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of czech gold and industry. in may 1939, just 3 months before germany's attack on poland, hitler and mussolini signed the so-called steel pact, a treaty of mutual assistance and alliance in the event of war with any third country. on september 1

, 1939, hitler's troops invaded poland. soon, on its territory... concentration camps were created to exterminate people. over 18 million people passed through german camps during the war. their personal belongings became an important source of income for the nazis. these valuables were divided into several categories: gold bars, gold and silver coins, forks, knives, jewelry, gold and diamond rings, wrist and pocket watches. gold dental crowns. gold from the death camps was deposited in the swiss national bank. according to the most general estimates, the germans confiscated tens of tons of gold from residents of the occupied countries, amounting to about 150 million dollars. this figure does not include those items and

jewelry that were sold en masse through state pawnshops in germany. in the early stages of the war. the forties, due to robbery, forced labor, confiscation of the shameless, so to speak, pumping over of germany, these material and technical resources of the annexed countries, yes , a sufficiently high level of population was ensured, but by what means was this achieved, by robbery, destruction of foreign countries, due to the huge number of forced workers gathered in germany, who... worked under completely, so to speak, humiliating conditions, few remembers, but even from prosperous czechoslovakia 600,000 were sent to productive work in germany, and how many from the soviet union, and how many from france, all this was. the beginning of the second world war allowed germany to avoid a financial crisis, but

new problems arose. the achilles heel of the third reich was the lack of strategic raw materials, without which the military industry could not work. and the wehrmacht to fight. there was no money to buy imported raw materials in berlin. and relying on american and english loans, hitler could no longer. with the outbreak of war and the naval blockade of germany by the british fleet, foreign supplies were reduced to a minimum. the shortage of iron ore, bauxite, tin, platinum, rubber and oil was especially acute, as well as alloying minerals such as molybdenum, nickel, chromium or tungsten, which were added to metal alloys and significantly improved their strength and quality. and this, by the way, dealt a great blow to the german tank industry, because these weapons could be made from low-carbon steel, and that's when the reich became

to lose supplies of alloying materials, the quality of german armor fell sharply, and one can even say that, for example, the armor of tanks produced in the thirties-1 and panzer-2, it was of the highest quality, the armor of the king tigers was, on the contrary, of quality. the problem of the shortage of alloying additives was solved by hitler with the help of contraband supplies from spain, portugal and turkey. these countries declared their neutrality in the war, but continued to trade with germany. as expected , spain and portugal took a pro-german position. spain-portal was the gate supplies to the reich of such a strategic material as valfram, with which the germans coped with soviet heavy tanks in 1941, tens of thousands, i am not exaggerating, these are tens of thousands of sub-caliber shells, that is, shells with

a hard core that could penetrate even the armor of the kv from 400 m, which was made of valfram carbide for germany. in berlin, they relied on the tactics of blitzkrieg, lightning war. this is how denmark was occupied in the spring of 1940, followed by norway. in may of the same year hitler captured belgium, holland and france. the germans took 350,000 cars from belgium, confiscated 5,000 locomotives from france and captured most of the country's industrial capacity. by the summer of 1941 , every fourth tank in the german army was czech or french, and one of

the most powerful tanks of the wehrmacht during the attack on the ussr was the french b-2. half of the super-heavy guns that subsequently shelled leningrad and sevastopol were produced in france and the czech republic. french firms themselves were ready to take orders from germans, since occupied france was starving and there were big problems with... pleasure, naturally, in search of a way out of this situation there were people who said to the germans: let us produce something for you. the main supplier of iron ore for the factories of nazi germany was sweden, which declared its neutrality. during the war, the swedes sold the germans over 45 million tons of high-quality ore with a high iron content. in the first years of the war , almost every second casting was made from swedish ore german shell. sweden and finland occupy a special position, finland was drawn

into the orbit of the nazi bloc, and sweden was not even drawn in, but given that they actually found themselves surrounded by germans on all sides, they had no other trading partners, and the swedes were again forced and again constantly afraid that they would be occupied, and they supplied the germans with iron ore until... with the help of hitler, mannerheim hoped to regain the lost territories. they had

a slogan that the territory with minimal the length of the border. how could this minimum length of the border be ensured? by capturing the kola peninsula, capturing huge areas of karelia, and indeed in this case it would have been possible to fence oneself off from the rest of the soviet union by the white sea, to obtain a short border. well, at the same time receiving huge territories, including those with mineral deposits. bulgaria, slovakia, romania and hungary entered into an alliance with nazi germany. berlin received significant support from the regent of the hungarian kingdom, miklas horthy and the romanian dictator ion antonescu. romania became the main supplier of oil for the wehrmacht. in 1940, romanian oil supplies amounted to.

