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of nato’s advance to the east are discussed not only by politicians, but also by economists; the famous american specialist jeffrey sachs believes that the united states has chosen the wrong approach in these matters. strategy. an interview with him right now in arkady mamontov’s author’s project , the american method. hello, the american method is on air, today our guest will be the famous economist jeffrey sachs, he is a professor at columbia university in the usa, and is also an adviser to the secretary general of the united nations, at one time, in the late eighties, early nineties, he was an economic adviser to the general secretary of the cpsu central committee mikhail gorbachev, and then the president of russia.

boris yeltsin, that is, he knows everything from the inside our politics, our entire situation and our post-soviet space in general, what we talked about jeffy saxon, of course, about ukraine, about this terrible conflict, for the first time, perhaps, a representative of the western elite said. thing, it is very significant that the americans, the american elite, made a terrible mistake, starting in 2008, they constantly provoked, provoked, provoked russia, announced that nato was going east, that ukraine was part of the western world, that it would to nato, and that there will be missiles, and crimea will be theirs, in sevastopol the american fleet will become yes... and today

jeffrey sachs says that what is needed is not negotiations, no, but what is needed is a call from biden, the us president, to our president, vladimir, that the us was wrong, and nato will not go further, this of course, it sounds fantastic, but on the other hand, jeffrey sachs says that this will help break the impasse in which the current situation in the world has reached. i think that this war goes back to the time of nato expansion, which the united states began in the mid-nineties, when the soviet union was already ending its existence, the united states promised president gorbachev that nato would not

expand beyond an inch to the east, and the idea was to ensure peace and that there would be normal relations between the united states and the soviet union, or between the united states. russia after december 1991, but as soon as the soviet union collapsed, american political strategists began planning the expansion of nato. they deceived russia. this was the opposite of what they promised. initially, nato’s goal was to protect europe from the ussr, and by that time the soviet union no longer existed. therefore this idea of ​​expansion nato was bad. when hungary and poland joined nato. czech republic, the russian leadership was not happy about this, but it did not cause him great fears, because it was somewhere far away, but in 2004, george w. bush expanded nato to seven more countries, estonia, latvia, lithuania, romania,

bulgaria, slovakia and slovenia. and then the russians said: wait a second, you said you wouldn't expand an inch, and now you've taken 10 countries, stop. at the munich security conference in 2007, putin said that you deceived us, you said that you will not expand nato, but you continue to expand, stop. in 2008, george w. bush said: "no, no, nato will expand." and let’s take our composition from ukraine and georgia. i would like to thank these wonderful people from eastern europe whom i recently met. welcome, thank you for submitting. here 15 years ago, today it has reached georgia and ukraine, one day the call of freedom will be heard by every mind, every soul, one day the wind of freedom

will reach every people, every nation, it was a very provocative statement, because as a result russia would be surrounded by nato countries in the black sea, look at the map, you will understand that the us intention was that ukraine, romania, bulgaria, georgia, and turkey, all those countries with which russia neighbors in the black sea, were in nato. and president putin said that this is unacceptable for us from the point of view of our security. and yanukovych in ukraine said that we just want to be a neutral country, we don't want to be part of nato. and then in february 2014. i think the war will end the day biden picks up the phone and calls president putin and

says: nato will not expand, it was a bad idea, we are stopping, we need to find a way for ukraine to survive, nato will not expand, we have there are many topics for this is how the war can end, i continue to propose to washington to stop this war, so that they pick up the phone and call, because as long as it continues, ukraine is suffering greatly, and everyone is suffering, suffering and russia, the whole world is suffering, but the united states can stop this, it seems to me, by admitting right now that the whole idea of ​​nato expansion was a terrible idea, what a terrible idea. is, and it wasn't necessary. i think the war can end quickly if the us admits that it is not going to expand nato and talks seriously with russia on security issues. i think i'm not the only one who talks about this a lot. my colleague, the scientist

john mearsheimer, has said for many years that the united states has done a great deal to provoke this unnecessary war. and for some time the administration. i didn’t want to hear anything, because washington was sure that russia would be defeated, this struck me as a very strange and stupid idea, because as you know, russia cannot be defeated in this war. but washington didn't want to hear it. now that they see that the situation has become so dire, ukraine has failed in its counteroffensive, it cannot win this war, and washington simply does not know what to do. the white house is trying to find some formula in which it will not admit that he made a mistake. but i don’t care whether he admits it or not. it is important that until now official washington does not pay any attention to the central

issue of nato expansion and security, and because of this there is no realistic view of things, washington does not know that their policy has failed, they simply do not know what to do about it . i think if biden says it was a mistake, he will look weak, or he will look like a fool, which is why he is resisting, primarily because of the presidential election, which will... i think that in washington they understand perfectly well that all their efforts have failed , russia will not tolerate further expansion of nato, ukraine will not defeat russia, and some other way must be found, and every day i propose how to find the path to peace, perhaps one day they will have it. the united states is in an even greater crisis,

