hello everybody. this meeting will how be called to order. this is the april 12th budget and finance subcommittee. i would like to thank sfgov tv. there is an overflow room in 263. madam clerk, are there any announcements? >> clerk: plea complete the speak -- please complete the speaker cards. items acted porn will appear -- upon today will appear on april 12th. >> i would like to take items

out of order. please call items 8 and 9. >> item 8 amending the administrative court to amend the city code to $15.86 per hour on july 1, 2016. 16.8 sixty 2018. item nine amending the code to increase the hourly compensation rate for employees of city contractors to 15.8 sixty july 1, 2016, 16.86 there after biannual cost of living increases. >> i believe we have a report from the controller's office today. no. none. excuse me one second. we have a report from the budget analyst. >> good morning, supervisors.

there are two pieces of legislation spending before this committee. one would increase the minimum compensation to 16.86 for for profit contractors for the city on july 1, 2018 that is above the minimum wage. the other would expand the minimum compensation ordinance to nonprofit contractors as well as for profit contractors for the city. on page 18 of our report, we have estimates. these were created by the controller's office to show the cost to the city for increases of the compensation ordinance at different levels above the minimum wage to nonprofit workers. if thif the board would increast

the general fund cost in 2018-2019. would be $18 million. 1.50 per hour would be $38 million. 1.86 would be $44 million. these are estimates. we do remember amending these ordinances to clarify they are not retroactive and they are written for 2017-2018. otherwise it is considered a policy matter. >> thank you very much. >> i do want to make comments. first, i will be making a motion to table item number 8 and move forward to the board with a positive recommendation item number 9, 170558 with the following amendments? first, on page one line five.

striking 15.86 per hour in july 1, 2017. on page 4, line 16, striking that entire line beginning on july 1, 2017. hourly gross compensation $15.86. >> excuse me. do we have copies of those amendments. we get copies. we don't have copies. do you have copies? >> i do not. >> that is a problem. >> i have remarks. this is asem pill matter of justice.

-- simple matter of justice. we are not struggling with for profit worker also. everyone is agreed the living wage is something we need to raise for the for profit workers. we are for the not-for-profit worker ifs they deserve this or not. at the rule of the issue over the years the city has increasingly depended on nonprofit contractors to do the city's work. since i have been in san francisco this is a trend how we do business. rather than have people work for the city in well paid jobs, represented with full benefits, we have pushed more and more work of the city to nonprofits. now, i have been told that nonprofit workers got the minimum wage. that is sufficient. $15 per hour, yes, that is good. can you really live in san

francisco on 30,000 per year? can you raise a family? can you own a house? can you afford to present? think about it. $30,000 per year. typically people say no more than a third of your income can go to rent. $10,000 a year for rent. what does that get you in san francisco? that is not even $1,000 per month. the reality is that these workers do some of the hardest work in our city. they take care of the most marginalized members of the community, most vulnerable members of the community. the in home support workers take care of parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents, people with disabilities. the role they played in taking care of people with h.i.v. and aids over the last 30 year is

heroic. i say that as someone living with h.i.v. it is not acceptable that we do not do everything we can to pay them enough money to be able to survive in san francisco. it ask just not acceptable. we have this opportunity right now before us to do something historic, to wage raise the wages of the lowest paid doing work on behalf of our city $1.86 per hour. how many people work for minimum wage? i feel like when i have conversations with people, i am not talking to people whoever survived on minimum wage. whatever it was, whatever time in history. when i first got to the city, i couch surf. i was a bike messenger at less than minimum wage.

>> with all due respect. we have people to get back to work. let's hear what they have to say. my apologies for starting late. i want to welcome you all here. we have called items 8 and 9 together increasing the minimum compensation hourly arraignment. these items represent 12% raise for the lowest paid workers on city contracts representing over 30,000 people accrues the city. that is an important issue. that represents a significant wage increase. i have got a stack of cards here. i want to remind you, first, welcome back to the chamber. everyone has two minutes to speak. if you hear something you like you can do an up or down. i want everyone to have an

opportunity to share thoughts and feelings. you will hear a soft chime indicating 30 seconds remaining. that does not mean the time is over. you have 30 seconds remaining. if you have translation needs, let me know. there are two microphones up here. one for translation we can do it simultaneously. speakers be called in a specific order. i will invite up mike casey from the labor counsel, tim poll son, joseph bryant, david canon representing 10 to one. i think this says church women united. come on down. emma gerrard. i can't read this.

