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aeroflot application via sbp. but first , register on privetmir.ru. sherbakov. well, let him register for now and at the same time learn about all the advantages of the world card. can i have some coffee? hello, the american method is on air. our guest today is the famous economist jeffrey sachs. he's a professor columbia university in the usa, and is also an adviser to the secretary general of the united nations; at one time, in the late eighties and early nineties, he was an economic adviser to the general secretary of the cpsu central committee mikhail gorbachev, and then to the president of russia. that is, he knows

from the inside all our politics, our entire situation and our post-soviet space in general, which we talked about to jeffrey saxon, of course, about ukraine, about this terrible conflict, for the first time, perhaps, a representative of the western elite said this: a thing, it is very significant, that the americans, the american elite, made a terrible mistake, starting in 2008, they constantly provoked, provoked, provoked russia, announced that nato was going east, that ukraine was part of the western world, that it will be in nato, and that there will be missiles, and crimea will be theirs, there will be an american fleet in sevastopol, yes... and today

jeffrey sachs says that what is needed is not negotiations, no, but what is needed is a call from biden to the us president, our president, vladimir putin, about that the united states was wrong and nato will not go further, this of course sounds fantastic, but on the other hand, jeffrey sachs says that this will help break the impasse in which the current situation in the world has reached. i think that this war goes back to the time of nato expansion, which the united states began in the mid-nineties, when the soviet union was already ending its existence, the united states promised the president. and the idea was to

ensure peace and that there would be normal relations between the us and the soviet union and between the us and russia after december 1991, but as soon as the soviet union collapsed, american political strategists began planning the expansion of nato, they deceived russia, it was the opposite of what they promised. initially, nato's goal was to protect europe from the ussr, and by that time the soviet union no longer existed, so this idea of ​​nato expansion was bad. when hungary and poland joined nato. the czech republic, the russian leadership was not happy about this, but it did not cause him great fears, because it was somewhere far away, but in 2004, george w. bush expanded nato by another seven countries, estonia, latvia, lithuania, romania,

bulgaria, slovakia and slovenia. and then the russians said, wait a second, you said you wouldn't expand an inch, and now you've taken 10 countries, stop. and on time. munich security conference in 2007, putin said that you deceived us, you said that you will not expand nato, but you continue to expand, stop. in 2008, george w. bush said: “no, no, nato will expand, and we will take ukraine and georgia. i would like thank these wonderful people from eastern europe whom i recently met. welcome, thank you for submitting. example, thank you for your courage, your dedication , the democratic wave appeared here 15 years ago, today it has reached georgia and ukraine, one day the call of freedom will be heard by every mind, every soul, one day the wind of freedom

will reach every people, every nation, this was a very provocative statement, because as a result russia would be surrounded nato countries in the black sea, look at the map, you will understand that the us intention was for ukraine, romania, bulgaria, georgia, and turkey, all those countries with which russia neighbors in the black sea, to be in nato, and the president putin said that this is unacceptable for us from the point of view of our security. and yanukovych in ukraine said that we just want to be a neutral country, we don’t want to be part of nato. and then in february 2014, i think the war will end the day biden picks up the phone and calls president putin and says,

nato will not expand, it was a bad idea, we are stopping, we need to find a way for ukraine to survive, nato will not expand, we have many topics for this is how the war can end. i continue to suggest that washington stop this war so that they can pick up the phone and call, because as long as it continues, ukraine is suffering greatly. and everyone suffers, russia suffers, the whole world suffers, but the united states can stop this, it seems to me, right today, by recognizing that the whole idea of ​​nato expansion was what a terrible idea. is, and it wasn't necessary. i think the war can end quickly if the us admits that it is not going to expand nato and talks seriously with russia on security issues. i think i'm not the only one who talks about this a lot. my fellow scientist

john mearsheimer has said for many years that the united states did a lot to provoke this unnecessary war. and for some time the administration. didn’t want to hear anything, because washington was sure that russia would be defeated. this i was struck as a very strange and stupid idea, because, as you know, under current circumstances, russia cannot be defeated in this war. but washington didn't want to hear it. now that they see that the situation has become so dire, ukraine has failed in its counter-offensive, it cannot win this war. and washington simply doesn’t know what to do, in the white house they are trying to find some kind of formula in which he will not admit that he made a mistake, but i don’t care whether he admits or not, what matters is that until now, official washington has not paid any attention to the central issue

of nato expansion and security, and because of this there is no realistic view of things, washington does not know that their policy has failed, they simply do not know what to do about it. i think if biden says it was a mistake, he'll look weak, or he'll look like a fool, so he's resisting, primarily because of the presidential election, which is... next year, but that's a dangerous policy this year . situations where so many people die in ukraine every day. i think washington is well aware that all their efforts have failed. russia will not tolerate further nato expansion. ukraine will not defeat russia. and we need to find some other way. and every day i suggest how to find a path to peace. perhaps one day they will accept it. us foreign policy in an even

