>> and historic. >> historic buildings, now sprinklers are required in essentially all high rise buildings. so this is to pick up the ones that were built up to that period. >> one of the important things about the nuances of sprinkler systems. sprinklers are not intended to put out the fire. the sprik ler -- sprinklers are intended to keep the fire install enough for the firefighters to put the fire out. >> the high rise buildings able to be built, the thing that loud them to be built, you all know what that was, i hope. >> which was? >> 150 years ago, otis designed the first operating elevator with safety features so if the rope or cable broke wouldn't fall 14 floors. and that was in 1854. we just had the -- we all

celebrated wildly the 150th anniversary of otis's invention of the elevator. and it was with that that we then could combine new methods of construction, steel construction and other construction, to build high rise buildings. >> because after about six floors you got kind of tired of walking to your office. there was an upper limit of how tall you could build the building, and get people to walk up to the top and rent space. >> there are super-tall buildings, how fast could you make an elevator accelerate and decelerate and make people comfortable. i'm lawrence cornfield, chief building inspector. the building code is very interesting, it addresses things beyond the structure of the building and the steel and the floor. it addresses things that make

people comfortable. so how fast the elevator goes is the sort of thing that the building code addresses that are sort of social issues. for example, mod yuls of elasticity of flor. you want to stiffen the floor so you don't feel uncomfortable. >> one thing you don't want to have happen, you're sitting at a desk and someone is walk down the hallway. if a floor wasn't designed correctly, your body would actually perceive the vibration and it will be annoying to you. so there is design criteria not just for strength but for vibration control of something called foot fault. >> it all comes down to sort of the nonsafety nonstructural elements which are people being comfortable and in high-rise buildings that has a woal lot of factors. it includes elevator speed, includes how much a building can sway. >> includes the air.

keeping a building cool in the summer and warm in the winter. because all of these windows, none of these are april rabble windows. this building is a completely contained structure. that is the design of all modern high rise buildings. >> let's get back to the building. now we can build since the 1850s a high rise building. and most of them are built to steel frame. >> the building code basically said after a certain height which was 65 feet, you had to go to a steel-frame building. and that code has been in fact since the -- in effect since the '20s. once you went above a certain height you had to go to steel frame. if you looked, even in the '06 quake, steel-framed buildings, almost everyone i know except 1 in the '06 quake went through the quake just fine except one

that had a lot of damage. it's interesting, the structural steel institute did a survey of san francisco after the '06 earthquake, that happened was the only building they omitted in their report. >> the williams building which actually had -- >> a lot of damage. all the other buildings went through fine. >> the steel frame is comprised of a number of different parts. >> there is a square box column here. and underneath this box column is fire proofing. it is not asbestos fire proofing. you don't have to worry about the asbestos. this is a nonasbestos fire proofing. it's got this much fire proof coating, so that for four hours, you could have a fire here, and the steel column would be protected. and the code regulates, that this is four hours, the girders that frame into this are three hours. the beams that frame into the

girders are two hours, and the floors must be two hours. and that tells you how much, how long a fire can burn before there can be a problem. >> right. so this is sprayed on, onto this field. underneath this blueish fire protection, there is a structural steel column here. >> huge. >> huge. it is holding up another 30-some floors above it. >> steel woen won't burn. >> so why do you need fire protection? that's a good question. >> what happens is around a thousand degrees fahrenheit which is somewhere the level of burn, depending on what kind of combustibles you have in the office, steel softens. and it's not good having a soft steel column. >> steel loses its strength. >> it loses its strength in

fires. so this is to protect that. with the fire suppression system, so that the firemen have four hours to get here here. >> we have a teem column. this stuff is sprayed -- steel column. this stuff is blue, this particular building owner uses blue to show this is noncontaminated fire protection without asbestos. one of the big costs of retrofitting high rise buildings when you have to open it up like this is you have possible asbestos contamination and it's a big area to put the area into containment and to mitigate. >> they paint it blue because they really want to make sure everybody knows, this is not asbestos. >> okay. there's another way to do field fire protection. there's a kind of paint. and it's been used for the last 50 year or more. you can paint on steel, it's quite excessive -- expensive, it

