they said that when someone dear to you dies, you suffer, but gradually the wound heals, when you don’t even know whether your son is alive or dead? these women kept their sons’ beds made in case the son was coming soon. they often looked at the front door and said. we are in the sacred temple in karnyakko, now we are in the crypt, in the vault where the soldiers who died in battle in russia during the second world war are buried. the relations between our peoples today are very warm, so much so that the russians gave us here the lamp of their brother, where always burns: oil in memory of our fallen

soldiers. the first urn with the ashes of fallen italians was delivered from russia in 1990, and today almost 90 thousand soldiers have been reburied in italy, all of them have been given military honors, but they are not called heroes, they simply honor the memory of the victims of that monstrous, as they now understand, mistake. here also lies the chaplain of one of the alpine divisions, doncarlochi, a modest army priest, whom...

millions of people in england, america, occupied europe. prayed for the victory of the russians at stalingrad, the defeat on the volga became such a catastrophe for the third reich that the nazis were never able to recover from it. the battle of stalingrad, according to.

to burn, and the water from kamyshin to astrakhan was the volga, and the water mixed with the fuel and became like a ring of fire. veterans of the battle of stalingrad said that in some places there was simply no front line as such, where ours were, where the enemy, it was impossible to understand, the same position in the morning could be behind...

miroshnikova lived in stalingrad from the beginning of the war, studied medicine, when the germans began their attack on the city, she refused from evacuation, could not leave her parents, so she ended up at the front. felscher. it seemed to him that a little more, one more division, and the city would be taken. even when the sixth army was surrounded, the leader of the third reich with

fanatical persistence ordered to fight to the last soldier. in the end, we said that paulus, he is a fool, he could have acted differently. he could have saved half the army, but he was hitler's subordinate, and hitler had said before: "we cannot retreat." on january 30 , 1942, paulus received a radiogram from hitler's headquarters. the führer did not promise him help. instead, he informed his general about his promotion to field marshal, hinting: not a single german field marshal in history had ever been captured. but in russia, german military history failed. in february of 1942 , germany.

asked, how can we help you, in what? you personally? that's all, he said, i don't need anything, show my soldiers medical care, feed them, we had three whole months, we took in prisoners, germans, and here in france in the canton of boulay, soviet prisoners of war were treated, trains arrived here with occupied territories, then there were two ways, those who were able to work were sent. those who were too weak to walk were left to be sent to a supposed hospital, i said this because it was not a real hospital, it was called

a hospital, but there were practically no doctors or medicines, in short, they were left there to die. in 1991, during his visit to moscow, us president george bush told gorbachev that the collapse of the union was not in the interests of america, that he would go to kiev, the capital of the soviet ukraine, to convince ukrainians not to leave the ussr. ukraine was still a republic

of the soviet union. it was still subordinate to moscow, and gorbachev could have banned the american president from flying to kiev. but he didn't. on august 1, bush spoke in the verkhovna rada. centuries ago, your ancestors called this country ukraine or border, because your steppes lie between europe and asia. but ukrainians have now become border guards of a different kind. today, you explore the borders and contours of freedom. we will support those who intend to follow democracy and economic freedoms. this was, of course, a challenge to moscow, which it swallowed. three months later, immediately after the referendum on sovereignty, the united states recognized the independence of ukraine. the west was interested in rapprochement with ukraine, the west made it clear to ukraine that

if it wanted to become part of nato someday, it was welcome. ukraine without moscow. ukraine without moscow. ukraine! glory to ukraine! to the heroes! glory!

coincidence or not, but the kiev maidan happened exactly 100 years after the the first mass demonstration of ukrainian nationalists in russian history. on february 1 , 1914 , a crowd of several thousand people moved along kiev's khreshchatyk, shouting, "long live russia, long live an independent ukraine." an eyewitness to these events and the famous publicist mikhail menshikov wrote: so, we have waited for this disgrace. in kiev , the banner of separation of little russia from russia has been thrown out. smashing shops and stores, the crowd moved toward the austrian consulate. cossack units were led into the city, the police reported that they had detained several dozen

participants of the riots. the liberal public in st. petersburg and moscow were indignant, what nonsense, what nationalists on khreshchatyk state newspapers are lying? this is actually progressive youth, celebrating the birthday of the poet taras shevchenko, but the police department knew, the demonstration was organized by the mazepinites, so named by hetman mozep and the traitor peter i, a policeman. in kiev, in volyn, in poltava and chernikovskaya, on the territory of the whole of southern russia, fierce propaganda of the ideas of ukrainian separatism is being carried out, numerous agitators, both foreign and local with all the...

stepchildren, you baptized yourselves elders, we would like to be younger, but not yours, there are so many of you, it's a pity, faceless, you are huge, we are great, these poems were written in february 2014, young kiev resident anastasia dmitruk, of course, could not know that in her poems she practically literally quotes polish publicists of the late 18th century, it was they who 200 years ago formulated the theory.

