which the astronaut is exposed to, and additional wet wipes that were laid between - that's all over the volume of kayota, possibly reduced this effect to such an extent that i didn't record any of these flashes at all. the radiation level on the iss is measured in different ways, because its dose varies from compartment to compartment, it is also affected by the uneven thickness of the skin, the installed equipment, therefore each astronaut carries... in a special pocket his own individual dosimeter, wherever it is, the device will take into account the total dose radiation received during the entire flight, but there is a nuance. research has shown that inside the astronaut's body, due to the self-shielding of organs, a further transformation of the dose field occurs, and neglect is impossible, and it is also necessary to measure not just the dose in the shirt pocket, but the so-called doses to critical organs, it is impossible to place a dosimeter directly in them, therefore, doctors use fabrics invented by them. equivalent

phantoms mannequins like the european rand or the russian matryoshka r. here is this experiment russian is called motryoshka and is designed to understand how much radiation an astronaut receives during a flight. this ball imitates a body, there are dosimeters inserted into it, which. we take them out and return them to earth, after which scientists look at how much radiation has accumulated, the throughput of this ball corresponds to the human body, it is made of such material, the result of one of the largest scientific studies in this area was published in the journal science, the main characters of the study were the brothers astronauts scott and mark kelly, while one of them was on the ground, the second spent almost a year on the iss. show comparison.

scott and mark, their physiology, immunity, metabolism, cardiovascular system and much more. as a result, it turned out that most of the body's functions were not affected by being in space, but some indicators changed significantly and did not return.

track, so there is a danger. it is likely that space radiation reduces the life expectancy of astronauts. by several years, especially for those who participates in long orbital flights, because radiation has a cumulative effect, and this creates a limit on the duration of a person's stay in space. according to our estimates, the maximum duration of such a flight is about 4 years, but no cosmonaut has ever flown for that long, here the long-lived cosmonauts are about 1.00 days, they flew for about 3 years, so the limit has not yet been exceeded. 4 years in total spent on the mki. at first glance, this is

a lot, but only if you do not take into account the scale tasks that humanity sets for itself. we are making ambitious plans to explore mars, a manned mission to the red planet alone will take about 500 days, and in long-distance space flights the impact of radiation is much stronger than in the earth's orbit, protected by the planet's magnetic field, a similar problem arises in the construction of lunar bases, so that radiation does not interfere with the implementation of these plans, it is necessary to develop materials that protect astronauts much better than the iss skin. astronaut from space radiation protect only 3 mm of alloyed aluminum, such is the thickness of the wall of the international... space station, while the aluminum itself, which is used in the manufacture of the bodies of spacecraft and orbital stations, has the best energy-mass characteristics, but at the same time poorly protects against radioactive radiation, and in the event of high-energy

proton flares e arising from the sun e itself can become a source of neutron radiation, which is quite dangerous for astronauts. much better than aluminum from cosmic radiation protects plastic, but if you try to make a spaceship out of it, it will be too heavy. another option is to strengthen the radiation protection, create a space in the skin in which water will circulate, but the crew itself needs it, it is not yet clear how to replenish its reserves. therefore, space engineers are now looking for new, more effective and lighter protective materials. for example, nasa is looking for a way to use nitritoboron nanotubes , theoretically. they can be built into the skin of the ship and the material of the spacesuits, thus, reducing the impact of radiation on astronauts to a minimum, although this material is still in the process of research and testing. russia also has its own developments, for example, this unique composite, it was created at the belgorod state technological university,

together with the cosmonaut training center. the uniqueness of the developed composite material lies in the fact that it simultaneously has high... energy-mass characteristics and has high efficiency of protection against proton, electron, photon and neutron radiation. in addition, the material can withstand high temperature differences in outer space. such properties of the composite material are provided by its composition, the combination of heavy and light elements and the technology of its manufacture, due to which uniform. separation of components within the polymer matrix is ​​ensured, which achieves high homogeneity of the resulting composite material, confirmed by tests in space conditions, in february 2022, two samples were delivered to the iss scientific equipment, these were two cylindrical containers made of polymer

composite, inside them there were special detectors-dosimeters, the device was placed near the porthole in one of the astronauts' cabins in the russian service module zvezda. the experimental samples of the developed polymer composite material underwent two-year tests on the russian segment of the international space station, and the results obtained via the communication system confirmed the high efficiency of the developed material. in the material there is no induced secondary radiation, which is formed as a result of exposure to galactic solar radiation. if all tests are successful , a decision will be made to introduce the material into the space industry. it is planned to use it for lining the inner surface of the cabins of orbital stations and for the manufacture of protective clothing for astronauts. in addition, in the future it is planned to test it on the outer surface of the iss. at the same time, to protect against

micrometeorite particles, e.e. on the surface additional protective coatings will be applied to the material. such work is already underway at our university. experts are confident that the creation of new materials will solve the problems of radiation protection of the crew in the future. however, in long-term manned missions, psychological difficulties become no less important, therefore, even before enrolling in the detachment, all future cosmonauts undergo the strictest selection. numerous tests, observation by specialists and interviews help determine whether the candidate is ready for all the hardships of space flight, no matter how high-quality the ground training was in... for me personally, it is more difficult not even in the physical sense, because my adaptation to weightlessness always happens very quickly, but in the psychological sense.

