and it brought in up to 20% of all income of the british empire. by the middle of the 21st century, the number of drug addicts in china exceeded 2 million. even members of the emperor min-ning in 1839 sent his incorruptible official lin jie xue to the south. arriving in canton, lin surrounded the quarter where the merchants lived with troops and presented an ultimatum to the foreign merchants: hand over all the opium and no longer transport it to china. the governor threatened to behead those who violated the ban. the blockade lasted several weeks. the merchants obeyed. ling zei xu ordered, blocked canton with sides of the sea. the chinese forces were significantly superior to the british, but they were noticeably inferior both in weapons and in discipline. the first opium war ended with the complete defeat of the qing empire. in 1842, according to the treaty of nanjing, the emperor paid the british a large... indemnity, gave them

the island of hong kong and opened five new ports for trade with foreigners. opium on a contractual scale. the qing empire was in a fever at that time, china was hit by a wave of popular protests, and the taiping uprising broke out in 1850. they took advantage of the crisis not only english and french, but also americans. world powers demanded greater rights for traders. the establishment of an embassy in beijing, and at the same time official permission to trade in opium. naturally, china would not smuggle something like this. great britain demanded the release of its subjects, but was refused. thus began the second opium war, which lasted from 1856 to 1860, and also ended with the defeat of the chinese. the anglo-french army destroyed the city of canton and threatened beijing, forcing it to sign. capitulation at extremely disadvantageous

conditions. in october, in accordance with them , china had to pay substantial indemnities, open the port of tianjin to trade with foreigners and allow the use of its population to work in the colonies of france and great britain. at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, there were about 15 million drug addicts in china, and the drug business itself flourished until 1949, until the communists took over it. led by smau. we do not encourage you to draw lessons from history; nothing is literally repeated. but one thing is worth remembering, the détente of past decades, no matter how they were called, ended with new exacerbations, sometimes very serious. maybe china and the united states will be able to avoid this spiral, but why would they?

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war continues to rage in palestine. talk about a possible settlement of a future device is beginning to be heard, but for now quite timidly. it seems that no one takes diplomacy seriously, no one cares whether its time will come for a forty-year career, where and with whom he has worked, the latest sphere, the syrian settlement. mr. ramze, the services of mediators are now not part of the conflict, no matter what the conflict , the participants do not expect help from outside, it is that the general international atmosphere has changed, my work is connected with the middle east region, in my opinion, in the case of syria, the likelihood of mediation. success is minimal and those who they are helped by their lack of interest in consent. in the gas sector, we are also seeing attempts at mediation, but this is only about the release of hostages, this is not a settlement of the conflict as such. in principle, negotiations with the israeli and

palestinian sides will be conducted on a wider range of issues. perhaps now is the time when the crisis can be resolved by addressing the fundamental causes. that all attempts to somehow change, rationalize political behavior, they seemed to be successful in the twentieth, early 21 centuries, are now losing their meaning. i recently spoke with an israeli diplomat who once held an important position in the government and was distinguished by rare sober thinking. today, like many other israelis, he is gripped by a rage and a thirst for a place that does not allow him to think long-term. what did the united states do after those terrorist attacks and what... consequences resulted for the whole world. israelis must learn a lesson from that history, try to pacify their anger, overcome the desire for revenge and think about the future. while all actions are aimed at to demonstrate to the palestinians who is the authority and power here.

