ughter with her reading? [beep] searching for help with dachshund breeding. how can i help my daughter with her reading? [beep] information on hot water heating. no! sara's bright, but when she's reading, she has trouble sounding out the words. [beep] world music. playing track now. [music] no! let me try. [beep] our daughter gets confused about which details in a story are important. [beep] which paper towels are most absorbent. there are five product reviews. why are you not getting me? see, i told you. [beep] wait, i was trying to show you how sara feels everyday. frustrating, isn't it? redirecting to understood.org. narrator: for the one in five kids with learning and attention issues this is what life can feel like. explore understood.org. a free online resource about learning and attention issues designed to help your child thrive in school and in life. understood.org.

one of the areas that we've had rave reviews has been the home's clay tile roof. combine the tile with the charming gables and dormers that mike sharratt built into the roof plan, and it really catches your eye as you pass by the house. and since there's a connection to the other project that we're working on, we thought now might be a good time to look at some of the highlights from the tour that we took of the factory that makes the tile. are the grinding wheels here, grinding it and sending it off to the rest of the plant to be done. so, tab, this is where the whole process begins, then? that's correct. basically what we have are two components here in our product. they're both mined locally. our shale product is one where it's 75% of our mix. we take that, and we blend that with our fire clay, which is approximately 25% of our mix. we take that material; we'll put it into a hopper. from the hopper, it'll go into the grinding machine. from the grinding machine,

our screening system. if it goes through the screening system, it can go off to the plant. now what we're doing is, we're transporting that mix, that ground product, and delivering it into a pug mill. the pug mill is essentially what you used to play with as a child, is a play-doh machine. so we're pressing the product. we're introducing a vacuum to the product to get a perfect plug of clay to go into the press. from that, we'll press the shape that we're looking for. from that, then we can do the decorative element to the product as well. so that's really what you're seeing now. you're seeing the product through the pug mill, the pug mill producing the plug, the plug being pressed into the final shape. so you'll see the glaze that's applied to the product by a spraying process. from there, it's onto a wooden pallet. from there, it's onto the dryers to dry the product to that 6%. if we don't get it to 6%, the product can either crack or blow up when it goes into the kiln. and this is one of the big kilns right back here, right? this is our largest kiln that we have. it is a water-jacketed ceric-based kiln. this is where we do the majority of our field tile,

of our product-- about 90% of all of our product that we produce will go through this kiln building here. so this is really what you see in an awful lot of the different parts and pieces that we do. this is who ludowici really is, is our customization and our ability to do that. so we'll do terminals. we'll do custom decorative elements and hip starters, ridge pieces-- all kinds of different things that are custom sizes, custom shapes, custom colors, anything decorative, if they want to see a different mascot or an animal on it. we do an awful lot of those kind of different things. so once you createhe manufacturing process? it's a different process than what we've seen on the field tile. on the field tile, we're using pug mills, and we're pressing. here, we're taking a product and we're actually taking it as a plug of material and taking it to one of the individual presses that we have. we have three different presses here. they're all sized accordingly on the size of the part itself, the finished product. that will dictate what press we use here at the plant. so once the mold is completed, the product then can be pressed,

some of those presses date back to, like, 1900. right, we have a couple of pieces of equipment that are from 1900, 1905, but we also have pieces of equipment that are less than four years old too, so we have old technology, and we have brand-new technology. both of them work very, very well. pretty cool to see how those tiles are made, and you might remember, it was very impressive to watch the guys put the tiles up on this house. weather was quite a challenge at that time, but it didn't seem to slow the guys down. they threw over a few tas beautifully. in fact, we're using the same crew on this other project. so this is the project that we are in the midst of. we're gonna be using the roof tiles from the same manufacturer. the only difference is, instead of new construction, we're working on an existing roof. of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure you have some good platforms to work from. in this case, it'll be a scaffold system designed to not only support the guys as they work