is fire proof paint. you have to protect all of the industrial elements except for those which are only for earthquakes. the presumption is, you're not having an earthquake at the same time there is a fire in the building. >> income, you could have an erik and a fire. >> and then an after-shock. all the elements have to be fire protected. so we've got the column, the girder. >> if that girder frames into that column right there on that corner, in between the girders are beams, as you can see, these bumps. and then spanning between the beams is a concrete floor with a metal deck. and it got fire proofing on it also. so lots of fire proofing, concrete also doesn't burn. so they're very conscious ever making sure that the basic

structure of this building is not combustible. and so the sprinklers are basically for what the tenant brings in. >> now, you see the big holes up here in the girders. doesn't that weaken the girders when you put giant holes in them? >> some of the holes don't have reinforcing rings. the other holes do. if you go to the original design you'll see all these holes all designed out individually and when they finally do a build-out those holes are there to install these deducts. and -- >> so a lot of times when you go into a building, especially a wood-framed building, they're up there cutting holes in the industrial members. >> in the wrong spot. >> in the wrong spot and the building inspector says, you have to get your building inspector to check these things out. >> every one of them, there are about 40 sheets showing every

one of these beams with every one of these holes in them. some of these deducts have been taken out and when they come back in and put in the heating, ventilating, air conditioning system, they'll put the deducts back in. the air comes into the building, through these deducts, from below, and -- ducts from below and come in to theseth louver system and the air comes in and the air gets sukt out through the ceiling. and they are recirculating the air out of the system at a very high rate. >> one of the requirements of heating and vent lating is that you put fresh air in to mix. you you have to have fresh air. it's very finely tuned how much fresh air and how much -- and the new california energy code standards are very strict as to exactly how you balance it so you don't have to use too much heat or too much cooling power

in these buildings. >> yes. and a libera little bit of a ner too is they can pressure nuance, the building is at a higher pressure than outside. all buildings have little leak points. if they want they can pressurize this building slightly higher than the pressure on the outside such as this air is being pushed out as opposed to the outside air being sucked in. >> and speaking of pressure san diego, one thinpressurization, e stairs, not just an elevator. have you to have stairs in case of an emergency. >> can you see one of them because see that sign? >> right over there, exit sign. one of the things they do in stairs is to provide a protected environment so that people will not be in a smoke filled stair tower.

and you get into the stairway, the doors close which themselves. that's -- by themselves. that's why we don't let people put door stops. can't use door stops. the door closes and the stairway is pressurized. so rather than sucking any smoke in it's actually pushing smoke out of the stairway. >> in this building, the stairs go out past the plaza and down one more level down and then exit out around the perimeter on exit stairs, over on the corner of kearny and pine you'll see the exit stairs. so the exiting of the design of this building was well thought out. >> and an exit is something that takes you to the street. it just doesn't take you to the lobby. an exit has to get you to the public right-of-way. right sergeant? do we have any questions about building structure of a steel-framed blt? so the question is shouldn't all

the fire protection ratings be uniform? >> the general concept is, you want to protect at a higher level, critical elements. the critical element is the column. >> holding the building up? >> holding the building up. that's why it has four hours of protection. i'm hoping that the fire department can get here faster than four hours. >> and the people leave. >> around the people leave, yeah, one of the biggest contents is not protecting the building and contents, but providing the people a sufficient amount of time for evacuation. in san francisco, on rincon hill and south market, under construction right now, we have a high-rise concrete core buildings where the buildings are not made of steel columns, they're made of essentially a

very highly reinforced concrete core, unusual designs that need to be carefully reviewed by the building departments. we have other types of buildings. in fact the building code says you're allowed to build out of any material, and we review it so you can make it out of egg cartons, if you can prove to us properly and annal little cli that the thing could work. of course you couldn't. >> concrete is actually a for example to the rebar. so -- a protection for the rebar. you don't need to put on fire proofing onto the concrete. if you make the concrete thick enough such that the concrete acts as the fire proofer. >> we were thinking about how we could get a window washer to come down, so we can show you.