israel shows that it can do whatever it wants within its borders, the restoration of control in the region is only a matter of time, but after all, israel’s war in 1973, and the situation was similar in 2006. it’s time for the israelis to consider other ways to ensure their security in the region, especially moreover, what they are, for this they need to change the paradigm of thinking, but i’m not sure that they are capable. and the concept of two quickly to reverse the processes that have begun is work for intermediaries interested. regional stability, including russia and the usa. at this stage, the israelis believe they can dominate 5 million palestinians with force of arms. this is impossible unless israel decides to forcibly relocate everyone. voices are heard, even official ones, in support

of such a strategy and this is very regrettable, between the state. hamas demonstratively committed enough atrocities, they understood that people in the gas sector would suffer. israel's reaction will be no less harsh. you compared the events of october 7 with the terrorist attacks of september 11 2001, because bin laden’s idea was exactly the same, to provoke a furious reaction from the united states. how is hamas generally perceived in the arab world? is hamas considered the legitimate representative of the palestinians? the legitimate representative of the palestinian people is the palestinian authority in ramallah, not hamas. hamas is a military-political group that... let's admit it, hamas controlled the gaza strip. i don't think we should discuss separately what hamas or the islamic jihad did on october 7th. this is the new dark page of israeli history that began in 1948, both the israeli and

palestinian sides are responsible. everyone did atrocities. it is important that the palestinians perceive today's event as retribution for israel's harsh actions that... committed for many years, like any liberation movement, the palestinian demonstrates cruelty, unfortunately, in south africa, for example, was it any different? yes, the african national congress at one time... admitted terrible things, but then came to its senses: let's remember that the organization liberation of palestine, americans were once viewed as terrorists. over time , everything has changed, i don’t think we should focus on hamas. the palestinian authority, as a legitimate body, must be empowered. israel, and especially israel under netanyahu's premiership, has systematically undermined the balance. back in '47. when the general settled the mandated territory into two states, arab and jewish. it is noteworthy that

at that time the creation of a full-fledged jewish state was opposed not only by great britain, but even the usa. and the soviet leadership was much more sympathetic to the jewish socialists who stood at the head of the zionist movement than to the arab monarchical regime. the soviet union recognized israel on may 26, 1948, and during the first arab war, with the coming to power in egypt of free officers, led by nassar, the ussr went over to the side of the arabs for a long time. diplomatic relations with israel were interrupted three times. first, in february 1953, after jewish extremists dropped a bomb on the territory of the soviet embassy in tel aviv. then the ambassador's wife suffered from the explosion. then in 56-5, after israel's fight against egypt. diplomatic the camp david agreements of 1978 can be considered a success for the americans,

on the basis of which six months later, egyptian president anwar saddad and israeli prime minister menachim begen signed a peace treaty in washington. cairo and tel aviv have established diplomatic relations. israel began a phased withdrawal of troops from the sinac peninsula, which was fully completed on 82, it cost lives. he was killed as a result of an assassination attempt. organized by islamists who have not forgiven him for his rapprochement with israel. relations between tel aviv and moscow resumed only through the consulate only in 1987 . they were fully restored in october 1991, on the eve of the madrid conference, when representatives of israel and palestine met face to face for the first time. it was there that secret negotiations soon began. the first oslo-1 agreement was signed by shimon peres and mahmoud abbas in 93. at the same time, palestinian leader yasser

arafat and israeli prime minister yitzhak rabin exchanged letters on mutual recognition of the palestine liberation organization and the state of israel. for this, both also received the nobel peace prize, but now it stands as a result of an assassination attempt, this time organized by an israeli far-right extremist. in october 94, israel and jordan signed a peace treaty and established diplomatic relations. and a quarter of a century later, in september 2020, in washington, israeli prime minister netanyahu and the foreign ministers of the united arab emirates and bahrain signed a document on the normalization of relations naming key players such as saudi arabia and egypt. everyone says that he is losing his authority. is losing legitimacy, harsh complaints are being made against secretary general gutierres.

did you expect such a reaction and what should you generally be afraid of when thinking about the future. i was not surprised by israel's claims against the secretary general. for many years, israelis have found reasons to condemn the un for its activities and the resolutions it passes, but this should not be the case, many countries have sided with secretary-general because he made a statement that corresponds to reality, which is based on the provisions of international and international humanitarian law. of course, he is going through hard times. the dark streak did not start yesterday. responsibility cannot be placed solely on the secretary general and his staff, discussed by the five permanent members. for more than 20 years , the reform of the security council regarding the right of veta, limiting its use, expanding the membership and performance of functions, has been discussed.