the clay roof tiles, which are quite a bit heavier than other types of roofing. this way, they can stage the tile close to the eaves and move the material up the roof a whole lot easier than if all they had were a series of ladders to work from. plus, the platforms are 5 feet wide, which gives them lots of room to maneuver up there as well. when to replace a roof? that's always a million-dollar question. if you have some leaking going on inside the house, that might be more of a roof repair are starting to cup, if they're kind of getting worn around the edges, if you have cedar shingles that are starting to cup or cracking in a lot of different spots, it's probably time to replace. bottom line: take care of the problem before you have damage inside the house. now, tom larson has been our go-to guy for the last couple of roof projects that we've done. - how you doing? - good. so now, a big project like this, as far as getting started, how do you guys go about that? well, we get started by setting up scaffolding to make sure my guys are safe, and we get all that set up

moving along, you have a crew, and it looks like everybody divides and conquers, right? yes, they all start tearing off, and then a couple guys will keep ahead, and the next guys will go back and de-nail and get ready to put down the leak barrier for the ice and water and then put the deck-armor. so we can move clockwise around the house, so we tear off a section at a time and then close it up so we can prevent water intrusion. now, it can be a pretty big job. how do you keep things organized? we take tarps and we nail them in to protect plants, bushes, and stuff, and also, we have the scaffolding to stop it, so we can control the debris. and then we get ready to clean it up after that and put it into the dumpster. and once you have the old roofing off, they do go back still and pull off all staples and stuff like that. yes, we go back and take off all the felt paper that's there; the staples and all the nails that are there, we de-nail and take them out to get ready to put down the new ice and water and the new paper. now, the tile itself

a good system underneath to protect the roof from moisture. and that's where this leak barrier that tom mentioned comes in. this is an adhesive membrane that goes on the vulnerable parts of the roof and protects things like the eaves, the valleys, and the hips. well, you want something like this in place to keep any wind-driven rain or moisture from ice dams from reaching your deck, insulation, and framing. after the ice and water, we put down deck-armor, and we button cap it to the roof because you cannot staple it. it has to be button capped. of our roof protection. this is going on the less vulnerable parts of the roof. now, you want something that's gonna lay flat to resist tearing, especially if you're going a long time between tear-off and install. now, it's not really the case here, but this can resist uv deterioration for up to 180 days. and one perk that actually might be a necessity is some facilities for the crew. yes, a job this size requires us to bring in a facility for the guys

and come back all the time. well, the guys are making great progress. in fact, they're really flying through this project. i don't think we thought you'd go so fast. upbeat music check out our store at hometime.com,

upbeat music need help with your project? go to hometime.com for easy to use, step by step guides on a variety of do it yourself projects. get iton now, this is a terra-cotta style tile that we're using on the roof. we have three different sizes. we're using a 10-inch and then a 7-inch like this, and then it also comes in a 5-inch. although i'll tell you, 90% of it is gonna be this 10-inch size. and now, another thing you can do is, you can go with different colors, so you can go with three different colors and three different sizes, so you could really get a different looking roof. and you could even

we weren't so concerned about that this time. but one thing about this tile-- incredibly long-lasting. very durable, very dense, as you can tell by the roof they took off back at their facility and put that on over 100 years later. it's pretty amazing. now, another important part of the whole mix for protecting your roof is the flashing. now, with a 100- to 150-year roof, you need something like copper flashing that's gonna last a long time. this particular roof had copper flashing on it. after 20 years we're taking off the shingles, now, we do have to replace some of the copper in areas where we've damaged the copper as part of the tear-off or where the copper isn't quite high enough based on the level of our tile that's going in, where it isn't quite working out that way, but the vast majority, probably 95% of the copper flashing, we're able to save, so that's a huge cost savings. replace a few pieces, but for the most part, we're good to go. well, that pretty much takes care of the tear-off portion of this clay roof tile project, right?

lines us up right for the next step, which is installation. sounds good. hopefully we'll see you for that. until then, i'm dean johnson. and i'm miriam johnson. thanks for watching. upbeat music hometime is brought to you by quikrete! it's boy: this is the story of a boy who didn't talk for a long time. the boy liked things to always be the same. any changes would scare and upset him.

lights and sounds. so he built secret hiding places where they couldn't get in. the boy didn't like looking people in the eye. he wasn't trying to be mean, it just made him feel uncomfortable. sometimes he would flap his arms again and again. second boy: one day, i found out i had something called autism. my family got me help. slowly i found my voice and learned all the ways i could live with it better. announcer: early intervention can make a lifetime of difference.