this issue is being discussed in washington now, there are a lot of politicians, especially in the republican party, who say that stop spending money on ukraine, that the budget is in large deficit. we can't imagine this allow, it is not our priority, we must stop this funding, and of course, the biden white house continues to ask congress for more money every day, and many congressmen receive funds for their campaigns from the military-industrial complex, almost every congressman in his campaign there are military factories or companies in the area, so this is a very... sensitive issue: the mood of the american people is definitely the following: there is no need to spend additional

tens and hundreds of billions of dollars on what doesn't work for what doesn't make sense. whether politicians will listen to this is a big question: whether the lobbyist from the military-industrial complex or the white house is holding it up is still unclear, but there is no doubt that funding for ukraine is being reduced, but will it be stopped completely? we'll see, but it's definitely decreasing, but it has to end, this war doesn't have to last forever. nearly 50 years ago, military businesses deliberately structured their supply chains to touch every member of congress because they knew that when under this condition, politicians will be favorable to them, because they can tell every congressman: you have workers in your district who depend on our company. this was done intentionally, this has been going on for decades, when american president

biden gave a speech to the american people a few weeks ago, he said that we need another 100 billion dollars to support ukraine. here are some states where military production is located: arizona, texas, pennsylvania. biden named them, he tried to influence in this way domestic politics in these states. the work is still unclear. in russia, this is very important , that’s the problem, but in the usa people don’t care, for them this is a war waged by the top, not the bottom, yes, maybe some people are trying to win something, but i don’t think so. that this is a lot of money and that you can earn something from the ukrainian economy.

their economy is in ruins. the population has also declined greatly. the damage to the ukrainian economy is estimated at tens of billions of dollars. this war is very destructive. ukraine is not should have gotten into this war and should have said: we remain neutral. don't drag us into your stupid war. and even in march 2022. no, keep fighting, keep fighting with the russians, you need to weaken russia, you need to defeat them, and zelensky , the ukrainian leadership made a terrible mistake by listening to the americans then, because it led to a year and a half of suffering, casualties, economic and demographic collapse, and no success was achieved

when talking to an american, americans from any sphere are always talking about the dollar, about money. so this is what jeffrey sachs said, he said that today the dollar is losing its position, because it is no longer an alternative to gold, but rather an american weapon in the fight against countries that do not want to be us satellites, their vassals, well a vivid example of this is what is happening to us now in our fight against this hegemon, he also said that paper money will eventually become a thing of the past, well, for example, in sweden there are no longer paper currencies, even in india, somewhere in rural outback, in the foothills of tibet, you can pay by phone, right by the road, they buy there, say, chicken or turmeric,

such an indian seasoning, but in europe it is now very difficult... for example, russian tourists everywhere are asked not for cash, but for a card, and without a card, you’re almost nobody, that’s how we are gradually being drawn into this future, shining digital world, by the way, maybe george orwell wrote about it in his immortal novel, 1984, in this dystopia. in the first half of the 20th century, before the second world war, and even before first world war, the pound sterling was the main international currency of settlements, when international trade was carried out in pounds sterling, they were backed by gold, albeit weakly, and backed by the authority of the british empire itself. then the first world war happened, then the great depression,

then the second world war. at the end of world war ii , the united states was the country with the most developed economy. in the world by a huge margin from everyone else, their currency was the only one that was trusted, and it was the only solvent government, and the dollar became the new currency, base currency for world transfers, it was relatively backed by gold, there was a complex backing system that existed between 1945 and 1971, the dollar standard replaced the gold standard, but still, other governments could exchange american dollars for american government gold if wanted, but in august 1971 the united states said: we no longer exchange gold for the dollar, from that moment only dollars began to exist, but the dollar was backed by the power of the united states and convenience

use of the american banking system in international trade. the strength of the dollar depended on two things. strong american economy, which was the largest in the world, the convenience of using dollars for international payments, but both of these aspects have changed, now the us is no longer such a big economy compared to the rest, second, it is not so convenient to use dollars now if you are in the country , which doesn't get along very well with the us because the us confiscated $300 billion of russian funds, the us confiscated the money. venezuela, iran, afghanistan , north korean money, so if you are not friends with the united states, then do not use dollars, because the united states can take them for itself, which is why now in some countries, especially in the brix countries, of which russia is a part, they have begun to create a system outside dollar payments, so that countries from which the united states might confiscate money can safely

transfer funds. i would like to propose increasing the share of funding. this would not only increase the weight of our currencies as an alternative in international payments global, but would allow us to avoid additional risks of costs in mutual settlements. i always tell my colleagues in washington: don't take money from others, they will stop using dollars, this is a bad idea for the us, but washington is full of arrogant people, they believe that the alternatives are the dollar. no, so they can do whatever they want, but america will soon understand that there is an alternative to the dollar, non-dollar payments should become a large part of the world. a dollar bill

