on july 16, 1945 at the allamagorda test site in new mexico. the power of the explosion was 20 kilotons. the next day, us president truman spoke about the test to stalin at the podzdam conference. and on august 6 and 9 , american atomic bombs were dropped on kherasima by government forces. the soviet union conducted its first nuclear bomb. tests after 4 years

at the semipalatinsk test site. the first hydrogen charge called iivi mike blown up by the americans. this happened on november 1 , 1952, on atoli and nevitok, in the pacific ocean. but it was not a bomb, but , so to speak, a laboratory sample. a treble house filled with liquid deuterium. the first, the pds-6c hydrogen bomb , was tested in the ussr. it was a complete , ready-made device. ready for use, in august 1953 it was blown up at the same site in semipalatinsk, although it was not accepted into service. in november 1955 , another thermonuclear bomb rds-37 was tested, and 6 years later on the island of novaya zemlya, it was the soviet hydrogen tsarbomb with a capacity of 58 megatons was dropped. the nuclear flu from the explosion rose to a height of 67 km, and the shock wave hit

the globe three times. france and china became nuclear weapons states in 1960 and 604 , respectively. france first conducted tests in algeria and later in the south pacific. china conducted all its nuclear tests at the labnor test site in xinjian province. in august sixty -three in moscow, representatives of the ussr, usa and great britain signed an agreement banning nuclear testing. weapons in three environments, in the atmosphere, in space and under water, however, underground nuclear tests continued, from forty-five to ninety -two more than 2,000 nuclear tests were carried out in the world. more than half of the bombs were detonated by americans. the soviet union carried out more than 700 explosions. the ussr, usa, great britain, france and china, as well as india and pakistan, stopped nuclear testing in the nineties of the last century. mdr remains the only country

that has held them in our century. the topic of testing returned to the agenda due to with a sharp aggravation of the international situation, which is logical. the position has been expressed repeatedly at the official level: russia will resume them only if the united states does so. but there are other opinions as well. on thursday, the president of the kurchatov institute, mikhail kovalchuk, recalled how, at a time of heightened tension with the united states, in the year sixty-one, the soviet union tested the most powerful thermonuclear bomb in history, and now the situation is exactly the same: it is enough to conduct tests on a new land, one at least once, everything will fall into place - he believes kovalchuk. we were already planning to discuss the topic of testing, cnn is just boasting of fresh satellite images, according to which

russia, the united states, and china are actively refreshing their test sites, but now there is an even more reason. let's talk to the most knowledgeable interlocutor. a diplomat for whom the topic of nuclear testing is literally native. hello, how do you like mikhail valentinovich kovalchuk’s idea to remind americans of the year sixty-one? emotionally, i fully understand what our outstanding scientist and leader said kurchatov center, of course. these parallels with what happened in the sixty-first year suggest themselves, then we also had a moratorium on nuclear tests, well, that is, tension was rising , tension was clearly escalating,

and under the cover of this moratorium, and then the decision was made, well, show kuskin’s mother, that ’s what this device was called back then, which was blown up, but it worked, what do you think, i think it certainly worked, then what next? happened, then there was the caribbean crisis, but as a result of the caribbean crisis we achieved the withdrawal of their missiles from turkey and italy, we received guarantees, well, this is true, but it turns out that after all, it was a test in itself, it raised the bar after all, the caribbean crisis after that was needed to defuse, well, the cuban missile crisis, i don't think that when we placed

missiles in cuba, we had in mind that such a development would occur, any parallels are historical, they are usually false and confusing. yes, but still, this is the current atmosphere, many colleagues are talking about that they have lost the sense of the seriousness of the threat, so that’s why a reminder is needed, that’s why kovalchuk talks about it, yes , i remember, in 1988 there was such an american film, the day after, yeah, uh, where they were, they were so pretty lively the horrors are shown, this... of an exchange of nuclear strikes, the catastrophes that would follow, then the theory of a nuclear earth was very strongly promoted, and this mattered, in the eighty- eighth year in new york there were

multimillion-dollar demonstrations against the arms race under the slogan nuclear freezing. if you remember, i watched this, so to speak, live, then there was a third special session on disarmament in new york, that’s exactly what it was all about, that is, the situation was very, very, very acute, now we have this in the west we don’t see it yet, the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty, the treaty, was approved by the general assembly of the united nations. and opened for signature on september 24, 1990. on the same day, it was signed by five official nuclear powers: the usa, france, great britain, china, and russia. the treaty prohibits explosions of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in space, under water and

underground. the document is of an unlimited duration. exit from it is provided only in the event of emergency circumstances that pose a threat. interests of the state party with 6 months notice. the treaty is not yet in force; there is only its preparatory commission and technical secretariat headquartered in vienna. for the treaty to enter into force, it must be ratified not only by countries possessing nuclear weapons, but also by those who can create it. this list has been compiled. according to magathe, these are 44 states, but only 36 of them have signed. document and passed it through national parliaments, did not ratify the treaty, although the usa, china, egypt, israel and iran signed it, and india, pakistan and north korea refused to sign at all. at the same time , all countries except israel declared

voluntary moratoriums on nuclear tests. russia and the united states back in ninety-two, north korea in 2018. at the same time, the trump administration revised the us position in relation to. in the latest us nuclear doctrine, published in february 2018, states that washington no longer intends to seek ratification and entry into force of this treaty. moreover, the united states is ready if it is necessary to resume nuclear testing; the biden administration has not made any statements regarding the treaty, however, in october 2022 , the next edition of the us nuclear doctrine was published, which states that the americans will make efforts to enter into force although along the way there are serious obstacles.