allowed four ships to dock. so far only one has. a senior director for the leader says the hanjin delay, could impact one of the biggest shopping days of the year. it is september. can this really affect the holiday season? >> the long supply chains, this is, the beginning of peak season. this is when a lot of the shipping is happening. so, this does have the potential effect on the holiday shopping season. certainly more items as well. black friday. hopefully we won't get to a pin the where that becomes a concern.

delay in some cases. they're enlisting the help of shipping companies and deploying up to 20 replacement vessels to minimize the delays. >> mireya villarreal, thank you. coming up next, september 11th, tributes across the nfl on the first football sunday of the

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e go with charmin. ? ? in the early autumn of 2001, sports played a big role in the healing of america. today on the first football sunday of the new season, the nfl paid tribute to the victims and heroes of 9/11. here's tony dokoupil. >> reporter: football used to be an escape from the real world. on the 15th anniversary of september 11th, it's a part of it.

here in america, that means it is time for football. >> president obama kicked off the season. >> on this day, 15 years ago the world was shaken. >> reporter: in 13 stadiums, big hearted fans saluted the flag, players, coaches and politicians put on a display of red white and blue. vice president joe biden helped unfurl a giant flag in philadelphia. former new york city mayor, rudy giuliani, co-captained the jets. former president george w. bush tossed a coin and addressed the fans. >> we remember a lesson of 9/11 that evil is real and so is courage. >> in seattle, a reminder of larger divides. players linked arms to honor 9/11 and call attention to inequality as colin kaepernick has been doing. no, football isn't as carefree as it was 15 years ago. but neither is america. still ahead, like thousand of kids he lost a parent in the

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>> reporter: the visit that finally helped him make peace with his father's death was 12 years after 9/11. we first talked to matt as the first anniversary approached. he was a rebellious 15-year-old with big plans. >> i had my dream of being a doctor the i know my dad wanted me to succeed. would be happy to see me grow up and go through medical school and pass all my classes and whatnot and make a lot of money and be happy. >> reporter: how did that dream turn out? >> it turned out. >> reporter: today dr. van auken in his final year of medical residency. but his reasons for practicing medicine have changed. instead of a lucrative specialty he decided to become a family doctor.

my father's passing were in the people who approached me and said, man this sucks. and sat with me. >> reporter: you want to be that for someone else? >> yeah. >> reporter: matt says he found peace through daily meditation and yoga. and annual letters to his dad. then i lit the letter on fire and let it -- i offered it away. >> reporter: last september he wrote about his marriage to jamie. this year he will share the news they're expecting a baby. >> i am goin b tell them about what he taught me. that's -- to me the foundation for this family that jamie and i are building together now. up next, an iconic flag from new york's ground zero comes

finally, you may remember the photograph, three new york city firefighters raising a flag at ground zero after the twin towers fell. the flag disappeared a short time later. now, 15 years later it has apparently been recovered. >> reporter: it was late in the afternoon of september 11th, 2001. the towers were down. the death toll was rising. that's when it happened. three firefighters on a smoldering pile of rubble hoisted a pristine american flag taken from a yacht nearby. tom van nessen was new york city's fire commissioner at the

>> the guys were going through a terrible pain and suffering trying to rescue their brothers and civilians who we hoped were trapped and going to be able to sc the troops think there was, there was hope, there was something bigger than just us, was helpful. >> reporter: photographer thomas franklin snapped a picture of the moment. it made so many photos of the rubble, this image stood out of symbol of unbroken will, a defiant roar that echoed from coast to coast. the flag itself became famous. flying over yankee stadium, the uss roosevelt, and new york city hall. but, there was a problem. >> when they brought it back to city hall, and the three firefighters in the audience they said that's not the flag. >> how did they know? >> these guys are sharp guys. they knew it was so big it was definitely not the flag they had that day. >> reporter: november of 2014, 13 years and 3,000 miles away, the missing flag resurfaced just as mysteriously as it once disappeared.

