for the most people" and if there is an earthquake right no and ceiling collapsed and 40 people in here, and if i'm the one rescuer coming to you and the first person is not breathing and no pulse, would you want me to stop and do cpr for this person before i reache you and what if there are 500 people behind that and do cpr and i just have to open an air way and all patients fall unde under -- and i'm going to use colors and green, walking wounded and anybody that walks. d for delayed or yellow meaning you're hurt but you're not hurt

enough. you're not hurt but that no not that bad an. and d is dead. and dead is the easiest one to determine. and how do we determine whether someone is dead? they're not breathing, right an steve said that several times and how do we know someone is not breathing? we look, listen, and feel and open the air way and we look to see if the chest is rising and listen to feel air and how long do we check for actually? american red cross o says about ten seconds and if they are not breathing we readjust the air way and check for ten seconds

again and not breathing for the secretarsecond time we said say and you check the air ways twic and when you know someone is dead you move on. let's go through the categories. walking wounded and anybody tha follows directions and get up and walk and it's green. d is delayed and anybody that i injured but we don't think it's life-threatening. i is the people that need treatment right now and d is th dead and black and during triag you open an air way and how lon does that take? two seconds and it takes ten seconds to check and bleeding - the only bleeding i want you to treat during triage are arteria

bleeding and spurting out and you could bleed to death in about three minutes and shock and if the person is unconsciou on the chair and how do i treat for shock? lay down and lift the feet and cover you and takes ten -15 seconds and i move on. the categories, black for peopl that are dead and green people that are walking and the only two categories left are red and yellow. this rule here that i'm going t teach you now and i want you to memorize it and this is the rul that is going to determine whether you're red or you're yellow. the rule is 32 can do. i want everybody to say it with me. thirty-two can do. it's a three part rule. thirty, first part and 30 is respiration and it's the amount

respirations per minute and if someone is breathing faster tha 30 times per minutes and it's about a breath every two second and if i breathe like this. that's about faster than 30 right? and if you have a patient breathing 30 seconds and they fail and tag them red and you move on. if someone is breathing normal than you go to the next rule. they pass and if go to the next rule. thirty-two is blood -- also ca called capillary refill and the blarch test and capillary refil and look ata palm of your hand or fingertips and the nail beds are usually pink and if you squeeze and do it on yourself right now and squeeze your

finger and it turns right and when you let go the pink return and i hope everybody in the roo i hope the pink returns in two seconds and if the pink comes back in two seconds you pass an if it takes longer you fail and you tag red and move on to the next patient and we have two rules. thirty and breathing faster and they fail and blarch test faste than two seconds and fail and can do and if someone can follo simple commands. look at me. tell me your name. give me your hand. and if they can follow simple commands they pass. if i say "look at me" and they're not looking at me and "tell me your name" and they

don't do anything "give me your hand" and they do something else they fail and tag them red and to the next patient and thi is the one of the hardest thing to grasp is how to triage and green, anybody that walks and blad and dead an -- dead and bl twice and red if you fail and either of the three parts of th rule. thirty-two can do. we're going to try this right now. okay we will stop here because think we get the point. who are the first patients you

came into contact with? and you were tagged yellow. and you tagged yellow because? >> (inaudible). >> and she was breathing less than third 30? follow commands and tagged yellow and it was tagged corre correctly. what was your deal? >> (inaudible). >> and you tagged her red. >> i caught up in the fact she was bleeding profusely. >> and walking and would you talk her? >> green this is the weird one and i should have gotten to you last and she is green because she is walking. very good. this patient. >> (inaudible). >> very good. >> we tagged red. >> because? >> not responding -- >> very good and tagged red

correctly. triage and i hope you guys can do it and 32 can do and divide the reds and the yellows and th greens are walking wounded and blacks are dead and simple as that and how long should you be with a patient? not more than 15 seconds and ho long does it take to check breathing? and you know right away and couple seconds to ask for a command and 22nds to check this and 15 seconds with a patient at the most and common injuries are brucing bruising, lacerations and sprains and si signs and symptoms that you wil see is pain, di discoloration, e deformity and some of the treatments and you want to see the wounds and see blood and ri