consisting in... for the permanent composition to change, without this, the effectiveness of the un will continue to suffer , mechanisms need to be reconsidered, the world system is no longer the same as it was in 1945 or even in 1991. the global south has a loud voice in international affairs, and this must be reflected in the procedures, otherwise the un will not be able to play a role in maintaining international peace and our interlocutor spoke really on the rise: its most colorful and populous representative is india, about the changing self-awareness of the country, vgtrk correspondents from new delhi. india is turning a new page in its history and it is happening here in the center of newley, from the old parliament house,

built more than a century ago, with independence ahead. new stage. and the indian authorities consider this stage historical; since the fall, parliamentarians have already been working in the new building with the construction of the british era, which witnessed the historical adoption of the constitution of independent india. according to the prime minister , a lot is connected, but the true development of the country is confident that fashion is ahead. it's time to accept historical decisions. one of the distinctive features of this session is that a journey of 75 years now begins with. the colonial past is remembered here reluctantly: great britain built a strict management system in india , focused on maximizing profit, and it was in opposition to the colonial regime that indian civil society began to take shape, much to the credit of mahat mendy and other leaders of the independence movement. in fact , indian national identity has developed in the 20th century, parliament must reflect

the confidence of the nation, the strength of its youth and the determination to achieve that level of development. india will become a developed country by 2047. and here it is important to remember the diversity of our culture. in the design of the new parliament building, by the way, you can see peacocks, tigers, banyan trees, lotus and much more that are important in indian culture. there are plans for indian or reconstruction. this is the connet colonial district, in the center of new delhi. it is relatively clean, spacious, and surrounded by expensive restaurants and shops. hotels and for a while you can even forget that you are in delhi. large-scale reconstruction may well affect this area, how and when this will happen is now being decided by parliamentarians. however , there is no consensus yet on how to implement the project, if in the old building, which is the indira gandhi national center for the arts, there are plans to demolish the national

museum of india and also part of the national archives building. however, before demolishing the building, they took time to think about the issue of officially renaming the country. during the parliamentary session in september, many india was expected that out of the two official constitutional names of the country, india and bharat mode would be offered to create one, namely the hindi version of bharat, but this did not happen, india is usual for europeans. bharod, as he believes here, is about the prosperity of the country, india is about colonial oppression. the secret of the colonial administration of the british empire is not in your physical subordination, hence the call for reforms in education: one of the goals is to move away from approaches and teaching methods in secondary schools colonial times, they want to pay more attention to sanskrit, traditional sciences and local languages. a country that wants leadership in the global south, the third economy in the world, after success in space this no longer seems impossible. evgeny davidov vladislav,

specially for international viewing from newley. parting with the british heritage in india is one side of the decolonization process, the other is much more interesting, the british cabinet is headed by a practicing hindu, in fact rishi sunok reshuffled the very unpopular turi government, david cameron's star shone again on the political horizon. when he was prime minister, he announced a referendum on leaving the european union, to which he... effectively resigned, leaving everything to be sorted out by others. now he headed the forreinoffice. a politician 7 years ago, an unelected member of the house of commons, his detractors say that he is not responsible to voters, and this is not good. they'll figure it out. since cameron did not

drown in the monstrous mess that he brewed with brexit, he now benefits even more. but the question is to whom and for what are architects responsible? foreign policy is not idle, and not just for great britain. the world has entered a series of upheavals, foreign and domestic policies are so intertwined that it is impossible to separate one from the other. by habit, foreign policy is assessed in terms of prestige, national greatness, and in some cultures , some form of messianism. it's beautiful, but how real is it? peace, the ability to evade destructive influences, and negmatism, but the word is too unsightly, strengthening stability. tasks are increasingly subordinated to internal ones, which is probably why it’s elegant diplomacy is now increasingly in cinema and

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