everitt washington police department which investigated the case. >> the flag had been turned into the fire department in a joanne fabrics bag. kind of wadded up thrown in the bag. we looked at the flag. we had photos we had taken of it looked very similar to what we were seeing in the photographs and in the video. so, we thought, well, it is either an elaborate hoax or the real thing. >> after months of careful analysis, authorities are 99% certain it is indeed the real thing. same size. same rigging. coated in the same dust that once choked ground zero. how was it lost in the first place? and who is the mystery man seen here in a police sketch, who returned it? >> we want to know all the details. try to actually trace it back throughout the years. so that's something we will be working on, right now just so thrilled that this is the actual flag that it is going to be here forever for people to see. tony dokoupil, cbs news, new york. that's the "overnight news"

the morning news and cbs this morning. from the broadcast center in new york. i'm reena ninan. welcome to the "overnight news." i'm reena nina. bells tolled and tears fell as america paid tribute to those lost 15 years ago on 9/11. 2,996 people were killed when terrorists hijacked four airplanes and crashed them into the world trade center. the pentagon and a field in all these years later the number of victims continue to rise. 5,000 cases of cancer linked to toxic dust workers encountered in lower manhattan. jim axelrod introduces us to one of the heroes fighting for his life. >> reporter: as an emt, sal spent months after the attacks working at ground zero during recovery effort. every september 11 since he paused to remember others

now, in a cruel twist, sal is no longer the one providing the prayers, he is the one who need them. this is what really changed your life? >> yes. >> this is it. >> reporter: the diagnosis came last october. the sudden pain in sal tortaricci's stomach, cancer the doctors said. attacking several organs at once. >> they said the cancer was in him for approximately seven years. i can't believe it. >> seven years it has been in him. not a pain. >> i didn't have any. >> blood. >> any kind of sign or symptom. >> after multiple surgeries doctors are telling the father of three there is little they can do. >> i want to be there for them. i want to walk my daughter down the aisle. i want to see my boys graduate college. i want to see this all happen. and i'm not sure i am going to got there. >> reporter: the federal government's world trade center health program has linked his

growing list of responders who have fallen ill long after the attacks. as you began to see people get sick, were you worried about yourself? >> no. >> why not? >> i just didn't have any idea, didn't think about it. didn't think about it. >> dr. michael crane has given it plenty of thought. he runs the 9/11 health program clinic at mount sinai hospital in new york. >> sal's story, to anticipate being told more and more and more in the upcoming years? the answer is yes. >> reporter: among the nearly 75,000 responders and survivors, health officials are monitoring, they have certified more than 5,400 patients with 9/11 related cancers. and dr. crane says the numbers continue to rise. here at sinai. 10, 15 new cancer patients in our population every week. >> 10 to 15 cases of first

>> each week? >> each week. >> i have been in medicine for, 40-odd years. it's remarkable. >> responders who died from illnesses after the attacks are not among those listed at the national september 11 memorial. but a former ground zero construction worker is keeping track at his o 9/11. >> john feal adds new names every year to this wall on long island. >> sal, like the others was a warrior and still is. he is fighting the good fight. listen we are hoping for a miracle. reality dictates that sal goes on this wall. >> come do your tomatoes with dad. >> reality singing in on staten island where these parents say they're doing what they can while they can.

>> don't forget about us. don't forget about the families that are -- >> you have got to remember. you have got to remember. >> remember what, sal? >> remember this is what happened. this is the history. this is our legacy. they died and are dying and hopefully that, you know, that you think about us and remember us and keep us in your prayers. >> reporter: early studies have found 9/11 responders may have about a 10% to 30% higher risk of cancer than the general population. but doctors say there is still a lot of research that need to be done to understand exactly why this is happening. late last year, lawmakers passed a measure to spend more than $8 billion to extend health and compensation benefits to 9/11 survivors and responders. north korea continues to rattle its nuclear saber just days after setting off its fifth

the north called threats of new international sanctions laughable. north korea news agency claims the country has mastered the ability to mount a warhead on a ballistic missile. adriana diaz reports. >> reporter: this is north korea's second nuclear test this year alone and largest yet. this comes after the u.s. and south korea held joint military exercises last month. and amid planning for a u.s. missile defense shield on the korean peninsula. that's angerhe further complicated an already tense situation. north korea said overnight the test was performed on a newly developed nuclear warhead at a remote site used for previous nuclear tests. south korean officials scrambled together an emergency meeting. on the way back from asia, president obama had separate phone calls with south korean president and japanese prime minister. the test violates five u.n. security council resolutions and undermines regional stability. secretary of state john kerry

