violet range, thermal and so on, that's how realistic it is or, because the internet now has a lot of things to say, it's a miracle, but it's technically feasible, by the way, i want to say that blindside, as elon musk called his development, is not quite the right name, it's scientific, it's something else, it's when a person's visual cortex is damaged and he can't see, but the subcortical areas help him, nevertheless he doesn't feel.

not needed, well now we stimulate either, say, if the eye is damaged, then the retina affected, but you can stimulate other layers, say, ganglion cells and cause sensations, you can stimulate the optic nerve, you can stimulate the visual parts of the thalamus, you can stimulate the visual cortex, in fact, this is now the main approach, stimulation of the visual cortex, that is , you can have a representation of the visual field there. you can put electrodes there depending on where we stimulate, a person or an animal sees a flash of light, either in this part of the visual field or in another, and so on. accordingly, if we have an initial visual sensor, yes in the visual range, then this is vision, if some more exotic forms, say in the infrared range or i don’t know ultraviolet, then this will already be a modified vision. expansion

of visual functions, well, that is , electrical signals are really important to the brain, and what they come from, in what range really, yes, it turns out this is not so important, but how interesting it will look like this beautiful, well, probably, like a thermal imager, something like that, it means that our brain is already initially made to provide our natural sensory sensations, there is hearing, sight, touch and so on, so if. we stimulate in the visual cortex, then the original is something resembling normal vision, but if such a person with an implant practices with some new type of sensation, then it is possible that this sensation is modified depending on how he uses it, yes, this is generally interesting, so is an x-ray, okay, we will not do this, here i understand, the eye, then everything is really a sclera there is a crystal. all this is bypassed, and if

the optic nerve died, then it doesn't matter, if the optic nerve died, then the next - the next link is the thalamus, yes, but it usually doesn't go there, yes, because it can be seriously damaged, the next is the visual cortex, and there are actually many zones there, there is a primary, secondary, tertiary, a lot of visual zones, but the primary visual cortex is of greatest interest, because it is known that if... such flashes, let's say, if you put electrodes on the visual cortex and they saw several flashes, then they saw some contours of objects after all and so on, so it has already been shown that this is possible, here is mikhailberich, a question to this right away.

natural, after all this is for now, well in the future, in the near future, at the level of light of the absence of light or there is a white dark spot, or something still of higher quality, let's say so, so far this is all extremely unnatural, that is, this is not some kind of point, this is some kind of flash, it is not very bright, something like that was, but the hope here is that having received such a channel and a person can practice. and the brain in a plastic way modified learn to interpret this new information, so it will be better and better and better, learn, just from the patient here too a lot of work will be required, and this, by the way, is known from the example of cochliar implants, that is, when a stimulating electrode is placed in the inner ear to restore hearing, at first it is taken out completely unnaturally, the person cannot understand what it is, and then gradually.

we implanted, it seems to work, it can both record and stimulate, it's already embedded, it's all quite miniature, completely implanted, again, power is supplied, so most likely it will work in some form, yes, yes, in some form, we already understand

musk's approach to marketing, that is, at some point a person will appear, i will say that he has seen the light all over the world, well, it will be a bomb. ivan musk , so scrupulous in the scientific world, referred to you, i am so or a joint publication, this is also a question i understand that there are problems with this in big business too, but the question is not even in in this, how feasible is it, well, in these, well, we've already talked about this a little bit, but still, more specifically, to what extent can this whole technology be implemented? in the future, what here, yeah, well, as for my development, i was part of it, that is, a large number of scientists worked in this area, let's say, i worked with miguel nicolelis, by the way, he is known for his harsher statements regarding the mask, of course, yes, well, it could

be some kind of jealousy, well, in the future, a lot can be implemented, let's say, i i will give an example that similar experiments, like musk is doing now, on humans, so it is clear that everything that we once started is developing, developing, moving to medical applications, so here i am an optimist,

in our country this can exist, especially now in the current difficult conditions, regardless of elon musk, that is, it is as if absolutely yes, already our own in its own line it can move, or still... it is as if here in our country it is nice to see that many scientists are engaged in this area, neurointerfaces, neurostimulation, and businesses are also developing in the invasive field, but this is less and so in the non-invasive field, i know many people, even examples of the laboratories of scientific-rural institutes can be given, that is, yes, let's say non-invasive directions? non-invasive, here, if we talk about companies, the neyri company, very interesting, non-invasive developments, that is, say, a person puts on a headdress or headphones and this allows reading the electroenciphogram in this dry mode electrodes, where you don't need anything, don't wear

any electrode gel and so on, it starts to be read immediately, you can track what happens to a person throughout the day. how he gets tired or changes in emotions and give him some recommendations, so it works, it's practically at the level of what is being done in the world, that is, it is possible, it's like a holter, only not for the heart, but for the brain, yes , roughly speaking, and very much so, that is, it is clear that there is no lag here, so, well, what other companies could i note, there is neurobotics, neurotrend, neurochat, neurochat, a very interesting company here natalia galkina, alexander. koplan are engaged in this and there with the help of a visual signal a person gets the opportunity to communicate with the outside world, for example, to type on a computer and this is another way to activate attention, so it

helps people with a snout, and also helps people with speech problems, also helps with mild dementia. and they have developed greatly, as for invasive technologies, well here i, for example, would note my colleague vasily popkov, who is currently developing these technologies at moscow state university, they are printing very interesting electrodes that are placed on the surface of the brain, i think this will develop well, here in non-foreign invasive technologies we will also go up yes. glory to the sphere is such that it is always necessary to talk about the downsides, but now, since science still