here, at an altitude of several hundred kilometers, you miss the earth very much, your home, your loved ones, your usual activities, and in general... everything that remains down there. in space, a lot of different factors negatively affect a person's psychological state: distance from the earth, separation from family and loved ones, difficult work in zero gravity conditions associated with a risk to life, the change of day and night outside the window, occurring every 45 minutes and even the fans that are always running, this is the source of sound, noise, which is present at the station 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, this noise is quite intense, quite strong, eh, of course, it probably tires, of course, it can negatively affect the cosmonaut's hearing, if -

therefore, if you understand this, then you immediately begin

to understand that for there six, seven, eight , then this is the length of this set of about 100 m, a person, these are quite large volumes, and if the number of the crew is reduced there to three people, there were such cases during my first flight, then in general i had the feeling that i ended up on a sea golan, because i understand that there are people at the base station, i even sometimes see someone flashing... i would like to separately say a big thank you to the psychological support group, these are

the girls who work in tsupa and provide us with a comfortable psychological - comfortable psychological atmosphere. and how? of course, first of all, these are video dumps, they form - video files according to our requests, every day there is a download. constant examination, constant monitoring, they know that specialists on the ground are monitoring their condition, therefore privacy situations

are very valuable, precious, for this purpose there really are dedicated communication channels, such as communication channels with the cosmonaut's relatives, with personal psychologists, when the cosmonaut can be as honest and open as possible, and this is of course great psychological support. but there is another part of the work of the psychological support service, which is absolutely invisible to the cosmonauts. but in fact there are psychologists in the mission control center and they monitor the dpc daily planning conference, that is, the recordings that the cosmonauts make for the mission control center specialists. this is an absolutely working process, in which there is little psychological component, but the psychologists manage to single out certain patterns of interaction between the cosmonauts and by specialists on the ground, by specialists from the center for strategic studies , or by researchers. for example, using content analysis, that is, analyzing human statements. in the future, we hope to

also receive information on intonations. interaction with colleagues during long-term expeditions is a separate object of study for psychologists from the institute of medical and biological problems. well, at present, our laboratory is conducting the experiment "interactions two" on board the iss. and this experiment is aimed at studying the influence of stress factors of space flight. that. multinational on the effectiveness of group interaction, crew cohesion, on the unity of values ​​and in general on the climate in a small group. and the experiment has been conducted for more than 10 years, in order to expand the program of this experiment, specialists have developed a set of equipment called homeostat, it allows you to study how effectively the crew solves joint operator tasks, now i am holding in my hands the homeostat kit, well,

in general the device consists of four tablets. because as a rule we have no more than four cosmonauts are simultaneously on board the russian, each cosmonaut takes a tablet like this, they launch a program that unites the tablets into a single network, and then they perform the operator's task. another device that has recently entered service with psychologists is an actigraph. with its help, scientists want to compare the overall physical activity of an astronaut on the iss with how his activity manifests itself in relationships with other. crew members, in fact, this is just a smart watch based on garmin, but unlike on earth there are almost never any steps on the iss, except for the situation when they run on the track, so we also wrote specialized software that measures raw motor activity, and also measures the pulse and

temperature of the wrist, well, the peculiarity of such a set is that especially for oleg kanonenko, each cargo ship progress delivers chocolate confectionery to orbit, in general, familiar earthly products - this is also a kind of measure of psychological support. of course, yes, the astronauts are very happy about this,

they are waiting for this, in fact, they have very limited sensory. social conditions they are happy with everything new that can arrive in orbit, especially if it is a long flight for an astronaut, of course, the psyche needs new impressions, new emotions, preferably positive ones. an excellent source of positive emotions, talking with relatives and friends on earth. previously, this was difficult, relatives of astronauts flying on the orbital station had to write letters or go to the mission control center for short video communication sessions. now, thanks to new technologies, talk to your loved ones. using special applications on our computers for this. by the way, about new technologies, virtual reality may soon come to the iss, at least such work is already underway at the institute of medical and biological problems. cosmonauts

are in a long-term flight, they are together all the time, especially if it is a new ship. long-term space flight, it is assumed that they will have some privacy deficit, which we observe in our model experiments, and they it is necessary, well, to distance yourself, to unload, to get into some kind of your personal space, here our colleagues at the institute created such a virtual space, where you can create rooms for yourself, you can take up a hobby, read, sit by the fireplace, you can draw. even go to the cinema, there are several rooms there, well, in general , the direction of virtual reality is actively developing with us now, because many psychological techniques, they are quite standardized and it is well known that they help, there are suggestive techniques, relaxation, they can be programmed in virtual or augmented reality glasses.

at the institute of medical and biological problems , they work for the long term. it was here that the unique isolation experiment mars 500 was conducted. the simulation of the flight to the red planet took place in a specially equipped ground complex and lasted almost a year and a half. three russians, a frenchman, an italian and a chinese proved that in such conditions an international crew can quite successfully coexist in the confined space of a spaceship. another interesting space experiment siririus-21. it involved five members of the international crew, three men and two women. a... they spent 240 days in conditions simulating the work of a real space expedition on the lunar orbital station and the surface of the moon. the dream of mankind has always been a journey to...

cosmism, and he sincerely believed that the true purpose of mankind is to break out of the earth, to master other planets of the solar system, and then to engage in a full-fledged study of the galaxy,

learn to live among the stars, when you hear about such fantastic things, the thought involuntarily creeps in, it is absolutely unattainable, many find it difficult to even imagine that such an earthly and fragile creature as a person is capable of surviving in the cold, inhospitable and extremely dangerous... space, only the next achievements of astronauts, record holders give us hope that people will really be able to live among the stars. with age, changes in vision can change familiar things. toufon is designed for nutrition, recovery and preserving youthful eyes, it is recommended to use daily for 3 months three courses per year, tuufon is now in a new package designed specifically for course

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this is russia 24 we'll get back to the news review a little later, right now a new issue of besagon tv and nikita mikhalkov's author's view on... so our holidays are over, dear friends, and we are together again, but i know that during all this time we have not parted with you, because on weekends you had the opportunity to watch. and

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