of a great ukrainian state, which in reality never existed, there was a russian state, it began with kievan rus, it was there that the russian people were baptized, and kiev became the center that united around itself the russian principalities from the carpathians to the vladimir-suzdyl forests, there lived, this is a historical fact, a single russian people, wherever they lived, in gallich, in vladimir on the klyazma in...

they are called the laurentian chronicle and the epatiev chronicle, and the most amazing thing is that these two versions are scattered in two corners of the russian world, one is the suzdol land, and the other is for... western rus, what we now call western ukraine, and this is the same text. kiev is the spiritual center around which not just the russian state, but the entire russian civilization was created. at the end of the 12th century, kiev loses its significance and influence, it is no longer the political center of rus.

the galicia-volyn and vladimir-suzil principalities become two new centers of the russian world. one in the west, the other in the northeast, the final split occurs after the mongol invasion, northeastern rus falls into dependence on the horde, and the western becomes part of poland and the grand duchy of lithuania. there was an understanding that they were russian and that in moscow, in the moscow state, russians also lived, but somewhat different ones. in moscow, they also believed that these lands, firstly, were our rurikovich patrimony and were illegally seized there, by lithuania, by the poles, and that they also lived there.

in 1596, a number of bishops of the kiev metropolitanate , headed by metropolitan mikhail ragoza himself, declared their acceptance of the catholic faith and submission to the pope. on october 9, 1596, at the council in brest, the union on the creation of the greek catholic church or as it is more often called the uniate church was adopted.

at the same time, the newly created churches held services according to the byzantine rite.

honestly, i say, in europe , a periphery is needed for prosperity, and now a project is especially interesting, when the former russia can be included in this periphery, cheap labor and space for economic and, above all , commodity expansion, everything needs to be distributed somewhere, this is also the price for european integration, because ukraine also needs to remember this during the 16th-17th centuries was the main breadbasket of europe, london, paris. were supplied with southern russian bread, in order for this bread to be cheap, it was necessary that its cost price was close to zero, that is what was actually provided by the system

of the most brutal exploitation of the local population, so people began to think, who are we, here we live in poland, we want to go to poland, they don’t accept us, why because we are russian, we are orthodox, and where else do orthodox russians live, wow, there, beyond the eastern border in the muscovite kingdom they live freely, which means they have their own king, the anointed of god, they had two options: the first is to flee to the co-religionist russian empire in the russian state, moscow, or, accordingly, raise this uprising, which bohdan khmelnytsky managed to turn into a large-scale war against the polish state, which as a result lost part of the territory, namely the left bank, we simply lost our historical chance then, and it is good to look critically at our...

nichnik, and the residents of kiev or poltava called maloros. by the end of the 18th century, weakened and torn apart by internal contradictions, poland ceased to play any important role in

european politics. in 1772, its neighbors, prussia, austria-hungary and the russian empire , partially divided the lands of the once powerful state among themselves. but this is generally a question of how much we, how our civilization, how much it had the strength to raise such a huge part of europe, maybe we were too much, it was pride, that it seemed to us that we could, it was a huge space, finally poland ceased to exist in 1795, when the great powers carried out the third partition of the polish lands, galicia, transcarpathia and bukovina, populated by russians, or as they said then. the rusyns went to austria-hungary, almost all the territories of kievan rus went to the russian empire. so, here is a map of the russian empire, here is the territory of kievan

rus.

attitude to russians, if the little russians, ukrainians are a separate people with their own culture and history, then it turns out that russia has no historical rights to the lands west of the dnieper, including kiev. it turns out, that then there is no gathering of russian lands, it turns out then that russia captured and occupied malorossia, ukraine. potocki's propaganda was, of course, primarily calculated for the western reader, who traditionally had a poor idea of ​​what malarus was? all of russia, kiev and where is all this located? we can clearly see how neighbors called the same ukrainians, they practically called them rus until the 20th century. and the poles, czechs, hungarians, romanians, all who generally surround this territory, they never doubted that what begins in the carpathian region is rus. but it was the polish publicists who, by the beginning of the 19th century

, turned the topographic term ukraine into the name of the country. in 1801, the polish bibliophile and publicist tadeusz chatsky published his work under the title about the name ukraine due to the birth of the cossacks. this was a new stage in the formation of ukrainianism as an ideology. tadeusz chatsky defined it even more clearly: ukrainians-little russians are not russians, they are a special people. chatsky traced the history of the ukrainians from the horde of ancient ukrs, which allegedly back in in the 7th century, they migrated from zavolga, from somewhere in the urals to podneprovsk. the fact that neither polish nor russian chroniclers ever mentioned any ukrainians did not bother chatsky at all. these theories would probably have remained intellectual games if not for one thing. tsar alexander i, a liberal westerner, favored the polish nobility, considering it more educated and well-mannered than the russians. under alexander, the poles played important roles at court in the academy of sciences. the empire's mit.