ramsey nichols ten to one. then jane martin for siww. thank you and welcome. >> thank you supervisor cohen very much. iit is a great opportunity toda. last year the san francisco labor counsel identified three major priorities to achieve project labor agreement for fair wages for building trades, making improvements through air b and b reform. so far all of those have been stalled out for a number of reasons. right now, however, over a year and a half ago we first started talking about the mco and raising the wages of not just workers at the airport, our members work in cold temperatures putting food on

airplanes and are working in terrible conditions and struggling to get by. not just raising those workers and the workers of the passenger terminal service workers. also, the nonprofit and home care workers. workers that take care of the people who need the greatest care, people who are like themselves working people who need assistance. we need to bring those folks up. recently we witnessed the greatest transfer of wealth probably in the history of humankind with the tax breaks that was extended to the wealthiest in society. coke brothers in san francisco including developers and all of the other rich people who have had their way in san francisco all of these years have gotten an incredible tax rebate. the coke brothers apron conway didn't have to wait until july

to get the tax breaks. they got it now. we think now is the time. we urge you strongly move it out. if you can't make a recommendation. move this out of committee. let's have our voice heard in front of iftule board of supervisors per -- the full board of supervisors. we would rather have a recommendation, yes. >> thank you. next speaker. >> tim poll son, executive director of the san francisco labor council representing 140 unions. the unions mike casey represented and from sciu10 to 1 and the hotel and food service workers and usww and of course so many other of our workers in the coalition with the live wage

and jobs with justice and community groups that have come here. i want to reiterate. there is a lot of discussion. we are front straighted. thank you for scheduling this in front of about board we want have been waiting for a year or year and-a-half to move forward. we are very, very frustrated. we know there were going to be revenue plans we worked on some time ago and the second floor has come up with issues around child care, housing and issues around transportation apother things that are important to san francisco. the issue of the lowest paid workers getting a raise. the minimum wage is larger than the living wage right now. the priority for the budget should be for workers driven out of town. there are rumors of phase-in or delaying in committee. we are frustrated and asking specifically this comes out of committee to the full board of

superintendent so we can continue this campaign. we ask you to get this out of committee to continue this process. we have been waiting too long. thank you. >> next speaker. >> good morning, supervisors. i am the vice president of sciu10 to 1. thank you supervisor cohen for putting this on the agenda. 10 to 1 represents 16,000 workers in san francisco. a number of those are nonprofit workers and would directly benefit from this ordinance being updated as it should. we just don't come here today as sciu10 to 1. we come together also a united front, organized labor, community to demand for what is fair and what is just.

what we are facing right now with the 30,000 folks, we are facing unfairness, facing injustice when you have some of the folks who provide the most vital services in san francisco, services that affect accessibility to affordable housing, address the issue of homelessness, services that address directly the issue of taking care of elderly, disabled. folks can barely afford to live in the city. folks have to deal with this problem and we have been dealing with this for over a year. the process gets dragged out. one excuse after another. we are asking you for your support today. like the speakers before me said, if we can move to the full board with a recommendation,

that would be ideal. worse case scenario. please move this forward and give the folks in this room an opportunity to receive the increases they need to live in san francisco. we ask you, please, thank you. >> next speaker. >> good morning. thanks for scheduling this hearing. i am david canon i am the director for 10 to 1. we have been work on this issue for years. we can't continue to wait. we have waited too long for this to be held up. we represent some of the lowest paid workers delivering the lowest paid workers. mental health, substance abuse, housing. they cannot higher people at $15 per hour. they cannot retain and recruit people. they cannot live on $30,000. they have to pay for their own healthcare and they don't have a

pension. the least we can do is to raise the minimum to 1.86, above $15 on july 1, 2018. thank you, supervisors. >> next speaker. >> hello. i am ann jane a member of church women united. a coalition of women's groups throughout the city of many denominations. we strongly believe that everyone de serves a living wage. we stand with the religious tradition of martin luther king who we just recently celebrated who lost his life standing for the garbage collectors in the south. so we urge you to reach to your

