there are other things done beyond the studies. some might be useful. i talked to joel about this. it would be great to have a collection of real on ground so you can deal with the explicit issue of climate change whether or not reservoir rules have been adjusted already. what's actually been done? what changes have we seen? success stories would be very valuable to a lot of management in different places what has not been done? unfortunately, my list is longer here. a few flood examples in 2002 the california flood management task force held a hearing and a number of speakers came and talked about climate change and change of the way we do flood

changing and maybe i'm miss reading the flood change task force but i would argue they ignore that and nothing they recommend took climate change into account. we no, fema, flood map's don't incorporate future risks and some say they don't adequately incorporate flood risks. the story we heard from david on often does but insurance companies are interested in this because they obviously have a financial stake in that and we may see some changes in insurance policies. after katrina, the new orleans levies were built to the exact same standards before. i didn't want to argue about

the height but they certainly did not include climate change and one would argue they built them at an ineffective manner to begin with but they did not rebuild with climate change. brad said the colorado river and it's use of,hydrology, and it occurred to me, why are they not addressing climate change. why is the bureau not integrating it into the analysis of the system and i'll come back to an example of that in a moment. we have not yet done in california a systematic assessment of reservoirs. there have been some studies on

specific reservoirs or river basins and how flexible or inflexible they might be under existing rules and there are a couple of studies that look at different kinds of reservoir rules but not systematically and i don't think there's been any system reoperation. corner me later and tell me i'm wrong but i would argue that on the demand for water. it has been mentioned a couple of times here. seattle may have done that and port land may have integrated it into management. temperature is going up, demand for water is going up. how many of our water agencies include in their demand forecast for the year 3020, 3050, climate effects on demand.

the last california water plant did a much better job of acknowledging the issue of climate change but not yet adequately took action. we're beginning to work now on the next one and the intention i believe, is there will be a more deeper analysis and i look forward to that. next slide. this is a graph, and i want to say couple of things. this is from a study that a coleague of mine did on impacts of changes on colorado river. we looked at climate general circulation models from hypo thetic there's a lot of information and this is a small piece of that. this shows frequency and volume of uncontrolled spills which is

basically meaning floods. these are percent changes of flow on,x factors. 10, five, ten, twenty percent changes on flows. those are plausible in colorado. the,y axis is number of years in which we get plugs out of records. 78 years. there are two things to catch from this. one, is first of all, the vulnerability of the relative moderate increase of flow in the colorado. a ten percent increase in flow. changes the number of years with uncontrolled spills, floods, from six out of 78 in

the data case to 16 out of 78 years some more than doubles the ten percent increase, more than doubles the years you have uncontrolled spills and different colors, blue is little spills and most are red the big ones. sorry the smaller one. you don't get really big spills undercurrent conditions. but when a 20 percent increase in flow your getting more inflows. the system is sincetive to climate. the second important point here is, this whole project. assessing the risk, assuming we operate the system the same way thomas we operating today, we were told when we proposed the project we could not change the

operating rules that reservoirs and could not change water rights and change the rule of the law of the river, basically. we had to do assessment of the water vulnerability in current conditions. that's a key point. how vulnerable are we - not under existing conditions although this is important information to know - but how vulnerable would be be if we had the flexibility to change the way we operate and that's a we question. and that races something more important than science and that's politics. next slide. what shouldn't be done? don't assume future climate will look like the past. actually i'll say it one more time on the conclusion. do not justify actions using climate change without the

science to support them unless their justified for other reasons. i'm going to poke a bear here - a big bear - but he's not in the room so can't kick me out. the governor proposed two new surface reservoirs in california and the large part of the back up justification was issue of climate change and the terrible impact on storage. people are not doing to believe this, not opposed to new damages but i'm apposed to amdams. i think it's a great way to evaluate new,dams or possibilities for them in california it's not good enough reason to build them and that's

an important distinction. ironically we're having this same debate in nuclear power. climate change is a great thing to open the debate for nuclear power but by itself, not a good argument to build new nuclear power plants. there's economics, basic global problems, things that have not disperiod. >> climate change is a new justification for doing assessment but not necessarily an argument for doing certain large investments and building things and we have to be careful about building infrastructure for the wrong reasons. i won't say anymore about that. let me conclude. manager's and planners, city and state water manager's can no longer assume the water

conditions and climate change will look like the past. that's how we designed the rules by which we operate. our water resources are sensitive to climate. but our systems are sensitive to the way we manage what we build. we have to think not just about the,hydrology, but also management. as chuck said, we spend billions of billions of dollars building a very sophisticated system in the west united states and it's complicated and let's test it. draw down the river 25 feet and see if our models are right. there's a lot of things we can do with models without physically doing it.