is worth nothing, it can only be exchanged for others pieces of the same paper, but no real good or service or seashells or gold or silver, there is nothing behind it, it is only used because people accept it, this is what we call fiat currency. it can be bought, there is a demand for it, it can be exchanged for goods, but it is not backed by anything, people use dollars only because other people accept them as payments, and until the united states prints too many dollars, the dollar will retain its value within the framework of those goods that are it can be bought if our government, the central bank, which we call the federal reserve, prints more money , this will be expressed in inflation, this is one of the reasons why the last couple of years there has been

high inflation, because the central bank gave away a lot of dollars in the twentieth , ’21 during the coronavirus pandemic, this led to inflation in ’22, ’21, the value of a currency depends on its supply, on the limitation of this supply, if the government. print too much money, it will be high inflation. from an economic point of view, peace is much better than war. and the idea that war is good for the economy is not true. the us wasted at least 5 trillion dollars just by letting down the pipe in afghanistan, iraq, syria, libya, all these wars that the us was stupid, increased the us national debt, it is now very high. the government owes about 100% of the national income and it continues to grow,

it is quite large, and the cost of war accounts for a large part of this debt. this weakens our economy. we had a situation it would be much better if we spent money on peaceful consumption, on housing, on infrastructure, on the railway network, on digital systems. there are many good things that money can be spent on, war is not a very good investment, of course it can enrich some companies that produce weapons, but society does not get richer from war, society gets poorer from it. the us debt has been growing since 2000, it started growing at 35% and rose to 100% of national income and it continues to grow, and to grow is not a good situation, for almost... all of this there was a time when there was a very low interest rate, but now there is high debt and a fairly high interest rate. and now the government is spending a fortune on paying off the interest

on this debt, and this, in turn, also increases the budget deficit. all debts, household debt, corporate debt, government debt, make the economy more unstable to shocks, unexpected increases in interest rates, and various credit crises. we treat a large amount of debt, this can create serious problems, i'm in the usa i constantly say that our budget deficit is a big problem, some of my colleagues say: don’t worry, it pumps up the economy, creates demand, high employment, but i have been dealing with economic crises for more than 40 years, and i know that if you accumulate a very large debt, being an individual or a government you will have a lot of problems. in cryptocurrency, no, i don’t believe in it, i could be rich, but i didn’t

buy it. i think that money should be regulated by the government, i think that the government should not confiscate money from people, they should allow people to use them properly, and i think there should be a government regulated monetary system, but regulated responsibly, i don't believe in cryptocurrencies, but i do believe in digital currencies, i believe there will be digital currencies from central banks, this means that we will be able to pay, using our phones or some other gadgets, make very efficient payments, in an efficient way, without much need for the banking system, paper money is not very convenient, it you can lose them, they can burn, but of course, yes, they give anonymity, and anonymity can be good for illegal... transactions, but many countries are completely getting rid of paper currencies, in sweden it is practically impossible to use the swedish krona in paper form. in india, even

considering that some regions. very often you can pay with your phone when buying fruit on the roadside, everything is moving into the digital sphere, it is a more efficient and simpler payment system. i'm a scientist, i decided that i don't want to be rich, of course i want to feel comfortable, but i don’t want to be rich, in order to be rich you need... skill, you have to have luck and you really have to want to become rich, that is, you have to put money first, this is a certain type of character, some people don't want to be rich, they just want to have everything they need to enjoy their lives, conflicts do not bring good to a world of peace, on the contrary, they fuel the chaos

that the us wants to control. and the first call is that the americans themselves are afraid of this, their elite, this is the reasoning from the usa, jeffrey sachs, about calling our president. it was the american way, see you. one young lady got drunk on wine with the hussars and asked to steal from the regiment for fun.

shot with her own hands into the peasant's hut. miraculously, she didn’t kill anyone to death. what's the difficulty? her mother is an important person at court, everything is fine with my daughter, she is a normal girl, just like everyone else, and the girl repents, it seems, let’s go to paris, we’ll eat oysters, we could forgive her. according to the law, siberia is supposed to be, siberia, siberia, yes, i’ll cut out your tongue right now, we won’t hang you, we’ll sew it up, so i would tear you apart with horses, two lackeys, where are you going, drown yourself, soon.

let's look before everyone else, where are the eight vasnetsovs , i'm actually, you know, i'm not very comfortable, someone was killed again, but what's wrong, you have neither sleep nor rest, let's subscribe , let's look,

tens of thousands of questions have already been submitted to the program results year with vladimir putin in the first 2 days. among the topics that concern russians the most, social presidents are most often asked. about the situation with benefits and pensions, as well as health care, education, and of course, the support of the families of the svo participants in the whole situation with the protection of donbass from nationalists is important to many. this year, questions will be accepted for two weeks, this will allow everyone to submit an appeal. there are several ways to do this by phone, sms, website and social networks. for the first time , representatives also work in call centers.