not on this building. when we see the window washing scaffolding thaings they hang off of. >> those are window washing davits. they have two motors. for that height, those guys are hooked to the basket. they're not on an independent line. and i have to do that occasionally. and the scary part is when you come down on a windy day, this building isn't like that, but that building, if they doesn't tie off, the rig will get sucked off the face of the building. and i've been on one of them where they've gone to the center of the street. and you're about 20 feet off, surfing in the wind, and generally the front is open. so you're holding on to the back rail, with about 20 feet in front of you. >> how does that make you feel? >> oh, i was not a happy camper. i got down on the ground and

kissed it. >> is that something you have to have a separately safety line for that thing? >> if they tie to the rig, they have to have more lines on the building running it up and down. so that's very heavily regulated by cal osha for safety concerns. >> and not by the city of san francisco. we don't regulate that at all. >> that was big in the regulating world. >> you have to clean buildings. >> they're swaying it inboard. as we would say. >> the original design for old buildings were, they would open up the window and there were these two bronze hooks. and the guy would hook himself up and hang on the outside of the building, close the window and wash the window from outside, hanging off these bronze hooks. now, there's no way i would do that but they found people to do it. >> why would people use bronze? it's not just corrosion resistant, very highly corrosion

resistant. >> it is a hard material. not soft like copper. >> on high rise we have cladding, this is from the outside of the building, very unusual. >> this is about four ircht incs thick. when they build this building, the bank said money is no object. so in most buildings you will see in san francisco, the veneer is 3 centimeters thick with a concrete backer. >> and then as you go up, you sort of get lower and lower grade visual material. >> here they said, we just want it all granite. the best. >> okay. if you look at this, this is incredibly heavy, right? it's attached to framing members, steel framing members with these little metal clips that are welded on. and the building code says that

this has to be -- and they recently changed the code. it used to be corrosion resistant. now it says corrosion resistant elements. >> from the 20s, 70 years old. >> are beginning to show corrosion elements, that means you have to come and take the panels and reconnect them to the building. so -- >> but this is primarily 1925 building stock. and do not be surprised in the next fives years there's a facade ordinance for the 1920 buildings, just like there's a facade ordinance in chicago and new york. ken will be talking about one of them soon. >> but we don't have the problems that new york and chicago have, with freeze/thaw, where you get water inside the cracks and it expands and pushes stuff up. yeah, you had a question.

>> i understand the building sways in high winds. and i want to know how structurally the buildings can accommodate that and how come the panels won't come off. >> all buildings sway in the wind and all buildings sway in the breeze. these panels are attached spernl so thaspecial sospecially. buildings grow and slink from summefrom-shrink from summer to winter. it's very difficult to do, but after a few of these buildings were built, 50 years ago, they figured out how to do it. >> and the same is true for the glazing as well. if the building sways in the wind or an earthquake the glazing can, also enough resilience that the glass doesn't hit anything. >> all buildings which sway. the biggest thing though, is,

you want to design a building to be stiff enough that your body does not perceive the motion. the designers of this building, the code required -- stop it -- the code desired, designs, one, drift allowance, and they doubled it. because again, the bank who was the original owner said, money's no object, we want a conservative blt. and so a lot of times said the code said x, they designed for two-x. so when i have to work on this building, because i'm not old enough to have designed it, i just have the pleasure of working on this building, is whenever i'm doing something on this building, it's so overdesigned that it's an easy building to work on. versus a building that just barrel met the code. -- barely met the code. if you touch it, i've got to

worry about this, i've got to worry about this. >> the financial strain of the building asked the designers and engineering to not overdesign, other than to meet the design of the codes. >> except for owner occupiers. >> they will say yes, we want to exceed that. but most of the case, people are meeting the minimum standards of the code. which we all have acknowledged is what society acceptance as a minimum standard -- accepts is a minimum standard. it is within margin. when you are looking at something that meets a minimum standard you're always looking right at the edge, you know, how can we correct this without getting it to go below the minimum standards, how can we do tenant improvement work to make sure it complies and continues to comply. >> because one of the things in the building is, tenants love to connect floors together. so they have their own private tenant spaces. that's an engineering issue.

the tenants love to have files. so if you design a code right to the minimum, the engineer me, has got to sharpen his pencil and do things. in buildings that were built for an owner who says we want a class a, well-designed building then it's a lot easier for me to do an valleys o evaluation of te building. this blid i building -- building is designed to life-load twice what the building was designed for. >> occasionally there are issues, somebody accommodation in with a huge load of equipment. they want to turn this into storage. >> jeenl problem, they sigh they need fire-safe files, and a fire-safe file, looks like they weigh about a thousand pounds. because they're filled with fire proofing. and those are where you start

scratching your head. >> okay, so we got into this topic about what people do in the spaces. what we're looking at here is sort of raw space right now. the building owns the space and then they lease it out and then a tenant comes in and does what weem call tenant improvement work. so what he we have here is a big raw space. the tenant comes in and says i want to lease this space. they typically can lease a whole floor or a piece of it. with the designer they lay things out. how do we get out, whethe wheree exits? >> generally the exits are at the tremendous end of the building and so the issue is, do you have a corridor to tie those exits together? or do you not have a corridor, because it's one big tenant space. >> with a big room you request see the exit. >> you are going to need a walkway with those low-rise