there's compelling scientific evidence that posted challenges to our water systems. unfortunately, there's pretty serious evidence that we may not about quickly or effectively enough to prevent some pretty extensive consequences for us. i think that's a problem. . manager's must use current tools but also look at future risks. policy manager's have the opportunity to do this. we already manager for variability and risk. we build homes in earthquake zones not knowing how big or when the earthquake will be. but we manager risks and we have lots of tools for doing that management but we're not doing enough yet. either in planning or actually on the ground action.

we do need to take more on the ground action. ultimately the impact will depend on our ability to for see major changes and do the analysis and adopt and implement changes and this is in the face of surprises, because as much as we know, there will be surprises and things we won't know in advance, and we rely on our ability to be innovative. thank you very much. [applause] this is main street on a one to five hundred year flood. mississippi river. this is my last slide. >> thank you very much. we're going to look for questions and we have people with microphones that will take your questions. one quick comment i would like to make and i agree perhaps

we're not looking at water manager's solely as climate change for doing things, but water managers i've seen are doing investments with that volatility in mind and reduces in this. i know from 1990 to present we've increased our storage capacity tenfold. doing this understanding this. our system delivers water to largest reservoir we have increased,cff, ability ten times. we expect water to be more volatile and want to move it in there quickly. we take the same imported water in 2007, despite adding two million more people. there's action being taken with

variability and risk in mind as we see climate change as part of that. all right. i saw a question over here. >> hi i'm dave erickson, we work on local solutions reducing greenhouse gas emissions. we have reductions and we're also very aware that governor targets the state 80 percent reduction 80 percent by 2050. given this need to reduce greenhouse gases significantly and given the direct relationship between water use and energy of greenhouse gas issues, do you think it's going to beness at a local level to put a cap, or a limit on the

absolute amount of water that's used, or to start putting in place policies - such as no net increase in water - you say in a general plan or something like that further tests? >> couple of thoughts about action at the local level and those are not sort of tools we've thought about but there's interesting things happening the cities for climate control campaign. something like 50 municipalities signed up. so through the general purpose around the west about 50 western water providers are part of that campaign already. the municipal water district when jarrod hudson was the first to sign up for that from a new system provider. i think it's a real opportunity

for water to step up in that. there are folks from the santa clara valley, looking at a range of local variabilities with climate change being one of those. in both of those areas - and those are a couple of very few examples where places have decided to get involved that local level in climate change issues. >> i've been trying to puddle through the advice i'm going to walk away with. i hoped you would be more precise in strategies. it's not clear to me that it's predictg the future i'm not sure you want to look at,pa leo

climate, it's not clear - hearing the pieces early on from charles and port land, demand planning for water utilities should not weigh off historically also. site seems the only thing you can do, is sort of what seattle is talking about metropolitan wise. so peter, i don't know how your plan is a reasonable plan of that. so i'm wondering - and then you're saying,oh, by the way you have to move as fast as possible but don't build,dams, until you do analysis. i'm not sure how it fits

together more coherently. i wonder if you could be more precise on what you tell people to do. >> on the,pa leoclimate, part, one thing to remember is the precipitation we're expecting is only suddenly changing in the climate model and one of the big concerns is an observation that brad mentioned, the 20th century when you look at what happened over several centuries - assumeg the proxy indicators are accurate and they are probably close - is that we developed infor structure and so forth during a period when the delivery was maybe higher