greater crisis, this issue that is being discussed in washington now, there are a lot of politicians, especially in the republican party, who say that stop spending money on ukraine, that the budget is in large deficit. we can't afford it, it's not our priority, we need to stop funding it, and of course, the biden white house keeps asking congress for more money every day, and many congressmen are receiving funds for their campaigns from the military-industrial complex, almost every congressman has military factories or companies in his congressional district, so this is a very... sensitive issue: the mood of the american people is definitely: don't spend

additional tens and hundreds of billions of dollars for something that doesn’t work for something that doesn’t make sense. are politicians listening to this? this is a big question: whether the lobbyists from the military-industrial complex or the white house are holding up is still unclear. but there is no doubt that funding for ukraine is being reduced, but will it be stopped completely? we'll see, but it's definitely decreasing, but it has to end, this war doesn't have to last forever. nearly 50 years ago, military businesses intentionally designed their supply chains to touch every congressman, because they knew that under this condition the politicians would be favorable to them, because they could tell every congressman: you have workers in your district who depend on our company. this was done intentionally, this has been going on for decades, when american president

biden gave a speech to the american people, a few weeks ago, he said that we need another 100 billion dollars to support ukraine. here are some of the states where military production is located: arizona, texas, pennsylvania, biden named them, he tried to influence domestic politics in these states in this way, but it has not yet worked. russia, this is very important , that’s the problem, but in the usa people don’t care, for them this is a war waged by the top, not the bottom, yes, maybe some people are trying to win something, but i don’t think that’s it’s a lot of money and that you can earn something from the ukrainian economy.

their economy is in ruins. the population has also declined greatly. damage to the ukrainian economy is estimated at tens of billions of dollars. this war is very destructive. ukraine should not have gotten into this war and should have said, we remain neutral. don't drag us into your stupid war. and even in march 2022, zelsky said: we want. fight, continue to fight with the russians, you need to weaken russia, you need to defeat them, and zelsky, the ukrainian leadership made a terrible mistake by listening to the americans then, because this is the leader. when

you talk to an american, any american from any sphere, the speech is always comes about dollars and money. so this is what jeffrey sachs said, he said that today the dollar is losing its position because it is no longer an alternative to gold. but is rather an american weapon in the fight against countries that do not want to be satellites of the united states, their boasters, well, a vivid example of what is happening to us now in our fight against this hegemon, he also said that paper money will eventually go to the past, well, for example, in sweden there are no longer paper chromes, even in india, somewhere in the rural hinterlands, in the foothills of tibet you can paying by phone, right by the road, buying there, say, chicken or turmeric, such

an indian seasoning, is now very difficult in europe... for example, russian tourists everywhere are required not to cash, but to a card, and without a card you are almost nobody, like this we are gradually being drawn into this future, shining digital world, by the way, perhaps george orwell wrote about it in his immortal novel, 1984 , in this dystopia. in the first half of the 20th century, before the second world war, and even before the first world war, the pound sterling was the main international currency of settlements, when international trade was carried out in pounds sterling, they were backed by gold, although weakly backed by the authority of the british empire itself. then world war i happened, then the great depression,

world war ii. at the end of world war ii , the united states was the country with the most developed economy. in the world by a huge margin, their currency was the only one that was trusted, and it was the only solvent government, and the dollar became the new currency, the base currency for world transfers, it was comparatively backed by gold, there was a complex backing system that existed between 1945 and 1971, the dollar standard replaced the gold standard, but still, other governments could exchange american dollars for american government gold if they wanted, but in august 1971 , the u.s. said: we no longer exchange gold for the dollar, from that moment on only dollars began to exist, but the dollar was backed up by the power of the united states and the ease of

use of the american banking system in international trade. the strength of the dollar depended on two things. strong american economy, which was the largest in the world, the convenience of using dollars for international payments, but both of these aspects have changed, now the us is no longer such a big economy compared to the rest, second, it is not so convenient to use dollars now if you are in the country , which doesn't get along very well with the us because the us confiscated $300 billion of russian funds, the us confiscated the money. venezuela, iran, afghanistan, north korean money. therefore, if you are not friends with the usa, then do not use dollars, because the usa can take them for themselves. that is why now in some countries, especially in the brix countries, of which russia is a part, they have begun to create a system outside of dollar payments, so that countries from which the united states can confiscate money can safely

transfer funds. i would like to propose increasing the share of funding for the project. in the national currencies of the brics countries, this would not only increase the weight of our currencies as alternatives in international settlements of the world economy, but would avoid additional risks of costs in mutual settlements. i always tell my colleagues in washington, don't take money from others, they will stop using dollars, this is a bad idea for the us, but washington is full of arrogant people, they think there are alternatives to the dollar. no, so they can do whatever they want, but america will soon realize that there is an alternative to the dollar, non-dollar payments should become a big part of the world economy in the next 10 years, there is nothing behind a dollar bill, it can