humanitarian thoughts and help the people that need help. thank you. >> good morning. i am with 10-21. i urge you to pass the nco out of this committee. this issue needs to be heard and dealt with. the nco will raise much needed raises for our workers. in 10-21 many of the workers are in the supportive housing industry are getting paid too low to live in city and have very long commutes. these are very difficult jobs. people deserve a wage tofied their families and they can live

with dignity. that is what we are talking about here. we are talking about people living with dignity. please, today, reach in your hearts and pass the nco out of committee with a positive recommendation. thank you. >> next speaker. >> i am vice president of local 10-21. i live in san francisco. i am a worker. i come from community housing partnership and tenderloin housing clinic previously. one of my hardest experiences as nonprofit worker is to see that there are folks which is one paycheck missing from being on the same line to receive public services we provide. that is how low the wages have become. that is how tough it has gotten for low wageworkers in this

town. i have been here before advocating to improve the budget for nonprofit workers. we have learned on the way we have to do it for everybody. home care workers, child care workers, we owe it as a city to care for the people to continue to do it and reflect. i say it knowing we have $10 billion budget. we have to reflect a city with that wealth doing more for the people, doing consistently more and improving. in the past you will see me in the past couple years in other regions for 10-21. identifying low wageworkers we are trying to improve including child care where we are pushing for a measure to win more for child care workers and for children to have more slots. this is happening nationally. folks are thinking how to

improve wages for the lowest paid. doing this for the mco. please recommend this. send it through. we will figure out away for it to work. folks cannot live on what they are making. please pass this so we can start getting to a much better place for our people in this town. thank you. >> . >> good morning. jane martin. we represent 2000 workers at the airport impacted. they work cleaning the airplanes, doing security, pushing wheelchairs and handling baggage. they are front line if there is public safety emergency at the airport. we are here urging you to move this out of committee today on behalf of our members who we have been here over the entirety of the last year telling our

stories to your offices about members struggling to make ends meet. they work two jobs and have to sleep at the airport in their cars. we can't afford to wait any longer with the crisis going on for the lowest paid workers. we are here to support the entire coalition and nonprofit worker was the same crisis. this shouldn't be happening in one of the wealthiest cities in the entire world. i have heard a lot of folks say there is a big price tag to the legislation. that is because the city of san francisco has been paying poverty wages for way too long. we are urging you to move this out of committee so we can have this badly needed conversation with the board and mayor to find a solution to raise the wages by july 1st that are needed so badly. thank you.

>> chuck andrew, james spencer. >> i am chuck andy, vice president of teamsters 665. we represent many workers in san francisco and in particular in the car rental sector at sfo. many of these workers are paid an hourly wage covered by the mco. these workers, many have to work a second job re rely on working long overtime hours to make a micger existence in support of their families. i implore you to adopt this with all due ex peed de yen see and help the workers all over san

francisco and sfo. thank you. >> i am james spencer. we all work at the airport. we are just trying -- we all want the american dream. we want to live -- we want to buy a house, we want to raise kids. we can't do it if we are just working all of the time. we have two and three jobs. what we are trying to do is we are asking, please, just raise the wage up so we can take care of our families. thank you. >> adolphus.

bradley. de la cruise. >> good morning. i am the executive vice of the of siu2015. we represent 20,000 home care providers in san francisco county. every day they wake up having to care for themselves, having to care for the san francisco most vulnerable population. if it wasn't for the work of the home care providers they would not live with dignity in their own homes. if you ask who are they? the vast majority of the home care providers are women of color. let me tell you something else. san francisco is a regional economy. thousands of workers come here early. san francisco home care providers lynn in san francisco -- live in san francisco. this committee is kicking the can along the line.

our communities are changing. both of my children were born in san francisco. we have the opportunity to lift up the wages of those most in need of it and provide an incredible impact to the 20,000 home care providers in san francisco. we ask you to vote this out of committee and get this to the full board. we can't keep waiting. we demand you take action. thank you. >> i work for tac. i am a janitor. we are on the pay. i speak for our company and everybody else that is nonprofit. i make $15 an hour. i have a family, too. sometimes i put in 10 hours per day. when i leave it is dark. when i come home it is dark. i have a family. we deal with a lot on the job. we have mental health issues and

people on drugs. my day starts off i have to clean up feces before i can clean the bathroom. minimum wage work cleaning up feces so tart the -- start the day? we can't survive on $15 per hour. we have been trying to get a raise over the last few years. we are begging for a raise again. we pay taxes. we deserve a raise. we deserve to have a decent check, not paycheck to paycheck, you know. we live paycheck to paycheck. when i am paid my money is on bills. we have janitors who are homeless because they can't afford the rent. $1.86 will be appreciated. please vote on it. everybody can use extra money. we deal with a lot. thank you for your time.