has to, here are the problems in these invasive technologies that we are now facing, well in russia, let's talk about russia, how serious are they, how solvable are they , what is solvable, what is unsolvable, let's say so, here, then, the biggest problem for invasive technologies is the lack of biocompatibility, that is, as soon as we penetrate the brain with something, the brain... a complete guarantee, so - but it is interesting that in terms of stimulation, just this

rejection does not play such a significant role, that is, if we inserted stimulating electrodes somewhere and even if they are surrounded by connective tissue, they can no longer record, they can still stimulate, so here are these plans of the mask to create a visual prosthesis, i see optimistically, that's exactly it, yes. well , probably, if i'm right, i'm not a doctor, but if i understand correctly, it 's practically impossible to predict rejection in a specific individual, yes, in a specific brain or not, system, yes, probably, in the future it will be extremely difficult, or or it is possible, here i have some empirical experience on monkeys, it turns out that in older monkeys it takes root better, because the immune system is not so active and it doesn't reject right away, therefore. by analogy with people, i i would recommend this to older people

, and those who already understand, understand, understand, yes, experts have certain questions for ivan musk, among them, for example, is he creating another military technology, where do such suspicions in our review come from? development of a safe mobile system for reading and transmitting signals to various parts of the brain. quote from elon musk's presentation: nothing of the sort, the darpa program, the american administration. research projects the us department of defense has been trying to create for many years own neural interfaces and regularly reported on their successes, not hiding that they were developing them in the interests of national security agencies, read the american army, but since 2022, news from darpa on the topic of brain chips has practically ceased to appear in the media. surprisingly, this coincided with the presentation of the second generation of neuroling implants and the demonstration of the first experimental animals. this is initially about prior dual-use technology in simple terms. plans to create a cyborg from a person who will have the appropriate implementation cyber-physical solutions to enhance its

potential, both sensory and motor. here we are talking about increasing operational awareness about the inclusion of a specific fighter in a single contour of information support of the battle, a person will be able to receive the information that is received, for example, by a drone that is at altitude. it is quite obvious that the american military, at the very least, is closely monitoring the successes. offers the world devices that would be very useful on the battlefield, for example, the declared possibility of the blindside chip to grant a person infrared vision, yes, this is a built-in thermal imager, this chip assumes the provision of the function of various types of vision, including, for example , infrared, again, if we analyze from the point of view of combat use, then this is an expansion of the range of application of optical communication channels for a person, the suspicion is fueled by the fact that almost all of the famous billionaire's startups eventually become part of the us military machine.

elon musk dreamed of flying to mars and built heavy rockets for this. now they are launching into orbit almost exclusively satellites of the american and sometimes british army, well, or the starling group devices, which were presented as cheap internet to every home, eventually became a key element of communication of the armed forces of ukraine. the current national defense strategy of the united states of america puts interaction with the private sector. attracting private investment, small and medium enterprises, innovative, as one of the strategic priorities, and naturally, such... and well-known companies, such as those, that are connected with musk, they play a big role in this connection, to unite fighters in a network so that they exchange messages in radio silence mode, to control fpv drones with the power of thought, or in general to hack enemy defense systems without contact, well, would the pentagon miss such opportunities, we are again in the studio, mikhailbertych, among the critics

of this businessman, of course, the largest, of all his companies, technologies, sound.

uh, apparently, something non-invasive can be invented that records brain activity well, then they will go forward, so far we have reached such a degree of saturation with non-invasive interfaces, but this does not mean that they are not applicable in some ways, as i have already said, they can be used to track brain activity, uh, when a person is awake, when he is sleeping, this is very useful information. in medicine, a very important application is for neurorehabilitation, but if we want to develop some futuristic directions, that is, to read thoughts, to increase, as musk likes to repeat, the speed of information transfer, there in bits per second, here we need to focus on invasive interfaces, but the trend is that

these non-invasive interfaces are really developing, developing, and not... not yet at the stage that we will recommend it to everyone, it is not yet sufficiently clear, developed and safe, like you, well, of course, we also need to talk about the future, there are always some forecasts in science, well

, you already said that you have a positive outlook on this whole approach. if so in the first approximation, but still, how widespread will it be, i even have such a question arises, in a sense it is already widespread, because if you look at cochliar implants, then almost a million people around the world have received such implants, a million people already have neuroprostheses, then there are implants in the spinal cord for, say, suppression of chronic pain, also a lot of people. mm stimulators - deep brain stimulation, that is, the electrode is inserted somewhere 12 cm deep into the brain, helps patients. with parkinson's disease get rid of the symptoms of this disease, that is, it is already developing, and i i think it will gradually increase, well now, probably,

wealthy people can afford it, at some point, as a rule - these are expensive systems, that is , neurosurgery is needed here, not an expensive pleasure and the technologies of these chips themselves, all this is also expensive, but gradually... as it was with all other systems, take the phone, the phone was once wireless, huge, used by a millionaire and it worked poorly, now any person has a phone, it works well, it is accessible and not expensive, so it's the same will be with neuroimplants, and the most pleasant thing is that our country is probably far from being in last place here, we are trying, we are trying, as i already said about non-invasive.

people with what smartphones have become now, a gadget without which it is impossible to imagine life, how safe and reliable the technology will be depends on those who are now laying its foundation, professor of moscow state university mikhail lebedev answered questions from science. mikhailberich, thank you very much for the interesting conversation, i learned, well, personally i learned a lot, thank you, it was very interesting to talk. open a deposit the best percentage with an increased

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today in dagestan, mourning was declared for the victims of the explosion at a gas station near makhachkala, 10 people died there, among them two children, one more.