>> try still to monitor to fiend to find out precisely what took place. >> reporter: earlier this week, pyongyang caused concern when they launched three missiles while china was hosting world leaders at the g-20 summit. pyongyang's nuclear program is a source of national pride. when we visited in may, the nation showcased a parade float celebrating their january 6 that month in a three-hour speech, leader kim jung-unpledged to use nuclear weapons in only self defense. china had harsh word for pyongyang condemning the nuclear test. china said it would lodge a formal complaint with north korea's ambassador here. stop using galaxy 7 smart phone immediately because some phones have been catching fire. don dahler reports. >> reporter: in the three weeks

note 7 phone, 35 reports around the world of the lithium ion batteries exploding. >> very surprising to me how quick the dash caught on fire. >> reporter: nathan's jeep caught fire after he left his phone inside to charge. >> the last thought in my head is that a brand new device, something, simple as a phone is going to burn down my car. >> reporter: earlier this week, some airlines urged passengers to avoid charging the galaxy last friday, samsung issued a voluntary recall for all 2.5 million phones. lithium ion batteries touted as the future but plagued with overheating and fires and in everything from hoverboard toys to e-cigarettes. in 2013. boeing was forced to ground all 50, 787 dream liners for three months because of problem with lithium batteries.

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the terror attacks of september 11th are burned into the memory of most americans. 2,606 people were killed at the world trade center alone. among the dead, 343 firefighters. 60 police officers. and eight paramedics. now, 15 years later, there has been a rebirth in lower martha tischner takes us there. >> reporter: are they the tears of a nation weeping? or a soothing rain forever trying to wash away the horror of what happened here? this is where the twin towers stood. look down, you cannot see the

and you cannot come here and forget for a moment that achingly perfect blue sky morning september 11th, 2001. >> another one. another plane just hit. >> oh, my god. >> reporter: when the planes hit. when the towers fell. when nearly 3,000 people died on this spot. it is hallowed ground. co-exists with death. >> some people see a cleansing, a catharsis when they see the water. others see tears, what do you see? >> i see tears, but i also see diamond. >> judith dupris spent 20 years, documenting the world trade center site and has written a book about its transformation

towers wee. it is all on a continuum. life is for the living. people need to live. it is a way of honoring the dead. since this memorial opened in 2011, nor than 28 million people have gazed at the names of the 9/11 dead. those killed at the world trade center, also, the 40 who died the shanksville, pennsylvania. and 184 others at the pentagon. a rose means it is someone's birthday. >> having your son's name on this panel, what does that mean to you? >> hopefully they will not forget him. >> reporter: his son jonathan was 29. a fire fighter killed in south tower. >> i brought the first lady of japan here, she immediately did

water is very special. >> look holy water. >> yeah. it's natural. >> one of the so-called band of dads. retired firefighters who raced to the trade center site to help. and then, spent months digging through the rubble for the bodies of their sons. of them all, only his son was found. >> we found jonathan on the 11th of december. >> reporter: 15 years on, he is still here. an advocate for september 11th families. and co-founder of the 9/11 tribute center. >> when i had the coat, i could hug it. where his son's coat and helmet

doing what they love to do. difficult. >> reporter: 9 months after the world trade center attacks the site had been cleared. except for one nearly 60-ton beam. by then, covered with the names and photos and drawings of the people who had done the clearing. and just as it had each time human remains were found. activity at ground zero std when that last column was removed. and reverently borne away. but when the 9/11 memorial museum opened in 2014, 12 years later, there it was -- the building built around it.

the feeling you had that day. if you lived in new york city. a sickness almost. >> john was a music and dance king. >> reporter: you're haunted again by the faces of the lost. all of the smiling people whose stories have to be told for them here. what you are looking at here is this is where 9/11 begins. >> reporter: on friday mornings, greg carefelo is a volunteer dose end. >> survivor of two world trades. i owned a business in the tower. >> owner of a digital printing business in the south tower he nearly died on 9/11. his office was destroyed. >> the stairs are also known as the pathway to freedom. yet here he is, week after week, right where it happened. >> reporter: what do you get out of it?