>> good morning, supervisors. i am bradley wheat mire. i am a i hss worker. for over 10 years when i started home care workers were making two and three dollars above minimum wage. prices have gone up incredibly, especially housing. we ask that you move this amendment, this piece of legislation to the full board, and we hope that you will endorse it in the committee today. it is very important for our members and for the whole ski because we need the city to set an example for all employers. right now we have a proposition

that will help children, caregivers and contract workers coming on the ballot. we are already going to be covering a big chunk, more than half, perhaps, of this increase. other people who ask for increases are not asked to come up with revenue. why are the low wageworkers asked to do this? we are going to support prop c. we urge that you take this stand because most of our workers will spend this money right in our neighborhoods in san francisco. so many of them are being forced to move out, and we don't want that. we don't want hard commutes added to the hard work of caring for the consumers keeping them help be and hell -- happy and healthy at home.

you must help us have a livable wage so we can continue to serve san francisco. >> thank you. next speaker. >> good morning. i am adolphus. i work at the san francisco international airport. for the years going by, looking back, the board of supervisors or the government help us to increase wages at the airport. the increase does not only help the employees, it also benefits the management because it prevents large amount of turnover as it is right now because of low wages. with you giving us time to come here today to hear our grief vance, please help us pass this

through safely. it is an increase that is very important for us because transportation has gone up. as well as rent. like the previous speaker said, most of the money is to be spent right here in our community. today with $15 or $14 you can't buy decent tennis shoes for your children going to school. we need your support at all costs. help us. thank you. >> next speaker. i think it is kevin. i will call a few names before you get started. helen car, robert rogers, tom vargas, charles minister, jim

castile, romeo. >> morning, supervisors. i am kevin presard. i am a security officer. i am also a veteran and part of the working poor. i am trying to better myself. i am a student at san jose state to get up to a certain point in my life where i can be financially stable. san francisco international is the second busiest airport in california. san francisco international is also the seventh busiest in the u.s. and the 23rd busiest in the world. last year san francisco international took care of 55.8 million passengers and had

over 450,000 aircraft operations. that is takeoff and landing. we see now what the teachers' strikes going on. they comelingpletely shut down the education system in the respective states. if this would happen at san francisco international it would be a catastrophe to the world. as a member of working poor. i am asking for 16.86, no more. i would like to better myself just like anyone else in here. i would like to have a family. i would like to have kids. but i can't do it here. there is mass exodus in california because of the wage inequality that is apparent. i urge you to please move this

mco raise. thank you very much. >> thank you. next speaker. >> i am charles minister, a resident of district one, a member of senior disability action. i am a retired union worker. as it says you are a union man or woman or boss' boy and girl. i am a man. as a man i retired out of the city of san francisco 13 years ago. at that time i was making $22 before benefits and scraping by my wife and i. i know since that time the cost of living has increased about 25%. current and cost of housing has probably doubled. you can't imagine how you are going to make it on 15, 16, $17 an hour.

the minim should be at least $25. like the old victim of john l lewis said. when you suffer at our table, you have got to work for labor. everybody is at the labor table. without labor we have no services or products. the people that are here today to try to get a raise, back in the 30s and 40s we had strikes. the key strikes in this town would be transport and hotels. i bet people would come up with the money then to pay these men and women who work hard every day to make the city work. this is a no-brainer. this goes to the full board of supervisors and gets passed. thank you. >> hello. i am robert rogers.

i am a housing navigator and transitional housing program for folks on probation. i work at the drake hotel. i wanted to say a few words about the culture of turnover in our city's permanent housing environment. permanent supportive housing. many of my union brothers and sisters are forced to jump from one job to the next in our world for 50 strengths raises -- 50-cent raises. this has an enormous impact on the clients that our case managers see on the folks who want clean bathrooms in their

hotels provided by professional janitors, and you want a friendly safe face to see at the front desk of the hotel. some folks. the most important relationships they have are the most consistent relationships they have are the folks at the front desk of the hotel. it is important for us to have a living wage so we feel like we have the stability to stay in these jobs as long as we like to. we want to stay, we want to work with the people that we build relationships with at the hotels. we want to be paid well-to-do it. thank you very much. >> good morning. i am tony with usc w local 5. i am a union represent. i live in district 9.