open the shirt so you can treat it and you see blood here and rip the shirt open and the bloo is from somewhere else and i immobilize them and someone has an object and never remove it and it's embedded and if you pull it out you could call caus bleeding and burns and three types and first, second, third degree and first sun burn and second and third is charring an treating burns and remove the heat source and of course it's smoking and cool it off and the cover the person and our skin helps keep our heat in and once we lose the skin and now we are concerned with hypothermia and getting too cold and make sure whatever is burning is not burning anymore and the rules

are keep it clean and them them warm and don't forget the air way, breathing, and shock and whatever you do know your limit and what you are capabilit capa once you are involved with the nert teams and you get to revie the stuff and what you can do and physically you know what yo can do and lift people and mentally is another thing and w will talk about disaster psychology next week and some people say they can't look at blood or some say they can't look at a child screaming and know your limits and don't become a victim yourself. . >> we're going to go over search and rescue in this class, go over some buildings

and how you assess buildings. you already had classes on utility controls, correct? how about medical? did medical? okay, as i said, my name is alec, i'm on truck 11. let's go into some light search and rescue. before you start, what do you do? stop, look, listen and think. any time you pull up to an incident or you see something, you take a breath, assess the situation, use all your senses and think about what you are going to do. those are all components of what we call the size-up. there are many components to size up. what's one of the components to size up? gathering facts. you want to assess the type of damage there is. what kind of situation is it? what is the issue? is it a medical problem? if it's a medical, is it a big hurt or a little hurt? is it a rescue situation and if

it's a fire, do you have the resources to control or extinguish that fire? how about your situation, do you have all your people? do you have all the resources that you need? have you collected all the material that you need if you are going to start doing a lifting exercise because someone is trapped? because you never start a rescue, you never start a lifting exercise, never start anything, unless you know you are going to be able to finish it, have enough of the resources to do it. and do you have the right equipment? you need specialized equipment? do you have access to that? maybe, maybe not. so size up, you want to establish your priorities, make your decisions. you want to come up with a plan and after you have a plan, you want to take action. remember, it's continuous fact gathering process. you want to evaluate your progress. there are 50 percent of the people can be rescued by who? this is where you come in for the next 30 percent to make it 80 percent of the people.

the next 30 percent of the people can be rescued by you people. then there's another 15 percent, that's where the fire department comes in, or the sheriff's department, people who are trained to do those type of rescue. the other 5 percent is by specialized teams, the usar teams. if you are to get to somebody within the first 30 minutes, they have a 99 percent chance -- a greater than 99 percent chance of surviving. get to them within the first day, it dropping down to 81 percent. still not bad. but what happens on the second day? plummets quite a bit, just under 34 percent. now you are always going to have your safety equipment with you, correct? when you get together as you assemble, make sure you have, at least one person has something here that you guys can all use. different types of buildings are in the city. we have wood, unreinforced masonry, you have high rise and you have tilt ups.

what's the safest construction type to be? four stories or less. wood? yeah, wood framed building. why is wood the safest building to be in, 4 stories or less? it flexes, yeah, it's flexible. what's the danger here? chimney, yeah, fireplace. be aware of the fact that just because it's a wood building and the event caused some sort of compromise of the structure of the building and the building is still standing doesn't necessarily mean there's not a danger there. so what could you as nert's do to make that situation better or at least keep it the same so no one else gets hurt? keep it off, yeah. keep people away. perfect. take out some of that yellow tape that you have, that yellow caution tape, and string it around around keep people back. in this particular case, what could you do to make that situation better? turn off the gas. where would you turn the gas

off at? at the street, okay. that's a good place to do it. but you always want to do it at the safest location. so if the street is the safest location, that's where you would do it at. this house here fell over. doesn't have something called a sheer wall. so it's just a platform or a platform or a balloon, nothing that keeps the wall from racking, they call it. so you want to make sure that the building that you are in are sheered. this is a connection between the plate, stud and the bottom plate. tie it all together. unreinforced masonry building. safe building or not such a safe building? not safe at all. you have deep set windows, arched windows, metal plate, then we can work. weak morter, what is that? brick on top of brick on top of brick. there's an ample of the header