everyone was thinking about territorial acquisitions, romania wanted to annex not only

bessarabia, which it had returned to itself after 1940, but also wanted transistria up to the dnieper, so grab all these areas, odessa was to become a romanian city. the hungarians were quite satisfied with this annexation of transylvania and the yugoslav lands that the soviets did not grab. they did not aim for territory, but to be honest, no soldiers of the hitler coalition showed such cruelty. and such races as the hungarians. in the summer of 1941 , in most major european cities occupied by the wehrmacht, mass demonstrations in support of the war with the soviet union took place. this planned propaganda action was supported by many residents who sympathized with hitler and considered communism

a threat to europe. for the sake of fighting it, people were ready to take up arms. germany, it was popular in many countries with the idea of ​​hitlerism, which really raised the country from its knees, tore up the versailles treaty, it was very important, military victories inspired such sympathy for germany, so we know that in many countries, including great britain, there were serious and in france there were pro-fascist parties, in sweden they were, not to mention czechoslovakia and there, let's say the same poland, which were oriented towards germany, at first those who made up these foreign ones. according to the laws of germany foreigners could not serve in the wehrmacht. for this reason , separate national troops were formed from european volunteers.

first of all, the armed forces of nazi germany accepted the so-called volksdeutsche, germans living outside the reich. belonging to the german nation was established by family history, language, name and other characteristics. each volksdeutsche was registered in a special bureau, received a special document, the "volkslist" , and certain benefits, including better food and special legal status. and due to the annexation of territories, the population of germany increased.

during the war, dozens of such formations were formed in belgium, holland, france, italy, denmark and norway. the largest national formation was the spanish blue division, named for the color of the shirts worn by supporters of general frank. more than 18 thousand people joined the division. in july 1940.

from spain. volunteer formations in some regions of europe were originally created as a unit of the ss troops. in 1944, when the german army suffered serious defeats, most foreign units were also renamed ss armies. according to himmler's plan, this was to raise the morale of the volunteers, since the ss was initially considered the elite troops of the third reich. national socialism created its own images, but first of all this

is connected, of course, with the image of the ss man. the ss accepted people of high stature. just blonds with blue eyes, dressing them in the same uniform, just sewn for them, hugo bosses showing parades with their participation, of course, the national socialists achieved a lot, that is, this form, later received the sad designation, the black death, it was called in the occupied territories, because it was the ss that was associated, subsequently, with the most brutal extermination of the population in all the countries that... occupied nazi germany. if we talk about the level of military training, then it was the ss that differed for the worse from the army units. the ss men. forty- forty-one year are worse armed and worse trained, but all ideological all with tattoos. later there was a period when

these first formations, they became the elite, in addition to this they began to recruit, as they say, a drop from all sides of europe, that is, this began to blur. in order not to confuse national formations with the german ss, himmler suggested calling them waf or legions, and ... 58% of the total number of ss troops. there were foreign volunteers from almost most european countries, there were belgians, for example, there were danes, there were norwegians who voluntarily joined the ss troops, and, as they say, reached. as part of it there viking to the caucasus, everyone fought, the french put a huge number of two two hungarian divisions, two

croatian divisions, two french divisions were called charliman, ours is the odious ss galicia was also 12, yes there was a fact of participation of the finns, a small country with a small population, they put up a whole battalion, this battalion fought until forty-third year as part of the famous norдland regiment, which was part of the viking division, no less famous, all this was. ss in the occupied territories of the soviet union were created in the baltic republics. there were three such units: two latvian and one estonian division. unique newsreel footage shows the training of the estonian ss division in the winter of 1943.

these were volunteers who were used against the civilian population, if initially to create police battalions, then very quickly the german occupation authorities appreciated the ardor of these volunteers in the destruction of undesirable elements, began to use them for counter-partisan warfare, to destroy settlements on the territory of belarus, russia, ukraine, for guarding concentration camps and for other various unseemly actions, in particular the infamous operation winter magic, in which approximately out of five thousand punitive forces, 4.5 were

latvian police battalions, they were tasked with completely burning out all populated areas in the territories that bordered latvia, during this punitive expedition between 10 and 12 thousand people died, and more than 7,000, mostly women and children , were driven into the territory of latvia and germany and some of them went through the salovsky concentration camp. if we talk about what distinguished them, then, oddly enough, it was the french of the baltic who remained the last defenders of hitler's reich chancellery, they stood on the approaches to the reich chancellery and...

would have surrendered, and we, despite very serious losses, despite the shortcomings that we had, despite the huge number of failures and defeats, even in these conditions we were able to hold out, we were able

to hold out. we were able to ultimately win. hitler's germany capitulated on may 7, 1945. in december that same year, the allies established a tripartite gold commission to return valuables to european countries. gold bars were mainly sought in banks of neutral countries. turkey, portugal and argentina refused to let auditors into their bank vaults. and out of more than 800 tons of gold stolen by the germans, less than half was returned by 1997, only 329 tons. the fate of the remaining valuables remains unknown.

mom, what are these letters for? for a fairy tale, in the three ninth kingdom, the three tenth state.

this is russia 24, we continue to report on the main news of today. 103 russian servicemen, released from ukrainian captivity, have returned to their homeland. now they will undergo treatment and rehabilitation in the institutions of the ministry of defense. among those meeting the special board was our correspondent yegor grigoriev. he talked to several soldiers. il-76 at the main terminal of the military airfield, the ramp is open on board. long, but we are glad that we finally returned well, i expected the worst, got the best, the torture was home, we waited a whole month, it was worth it expectations, the girl was so happy that she even cried.

my emotions were indescribable.