we are supporting this to get voted on. local 5 has several thousand members that work in san francisco and at the airport from retail to food to beauty and spas. we need to get these people a living wage that they can affort so they don't have to work so many jobs to support their family. they support their family and parents. please get it to committee so we can vote on it as soon as possible. thank you. >> good morning. i am here with local two. i work for sky shifts. i am here to talk about minimum wage. it is very hard where i am working. i am the coordinator. i come to work and see senior ladies working very hard in the cold freezer. it is rain and cold outside. to wake up in the morning and see them struggling. you know, it is more of a -- my

job you have to be on time. we have delays. each minute delay is $1,000. we make about $40 billion a year they have can't give us 16 to $17. they make 14.52 an hour. it is not fair. it hurts, you know. i see them crying and it is bad. please help them and help us and help everybody here. also, i am a registered voter. i vote and you guys decide here today will affect my vote and everybody's vote, i believe. the thing is if we vote for you why can't you help them? please, please happy us. >> you are for the airport?

>> yes, please if you can. we will really appreciate it. >> thank you. >> good morning everyone. i am romeo. i am an employee sky shift. i am working in the department and i work eight hours a day five days a week. i earn $1,600 for a month. i live in san francisco. i rent a small room. i pay $1,250 per month. i spend almost $100 for the transportation expenses. it is only $250 left on my

salary. we are asking you to please understand our situation. it is the reality of our life in san francisco. thank you. >> ladies and gentlemen can i see by a show of hands how many airport workers are here today? thank you very much. >> yan. claudia, anita anas stashia, nathaniel. alice, josh goodwin and cathy lowry. liliana cortez and william. do you need translation or do you have it? >> i have it.

[ speaking another language. >> my name is natalie. i am a janitor. here with my co-worker asking the city council to listen to our voice. we are working very hard. we are asking to put pressure.

we want to have the at temperature dance. [speaking another language ]. >> we are asking can you offer our good benefit and good wages. thank you. >> next speaker. >> good morning i am claudia. i have been a home care worker in san francisco for 24 years. i am a member of siu2015, the

largest union and low wage work force in san francisco county. thank you for listening to my testimony today. home care providers in san francisco county we make $14 per hour. we were covered by the living wage. but from the year 2000 until now our lives have drastically changed. we can't do it any more. we can't live in san francisco. we can't survive. we work hard.

many of us have to look for two and three jobs just to make ends meet. that means we can't take care of our own children ourselves. some of our providers don't have a place to live. i ask today you start to share with us your hearts the way we do every day. have compassion. for the folks here today representing thousands of workers in san francisco and thousands more that could not be here today with us. please send this out of committee. we need at minimum $16.86 in july to make our lives whole.

thank you. >> next speaker. good morning, supervisors. my name is anita lowe. i am an ihss worker and sieu local 2015 member. that is close to the workers in san francisco. the majority, 98% live in san francisco. we rent a house in san francisco and we ride the muni bus in san

francisco. we shop in san francisco, and we use the medical facility in san francisco. therefore, the one that actually we are th the real code to move forward. so it is time to amend the living wage that is outdated, not catching up with the cost of living. we are calling here to all of the supervisors. to adopt and pass the amendment

to give us $1.86 above the minimum wage. thank you. >> come on down next speaker. good morning. my name is [ inaudible ] i am a member of union scau local 2015. i am working as a care provider more than 0 years. -- more than 10 years. san francisco is one of the most expensive cities to live in u.s.

we are living here and work. our work is as much important as any other work in the healthcare system but paid at least at lowest level. we want and deserve to live with dignity. we have obligation to pay rent and other bills. we want our client to have a

good life and we want to save money to the taxpayer. as i told you, we work so hard and save money to the ta taxpayr doing hard work. >> we save money for the taxpayer. therefore, we ask you to vote for home care providers on mco and raise our salary. thank you.