row, you see how they are turned perpendicular to each other, you can see the header rows in this one, see the brick going the other way about every 5 or 7 rows. deep set windows. here's a close up of one of those plates. a parapet wall is a clue that this building is an unreinforced building. which direction can that building go? right back out. this building, brick or wood? what are some of the clues? okay, what are the windows? they are deep set. there's a clue right there. deep set. deep set window, unreinforced masonry. can you see the metal plates? there is a metal plate right over there in the corner, there's another one over there. hard to see. also has a parapet on it. deep set windows. even though it has stucco on it, don't be fooled that that's wood up above. it's all brick because it's deep set windows. here we go with part of the

roof and the parapet. this is over on (inaudible) street. see where the bricks fell, right on top of a car. there were 5 people in that car. buildings like this, you are nearest, where's the best place to be, do you think? you want to be far away from it? you want to be far away from it initially? yeah. but what if you are not far away from it when it starts happening, are you going to try to outrun it? no. you want to get up close to that building because the bricks have a tendency to fall out, fall straight down. if you'll notice right up next to the building there's not that many bricks. tilt up buildings, premade buildings. they are made on the site. generally speaking, you see warehouses, large expanse buildings are made out of them, usually one story buildings. in other words there's not a story on top. they didn't make their corner connections very well. when they didn't make their

corner connections very well, they moved independent, one side would go this way, one side would move that way, then the roof will fall down. how about high rises, are they safe buildings to be in? what happens in a high rise when there's ground movement? sways. yeah, it sways. where is most of this damage going to be to high rise buildings? because they are not going to fall down. they are on rollers, they are on springs, they are designed to withstand movement. but what about the stuff inside those buildings? so where's most of the damage going to be in those buildings? on the upper floors. so, high rise buildings different elements. you have structure and non-structural elements. steel beams are structural but it's the contents, the stuff inside, that will hurt you. outside, steel going up, structural part. in this you can see if you take a look at it, they have the

non-structural which is the brownish orangish area. that would be your dropped ceilings, your light fixtures, your hvac system. in this particular case, the alcoa building, the structural members are on the outside of the building. so you can see it right away. what's the danger with this building? glass. good. glass. so you have your typical office. what are some of the hazards here? remember, earthquake island, what are some of the hazards? the lights, glass windows, yeah, glass we already talked about, the bad things. how about all the book stuff? building is still standing but everything else will fall right on top of you. bookcases, you want to secure those; right? this is what's going it happen. if you as nerts you went in there and got a report that

there may be people trapped, where would you start looking for them? upper floors and void spaces. again, we talked about glass. are these people a little too close, do you think? did they give you a rule of thumb how far away to stay from buildings. well, actually 1 1/2 times the height of the building. so if you are in a 30-foot building -- you already did the math -- you want to be 45 feet away. glass falls out, too, do you think it just falls straight down? no, it kites its way around. it can kite up to two blocks away. be aware of that, got your helmet on. types of hazard, you have above ground, ground and below ground. what's an above ground hazard? glass, wires, falling objects. some of the ground level hazards are glass. what's bad about uneven surfaces that are slippery? we already talked about that.

you fall, you're going to hurt yourself. is water a bad thing to have? water seeks its own level, there's a hole, covering up the hole. you could be walking and all of a sudden down into a hole, correct? or a basement. water has weight to it, can cause damage to buildings, cause buildings to collapse. and it doesn't mix very well with electricity. below ground hazards, if you come up and you see a leak and the water is pouring out of a building, you know how to control it or try to control it? sure, you go right up to that utility shut off, turn it off. basements are bad places to be. there's usually only one way out and that's the way you went in. if that's compromised, you are in big trouble. forcible entry. when do you use forcible entry, what kind of tools do you use? you want to go in -- first thing you need to do is always try to get in the easiest way. what do you want to use to

force entry? you can use axs, you are use pry bars or jacks, car jacks. you need to do a lift, you don't have any levers, there's some cars parked outside, you go up and ask the owner of the car, is it okay if i use your car jack? because you're not going to break in, are you? there's always cutting and boring. here is that ax. of course striking and hammering. how do you break glass? at the top, good. we're going to say that this is the glass from here on down, so how would you break it? do i just want to take it like this and smash it this way? no. the end of the board, going to use the end of the board, but i'm also going to remember that the glass can hurt me. if i were to hit it like this, the glass could slide down, cut my hand. so you want to start at the top like he said, hold this down,