only be exchanged for other pieces of the same paper, but no real goods and services or seashells or gold or silver, there is nothing behind it, it is only used because people accept it, that's what we call fiat currency, it can be bought , there is a demand for it, it can be exchanged for goods , but it is not backed by anything, people use dollars only because other people accept them as payments, and until the united states prints too many dollars, the dollar will retain its value within the limits of the goods that it can buy. if our government, the central bank, which we call the federal reserve, prints more money. this will be expressed in inflation. this is one of the reasons why there has been high inflation in the last couple of years,

because the central bank gave away a lot of dollars in twenty, twenty during the coronavirus pandemic, this led to inflation in twenty-two, twenty, the value of a currency depends on its supply , from the limitations of this proposal. print too much money, there will be high inflation. from an economic point of view, peace is much better than war. and the idea that war is good for the economy is not true. the us wasted at least 5 trillion dollars by simply blowing the whistle on afghanistan, iraq, syria, libya, all these wars that the us stupidly fought. increased the us national debt, it is now very high. the government owes about 100% of the national income, and it continues to grow,

it is quite large, and the costs of the war make up most of this debt, it weakens our economy, we would be in a much better situation if we spent money on peaceful consumption, on housing, on infrastructure, on the railway network, on digital systems. there are a lot. some companies that produce weapons, but society does not get richer from the war, society gets poorer from it. the us debt has been growing since 2000, it started growing from 35% to 100% of national income and it continues to grow and grow, this is not a good situation. all this time there was a very low interest rate, and now there is a high debt and a fairly high interest rate. and now the government is spending a fortune on paying off the interest

on this debt, and this, in turn, also increases the budget deficit. all debts, household debt, corporate debt, government debt, make the economy more unstable to shocks, unexpected increases in interest rates, and various credit crises. this is a big problem, some of my colleagues say, don't worry, it pumps up the economy, creates demand, high employment, but i've been dealing with economic crises for over 40 years, and i know that if you accumulate very large amounts of debt, as an individual or as a government, you're going to have a lot of problems. in cryptocurrency, no, i don’t believe in it, i could be rich, but i didn’t

buy it. i think money should be regulated by the government, i think the government shouldn't confiscate money from people, they should allow people to use it properly, and i think there should be a government regulated monetary system, but regulated responsibly, so i... don't believe in cryptocurrencies, but i do believe in digital currencies, i believe that there will be digital currencies from central banks, which means that we will be able to pay using our phones or some other gadgets, make very efficient payments , in an efficient way, without much need for the banking system, paper money is not very convenient, it can be lost, it can get burned, but of course, yes, it gives anonymity, and anonymity can be good for illegal... but many countries are completely getting rid of paper currencies. in sweden it is practically impossible to use swedish krona in paper form. in india, even

though some parts of india are very poor, it is very common to pay with your phone to buy fruits on the roadside. and everything is moving into the digital sphere, it is a more efficient and simpler payment system. i'm a scientist, i decided that i don't want to be rich, of course, i want to feel comfortable, but i don't want to be rich, in order to be rich you need certain skills, you need to be lucky and you really have to to want to become rich, that is, you must put money first, this is a certain character, some people do not want to be rich, they just want to have everything they need to enjoy their life. conflicts do not bring good to a world of peace; on the contrary, they fuel the chaos

that the united states wants to control. and the first call, that the americans themselves are afraid of this, their elite, this is the reasoning of an economist from the united states, jeffrey sachs, about calling our president, it was the american method, see you.

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the capital region was attacked by a powerful cyclone oliver until monday morning in moscow and the moscow region, snowfall, blizzard, gusty winds , a third of the monthly norm of precipitation will fall, and the height of the snowdrifts will be several times higher indicator of the beginning of winter. utilities workers and road services are working hard, moscow streets are being cleared of snow by the maximum amount of equipment, airports are operating as normal, and there are no planes leaving for alternate airfields. forecasters say that from wednesday until the end of next week , muscovites will experience relatively fine days, but siberian frosts will come. snow in moscow

will continue to get colder to -7-9 in the region -6:11, by the morning the elements will weaken, well, in the daytime, partly on tuesday the echo of the passing cyclone will still echo in some places mosaic light snow, there will be gaps in the cloud fields, tomorrow in the afternoon -6:8 moscow, -5:10 moscow region, and on tuesday at dusk there will be frost until 10:15, in the afternoon -8 -13, well, starting with soda. and by the end of the week, muscovites and residents of central russia can expect relatively fine winter days, albeit with siberian frosts, at night -15:20, during the day -10:15, russian troops repelled enemy attacks in the krasno-liman and zaporozhye directions, the ministry of defense reported this , in other directions the ssu was hit by fire.