you can say, a living witness to the process of preparing the conclusion of an agreement on a comprehensive ban, the idea itself, what it was connected with, these are humanitarian, political technical reasons, well, firstly, from a technical point of view, by that time, in general, it was carried out by interested countries, a lot of tests, ideas that needed to be tested in full-scale tests, in general, there were no more, and moreover, computer programs were developed for all occasions, but from that level of knowledge on nuclear charge, so to speak, which was, the conclusion was that in general this was completely unnecessary, so those who joined, especially in the un, used this topic to the fullest,

and we had a very easy position, we said yes, yes, we are for , and the americans were forced to say no, we are not ready to support, and why just or with them, which means we had negotiations with the triples, russia, the usa, england at the end. they got into trouble at the end of the seventies, they started to fade a little in the eighties, but then she was elected the reagan administration, which was categorically against it, he was a tough leader, and he walked out of these negotiations , simply stopped them, although quite significant progress was achieved there, so, for his entire administration, they stood firmly on

the position of no negotiations on a test ban, we were for it, it was very simple for us, then, so to speak, when any pressing question against us came up, we translated it into the question of testing, and so to speak, ours found themselves in the place of those criticized... but the americans consistently fail ratified and now the current treaty, which means that the democrats who concluded this treaty, well, in 1996 they had the clinton administration, clinton himself, became very public when he, firstly, he himself personally signed, wrote the following york times , the article that thundered then that this was the greatest

achievement in the field of arms control, like for all centuries, so they tried to push it through congress in 1999, but it was unexpected, so to speak, well, we then had such pretty close relations with them contacts, they said that they were completely confident that, so to speak, they would ratify, moreover, they told their friends, the british and the french, when they asked that we need to ratify, so they said, yes, yes, of course, and even better, so that you ratify quickly, they ratified, but the americans had a collapse, they did not get the votes. and then it was like that, under obama, they

tried all the time, well, in any case, not to remove this issue from the agenda, and worked with congress, although they didn’t work very actively, because they saw that the bloc was quite significant, and trump just did it, he signed... a piece of paper in 1918, it ’s called a nuclear posture review, where he stated that the administration would no longer try to ratify it, that is. because we insisted, we did it, that the condition for the entry into force of the treaty is accession to it, that is, ratification, by all countries that have the potential to create nuclear weapons, well, this is the 44th list,

there is, as part of the treaty, a list of specific countries, naturally the united states appears there. tell me, you mentioned that more than 30 years have passed to the level of knowledge that was in the late eighties, early nineties, in general everything was clear and there was no technical need, i can well imagine that the same military men are saying well, now we need to check, after all, if you are talking about checking, if not about new ones, so to speak, some developments, some new configuration.

yeah, the reaction doesn’t start, but the nuclear fuel itself may be present in the explosion, so they are allowed, if it works just for testing, it doesn’t work, it’s safe to store, it’s unsafe to store, then this can be done within the framework of the agreement, it’s clear, well, then we’ll, we’ll observe, thank you very much, ambassador grigory berdennikov was our guest. while the grandees are hinting to each other that patience is not unlimited, pyongyang is showing how to take bc by the horns. this week, north korea's supreme people's assembly enshrined nuclear weapons in its constitution. north korea, as a responsible nuclear-armed state weapons, promotes the development of nuclear weapons to guarantee the country's right to

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interest at all. rosbank. real opportunities. in a united front against. allies than ukraine and poland, but suddenly a well-fed cat ran between them. it started with the grain issue. warsaw is the initiator of the embargo on the supply of ukrainian grain to europe, although the position is not supported at the eu level, the countries of ukraine's neighbors are inclined to the polish position, they all have their own dissatisfied farmers and everyone faces elections. poland, by the way, is in 2 weeks. ukraine. filed claim on border countries of the wto. about grain sentiment from warsaw alexandra popov.

in just a few months, a whole smuggling business emerged. ukrainian grain began to settle in poland. there should be a seal, a seal, this is a side door through which you can easily pour grain. the door can be opened without problems. we are being bullied by our neighbors, we are being bullied with grain, and not only farmers, but consumers have problems, why should poles eat bread made from flour that is unsuitable for consumption? we have our own high-quality grain, but we don’t need ukrainian grain. need, there are two problems, quality and price. ukrainian grain is definitely cheaper than polish grain; as a result, local high-quality wheat has become cheaper. previously, you had to pay 1,600 polish zlotys per ton, now it’s half that. it is of such low quality that it is only suitable for the production of alcohol and for gas installations; it is not for food consumption; it cannot even be fed to livestock.