than the long-term average. there's a real need to understand what the natural system is or sort of has the capacity to do and the way to do that is not just from the instrumental record. it's too short. unfortunately, the climate has these natural fluctuations that will be with us that allows for mega droughts. i don't know that it's come up but there's evidence in the california proxy record in medieval times, two periods of extremely dry climate in at least, the california and nevada region - fit occurred today would totally reset the way we all sort of think

about,hydrology, i think. [inaudible] no. your not listening to what the models are telling us. they are telling us there still is the range of natural variability in precipitation eventhough temperature is changing remarkably. evidently that did not get through. but that's what happens. the characterization of precipitation is not unlike today. not rain verses snow, but the total water volume is still looking a lot like the modern climate. >> let me take a crack at this. it's a great question. its the barrier that a lot of water managers face.

on the,pa leo climate, side the the past will help me deal with floods and droughts properly deal with them. if we had a better since of this from tree rings in the 1920s we would probably make different assumptions on the colorado rivers. maybe we would not but it was information we did not have about climate that would have changed potentially a decision that water manager's and politicians had. going into the few uh-uhture, manager's and planners have a lot of tools for dealing with these kinds of variabilities

that we have to face. particularly, what we're suggesting is not to do anything differently but include a broader range of future climates in our plan. that maybe designing something, if your building from scratch differently than if there water climate change. i meant to ask maurine, she described the - well, what i want to know is are they valuing the desalination, not one of them i've seen accounts for rising sea level example.

it might be done for some but not all of them. are they be evaluated underhigher temperature scenarios. are the yield numbers being evaluated that. are the ones under existing scenarios and i'd like to know that and if the answer is, no, it ought to be. it will effect the economic decisions made and ultimately investments in part infrastructure. we may choose not to do many things differently, and accept a higher level of risk, but i would argue that if we're smart we will do things differently to reduce exposure for the future. >> just because it came out yesterday. the department of water resources has done a number of

runs with reservoirs in inflows in the sierra area and it's 30 percent of inflows likely from today. the worst case is a reduction of 19 percent a big reduction. upstream at, fulsom, yesterday it was like ten billion dollars to build that reservoir and that's a great example for water managers to take what this means. it's clearly a mistakes to build something that water managers assume they can capture might literally be gone in several decades. >> on the point that we can't assume that the past is like the future, um... you mentioned

hydraulic models. i'm wondering if there's any practical models and i'll make the point with insurance industries. when they set rates, they are required to use a message that factors the past and not the future. theres the new model that the insurance industry wants to use and they've all been modified since- katrina and they have three models but they have now revised their catastrophe model to incorporate climate science and of course, insurance companies want to be able to go by those models and i'm wondering if such practical tools are being developed for water management.

>> well, the short answer is absolutely, yes. the longer answer is that from my perspective, many of the bigger models that drive our smaller models don't do a lot of things right. they don't do summer precipitation right, in fact they don't do precipitation at all. a lot of this - i hope it brings down to something reasonable. dave is working with colorado springs utilities and others including at least one here in california the short answer is absolute . but are they great? no. but we have to start using them. >> we typically rely on models we get to create in terms of what we think demand and that

drives what we build and design things. we have taken into perspective climate change but it's a different challenge in the white water side of the business that have to rely on councils and governments because of population growth and often times their relying on funds that come through the federal funds and their held and bound to using certain models and criteria. so it's getting very complicated when you go into regional planning to flood control to water and all the sets and different for legal reasons as apposed scientific. >> the problem is not the models. there are plenty of models. we have lots of tools. the problem i would argue, is not

even the scenarios. there is problems with precipitation. i think the problem is politics and management decisions about who's going to take responsibility for changing - >> i wanted to change the subject, along the coast up to oregon and washington, one thing that sets our climate is marine, i wonder if anyone else here sees any changes taking place with that layer that has a lot to do with our water supply and also reducing the need for water on the coast? >> really good question.

>> as far as we know, the marine layer we think is still going to be with us. one of the interesting facets with this potential change of temperature gradient, the warmer - more warming inland than warming over the coastal ocean is actually the sea breeze circulation, which is - is tied up with the marine layer development and probably the thing or thk big size. there maybe more because of that increase in circulation but i would say thi