folding partitions. >> what's interesting, if you look at the concrete floor, see what this rests all the difbts in thdivotsin the floor? there was a metal track that formed the corridor. you could follow along, see where the walls used to be. there's a wall right there. and they put the wall in by putting a little metal track and shooting it into the concrete. how would they attach -- what would they do for a ceiling in here? >> they would have to rub it all the way to the top because this corridor has to be fire protected corridor. everything on this side, they would run it up to the ceiling, they would hang it down, they would attach the top of the wall to the braced ceiling. >> you have to have everything braced for earthquakes. >> can you see a great -- you can see a brace line here.

this is part of the sprinkler line. can you see two braces that is going to make sure this line is not going to move in an earthquake. the bath rooms are generally in the core. when they do ti buildouts, they remodel in the core. this may have been the women's bathroom and you'll see the men's bathrooms. if you're on this side you don't have to walk all the way around the entrance. they have a door on both sides. >> any time you want to do any work on high-rise buildings you have these issues, which include disabled access, energy, security -- i don't know what -- >> i think the hardest thing is probably the bathroom issue. it really is. you're looking at a space right here you've got the building

core on that wall and you've got the building core on this wall. which may be an elevator shaft and a smoke shaft. >> and they aren't moving. >> all of a sudden we have all these new requirements. this is a pretty big issue. so you've got other requirements, how many bathrooms, how many toilet stalls you need to have. here we've got a whole bunch of requirements in a really small space. so what do you do? >> how do you nor normally resoe that? >> hardship. >> comply with specific letter of the code. if you can't comply with specific letter of the code then we try and figure out a way that reasonably allows access. disabled access takes precedence over how many things. if you can ma make one accessible, make one accessible. >> so if the code says five and disabled access says you can only get in four then you file

for a hardship and say i'll put four in. but in a case like this there are almost always solutions. here's an exarnl where you -- example where you only go outside. depending on your creativity, the easiest method is to claim hardship. >> i want everyone to notice that on the exact diagonal of where we were just a few minutes ago is an exit sign. that's the second exit. every one of these buildings has at least two exits. that's a requirement. i believe this building actually has three. but at a minimum, you must have two exits that are separated by half a diagonal of the building. and they'll have a sign, and that's a rated corridor, and it goes all the way down half the plaza level all the way down to the concourse level to a corridor that goes up some stairs and puts you right on

pine street. >> okay. let's look at the pipes that are hang up in the ceiling, see if we can identify what they are and what they're used for. brad, you can help me. the first thing, and we were talking about it a middle ago, are some smaller ones, like this guy over my head, fire sprinkler lines. this building and buildings of its kind are fully splirchg intg letter. >intrirchgsprinklered. >> there are two different kinds of electrical basically that we're talking about. we have the line voltage stuff, the stuff that runs equipment and lights and so on. and then we have signal stuff. >> low voltage. >> low voltage. for example, the stuff that's serving this little light here, which is part of the alarm

system has its own separate conduit. the same conduit is protected, very necessary in high rise buildings. >> if you're smart you can see the junction box painted red as well so that you can identify it. the one thing is when you're working on the inside of a space you never want to touch the life safety system wires because as soon as you touch those wires accidentally, fire department shows up. and they're not going to be happy. you get a couple, and then they start to charge you. i think they thought about it. >> after five, that's the. you've got five warnings. >> these pipes here are probably the biggest sewer drain pipes that we've ever seen. this is draining sewer from for example -- >> it may or may not. >> you can see the branches come across and drop into the main,

most likely it goes straight down. i think there may be a dual pipe system here for a reason. what we've got the other side there -- >> one may be roof water and one may be sewer water. depending on how they want to do it. >> but san francisco is unique that way too, where even though there are separate pipes right here, they go into the same sustain, eventually. >> we take our groundwater and put it into our sewer treatment system and then require us to treat the rainwater, as the sewage. so if you ever look at your water bill, it will be $25 for the water you bought, and $75 to treat that water. and the reason it is, is because you're paying to treat all the rainwater that goes into the storm system, that goes into the sewage system. >> okay, let's see, what else do we have? >> how come the sprinkle springe