the farmers lost their nerve and scattered a bag of ukrainian grain in front of the city hall in prudnik. inscription on a memorial plaque with deep we regret to inform you that he has passed away. the polish farmer and entrepreneur reflects the mood in polish agriculture. in grubishov they acted tougher. here farmers say that their... companies call me every day and say that they have losses of 50 million zlotys. our purchasing center no longer buys grain from polish farmers during harvest, our grain is not competitive. michal koodey is a well-known representative of the polish village; together with the agricultural union, he has been fighting for the rights of the polish farmer for many years. that is why. a whole detachment of security guards is always dispatched; about a dozen police cars did not allow farmers to go out onto the streets and block trains with grain. we, as

the organizers, face criminal liability for coming to the voivodeship and reporting that grain was coming to the market from ukraine. the police, the same ones who are blocking us now, took us out of the office, they claimed that we were making a mountain out of a mountain. according to farmers, the situation can be improved by introducing customs duties. and not only wheat, but also corn, eggs, milk, tomatoes and cucumbers, because they also appeared on the shelves of polish stores. the european commission decided the dispute in favor of ukraine and lifted restrictions on the import of wheat, corn, rapeseed and sunflower, but on the same day, poland, slovakia and hungary unilaterally introduced their own bans, hungary reacted more sharply by banning the import of 25 ukrainian goods, as well as poland in addition to wheat, it included wheat flour and bran on the black list. the problem is that german and dutch companies make money from this whole procedure. these manufacturers have been in ukraine for a long time, they are ready to flood europe with ukrainian

goods. the family business suffered the most from the situation. grzegush kopatski, together with his sons, cultivates about 200 hectares of land, he is engaged in livestock farming and grows wheat and corn. now he doubts whether it is worth continuing? last year, gas prices increased by 100%. this year it's still 100%. the price of convenience has quadrupled and the price of fuel has doubled. we cannot produce wheat, it is simply impossible. the polish authorities tried to hush it up. but the closer we get to parliamentary elections in poland in mid-october, the harder it is to ignore the problem. farmers are the main electorate of the ruling party without them it will be impossible to win the elections. therefore , both the prime minister of poland and the president had to react sharply to zelsky’s threats to transfer the ban on ukrainian grain to the court . it would be good for ukraine to remember that it receives help from us, and that we are a transit country, including ukraine.

so much so that zelski’s last visit to poland went virtually unnoticed, the president of ukraine came to lublin to award the poles with orders for providing humanitarian assistance to refugees from ukraine, but neither the prime minister of poland nor the president came to the meeting. alexandra popova, especially for international viewing. agriculture has brought deeper contradictions to the surface. from the rostrum of the un general assembly, zelsky denounced countries that feign solidarity and indirectly support russia, making a thriller out of grain. to this, polish prime minister morawiecki warned the ukrainian president not to dare again insult the poles. well, then trogefarce broke out in the canadian parliament, where, in the presence of zelsky and prime minister trudeau, deputies staged an avalanche against the ninety- eight-year-old ukrainian, a veteran of the fight against

russia. it quickly became clear that the veteran fought as part of an ss division, which he never hid and was proud of, and the front for canada on this occasion was arranged precisely from poland. carlos latuve for mintress, on the topic of a guest visit to the canadian parliament by an ss veteran. a man who looks like prime minister justin trudeau says: thank you for fighting russians during the second world war. tom stiglich reminded trudeau of his words about the freedom convoy. then the prime minister called its participants fascists. here he says: these truck drivers are some kind of bunch of nazis. avanta artigala from distant sri lanka, zelsky’s visit, and then the honoring of the sss division veteran were noticed even there. the drawing is simply called trudeau and zelensky. marc gonalvier from france. ah, this is

strange canadian love. ovation to the ukrainian sss veteran. one of the parliamentarians says to the other: who is he greeting in this way? the history of relations between poles and ukrainians is rich in traumatic ones, it is not surprising that passions run high for any reason. let's talk about this with alexey miller from the european university in st. petersburg. what role did the ukrainian ukrainian factor play for the poles in the last, well, say, century and a half? first, this is primarily the question of whether it is possible to mobilize the little russians to fight the russian empire together with the poles, they are trying to solve this issue in the second half of the 19th century, and where the poles dominate, the rusyns, who then also

became ukrainians, mostly in galicia, that is, in austria-hungary , tension is growing there, of a typical nationalist nature, two communities, a struggle for dominance and so on, everything begins to unwind very sharply in 1918, because in this year, the poles are really at war with the ukrainians. for leo , in the kiev region at this time no less significant events are taking place, because the ukrainian peasant, in fact, in a couple of weeks in the summer, wiped out all the large polish landowners who fled to flee to kiev, and this people remembered, they remember now, especially in those families who had