turn your head away, you start at the top and smash the glass this way down like that. if it does slide down, it's going to go away from you and not towards your hand. real simple. use a long-handled tool, stand to one side, strike up at the top and you want to clean it all out before you go in there. in this part of the lecture we're going to talk about structural damage. we're going to talk about triaging buildings now, believe it or not. we're going to talk about how to look at structural damage and tag these buildings either light, moderate or heavy damage buildings. we're going it talk a little bit about liquefaction, we're going to talk about search and rescue techniques and actually show you how we do search and rescue. then we're going to talk about lifting heavy objects. we're really talking about

rescue here. so signs of possible structural damage, as a nert team, you have to be able to identify buildings. you have to be able, during a disaster, especially an earthquake, walk down the street and be able to look at buildings and understand this building is okay, this building is bad. as you walk down the street. especially if you are going to go into that building. things to look for, horizontal and vertical lines. in this room, most construction works at 90 degree angles. if you look around the room, this beam is a little bit curved. but where the beam meets the wall, it hits at a 90 degree angle. basically makes a vertical and horizontal line. you want to look for these things when you look at a building. and it's not always obvious .

if you look at this building, this one was an example of the racking we talked about. see how these studs are starting to fold on each other? if this whole thing fell over, the studs would be connected to each other. this is an example of the racking. obvious example of racking here; right? if you walk into this building, you are going to say this is heavily damaged. easy. large cracks. again, you want to look around the doors and the foundation. here right at the doors because, remember, the soft structure is the bottom structure. that's going to move the most. then right around the doors are structural members of the house. that's where you are going to find a lot of the damage. this one -- but look at all the doorways again. this building, again, here in the marina. somebody wrote something on there. if you look really close it says, search. somebody wrote that there because maybe they thought somebody was inside, they went inside. we use a different method now. it's in your book if you did

your homework. otherwise i'll show you later in the lecture. paint lines are another indicator of how damaged buildings are. if you want to look at the paint lines on this building, it's kind of hard to tell until you get up close. remember, this building is kind of a grayish tannish color, i guess. when you get a little bit closer, this side of the building should be the same color as this side of the building. what happened was this building moved away from the building next door and that's how far it moved. separation between buildings. you want to look at the separation to see if it's even, is it the same distance at the bottom as at the top, but that's another indicator of how damaged buildings are. this one looks fairly even, but when you get closer you can tell with the racking on the bottom that this building was pulled away. liquefaction, liquefaction is a term they use when the ground is loose.

usually when structures or infrastructure is built on sand or land fill, something that's not solid, what happens is in shaking, during an earthquake, the earth that's very loose, that sand or land fill, acts like water. this is sand, sand and water coming up through a hole. in japan, all these buildings were built on liquefaction. i forget what year this was, but it was one of the bigger earthquakes. 7 story buildings built on liquefaction. the amount of time the earth shook, the earth became liquid and as it became liquid, the building sank into it until it stopped. when it stopped it just fell over. light damage buildings, superficial damage, broken windows, some plaster that might be cracked but basically a light damage building would be one that has mostly damage to the contents. shelves falling over, windows

broken, that type of thing. if you had to go into a light damaged building, you would use these procedures. of course you gather information about a building before you go into it, as much information, who lives there, that type of thing. shut off any utilities needed, locate and triage any injured patients, document and communicate the location of any trapped or missing persons. it could be an invalid. in fact, most of the injuries apld most of the deaths in earthquake, they don't happen with structures falling down, they happen with items falling on you like televisions and bookcases. that's most of the deaths that happen in earthquakes. a moderately damaged building, this would be one that has a greater amount of cracking on the interior. moderately damaged building, you can actually go into. the procedures you would follow are basically the same. gather information, shut off utilities when you need to, locate and stabilize injured patients and get them out, so

evacuate the injured to a safe area. you want to get them out as soon as you can, get out yourself as soon as you can, and document what you found in that building. these are heavily buildings. these are the two buildings that actually collapsed three days after the earthquake. this building was leaning on this building. procedures for heavily damaged buildings, don't go in. but you still will gather information. shut off utilities if it's safe to do it. you report it. we can cordon off the area just to make sure nobody else goes in the area. definitely tell the fire chief or whoever and we can go in there and try to do it safely. when we talk about search and rescue, i really want to make a distinction between searching and rescuing. searching is really basically looking for people; right? once we find a person we switch modes and go into this resc