>> good morning. i am a member of the local. i have worked here for 20 year. i came here today to tell you it is very hard. it is very difficult. every time i am going to pay my rent, i am frustrated. i don't know what to do. i pray to god to help me. to give me a choice how to pay my rent. sometimes god doesn't listen to me. today i came to tell you guys, please, help us. having this and medical insurance is important for us.

we work hard in a cold room 40° poor conditions with low pay. we have to pay for medical coverage out of our own pocket. we deserve better. we ask you to move to minimum wage. thank you very much. >> good morning i work as a janitor. i am homeless. i can't afford sro when i clean. i have every day drug dealers and bedbugs. i can't count on my home due to the high turnover. please pass so i can find a home and work in dignity.

yesterday, i don't have enough money to buy a pair of shoes i went to losses to buy a pair of shoes for $14. a clean feces of other people i don't think you would do that. if you put yourself in my shoes you will understand why i need a raise. that is why we need more money. we need more help. i am homeless. i have a backpack and i walk around the streets. i wake up to go to work in the morning. can i get some help? can we get some help? that is all i am asking. thank you very much. >> next speaker, please. >> good morning. i am a part-time worker within home support services public services. we get $14 per hour pre-taxes. i go to homes and teach the

consumer how to work with the two vader. we try to get the provider. we hope we can get these people to work for this person who needs everything. it is cleaning, whenever they are sick they must have somebody to get to the doctor's appointment, food. they rely on these people entirely. at $14 per hour if anything changes for the provider they can't show up that is reality. i get people hired who have some small change in their life. they cannot be there for the people we are trying to hire. the mentor program is something the board of supervisors pays for. you are the only county that does it in all of california. we are independent contractors to do this work. what i see ask that they are incredibly grateful for us to be there to teach them to be an employer, but when they get

someone, that person they have to leave in a moment's notice. this is everything to them. then we have to start all over. it can take months. there are 20,000 providers, to get an independent provider who is willing to work for you for 12 hours, the next for 10 hours, the next for 15. they don't have very many hours, those providers on the list, there is only 500 of them. why? because there is not must have money. at $14 per hour if they are offered any. >> thank you. come on down next speaker. >> good morning. i amliano cortez. i represent hundreds of workers members of 856. work in aircraft, nonprofit and

public sector stand with everyone struggling to earn a living wage. they can see planely the rich keep getting richer, the middle class continues to shrink. the airport represents an opportunity for so many, it has become one of the more expensive places to work. the high cost of housing has pushed workers to commutes from dysson, fairfield. sacramento, modesto. i could keep on going. the cost of fuel, parking and health care eat away whatever wages is left. car rental workers are among the lowest paid, some get paid lee-lo the mco. -- below the mc on when you consider healthcare. they would not provide a

foundation of living wages. the struggle cannot end in a committee. send this to the full board of supervisors and give the voice to those who need it most. we need your leadership. we call the question will you stand with the lowest paid workers or not? thank you. >> good morning. i am here today speaking on behalf of human services network. the nonprofit sector supports and was part of the 7% minimum wage increase to bring the rate to $15 per hour in july. we support the additional mco increases for airport and for for profit contract workers. we do not support increase to $16.86 for the contracted nonprofits in san francisco as the retired chief development

officer at larkin street youth services i know raising to $16.86 creates serious complications for nonprofits. larkin street is not 100% city funded. this does not offer a plan for supporting the increase. we cannot simply raise rates to cover this cost. this newman date will have -- mandate will affect the financial facilities of our contracted nonprofit service providers which could lead to layoffs and the issues that would arise. it is especially important to note this was put forthwith little or no input from the nonprofit sector. we ask the board of supervisors to address these concerns. either amends the mco to include nonprofits or should the legislation nonprofit remain at minimum delay passage until the

city conducts an adequate community process. thank you. >> good afternoon. i am beth stokes, eckective director of episcopal services largest provider of shelter and housing in san francisco. we understand the economic pressures on the nonprofit employees. with two 50 staff to work on the city contracts, we recognize the need for incremental wage increases. an increase of 12.4% is not a cost our organization can absorb. at the increase of $450,000 annually we would like the city continued support for this mandate. thank you.

>> and new take lowe, josh goodwin. hello, eve meyer and if there is anyone else that would like to speak, please come on up. >> is that's it for public comment? please hurry if you would like to come for public comment. pull the mic phone to your mouth.