>> there is a certain luggage that you carry since that day. for me it is a freedom to speak to the people and to share the experience but also it is cathartic. it lets me feel better in sharing my story with them. >> reporter: he is with another printing company now and could work anywhere. but his office is on the 85th floor of the new one world trade center. greg carafelo is the only twin towers businessman willing to take a chance on the site again. >> it is an act of pride. come back to one of the greatest buildings i have been involved in, looking at the way it is built, and the beauty of it. i think it is a salute to what we do in america. >> reporter: it is 1776 feet high, counting its spire. and like practically everything else on the 16-acre site it didn't happen without fights. over its design. over its name. one world trade center. instead of the original, freedom tower. over what if god forbid, there were another attack? one world trade center is built around a concrete core.

anywhere in a skyscraper. and so, should anything happen, all of the occupants as well as thousands, everything you might need, it is all protected inside of the core. there are ghostly nods to the twin towers. but what's new here and what used to be called ground zero has been built to be beautiful.

and shopping mall. >> when i came in here the first time. there was almost heavenly in a way. sunday morning commissioned photographer daniel jones to take these pictures. 15 years after 9/11, the world trade center is still a work in progress. with as many as three buildings, not yet even begun. the cost -- $15 billion and counting. too much? or a necessary downpayment on healing? 26,000 people worked on this site. they gave it their all. and in the process, of giving it their all, are doing back breaking work, they also were the beneficiaries of the redemption that comes with that. they were at the completion, they were at the wholeness, and there isn't a single person that did not say, they worked on this

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>> reporter: standing in the main cage of the chimp sanctuary and in the space because these chimps are in quarantine. last year all chimps were declared an endangered species. so for the girls no more testing. just a retire. that they deserve. one cage at a time. workers for the nonprofit group project chimp. unloaded all nine animals. for the of them was prodded and poked and used in experiments. this sanctuary is their new home. and jessica hartell a prime toll gist is their director. >> 16 hours with nine chimps sound like the road trip from hell. how was it? >> kidding we didn't sleep. it wasn't super easy. we were excited. our adrenaline on high. they're living their life for

>> reporter: chimps are kidded the smartest primate, the closest relatives to humans which is why the new iberia research center in louisiana used 220 for medical testing. in 2009 undercover video shot by humane society showed terrified animals yanked from cages and strapped down for experiments. no more. on wednesday night, the first truck load of chimps left louisiana, bound for georgia. and the sprawling walled 236-acre preserve where all of the chimps eventually will room free. >> these cages are used. project chimp. >> this marks the end of privately funded research on chimpanzees in the u.s. a huge deal. end of an era for the guys. >> reporter: are you worried about ptsd. >> there are studies that show chimps out of research show signs of ptsd. we will look for the signs. >> nine new arrival will be quarantined and observed before the next month. hartell calls their release long overdue. >> there is a personality there. they're individuals.

for letting this happen to beings. real beings. >> reporter: all these chimps are between 10 and 13 years old have never touched grass or swung from a tree. once they're set loose into the sanctuary, these girls can look forward to a habitat that feels much more like home. >> the "overnight news" will be

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it was 25 years ago this weekend that a little known garage band from seattle turned the music world on its head. nirvana's megahit smells like teen spirit dropped like a bomb and became a song to rock bars and dorm rooms to this day. anthony mason has a look at the song and the culture it ? ? >> reporter: 25 years ago today, nirvana released their iconic hit "smells like teen spirit." and changed the music landscape forever. ?

it a hard to sum up what was ground breaking abut teen spirit. it was that ground breaking. you hear all the time about music that changed the world. yet this actually did. teen spirit opened the door for grunge. changed what people wanted out of popular music. opened the door for punk rock and all of the anarchy and anger to enter the american popular mainstream. amazing. that's why it placed high. >> reporter: teen spirit the first single released off the was the only track in which all three members of nirvana, lead singer, kurt cobain, and the bassist and drummer, received the writing credit. ? ? surprisingly the song which many consider an anthem of generation x was not a hit at first. >> it certainly was not a hit. nobody really expected this song to be a hit.

the label would have been happy if it sold 50,000 copies of this album. it ended up selling 10 million copies. the song's music individually had a lot to do with its success. it's hard to remember a time when mtv showed music videos they did. it was this one. it was a big deal. this video was different. it was dark. it was moody. it was angry. it was funny. >> reporter: the song climbed to number 6 on the billboard chart. and smells like teen spirit has gone on to be considered one of the

captioning funded by cbs it's monday, september 12th, 2016. this is the "cbs morning news." after months of questions surrounding her health scare, dehydrated and dealing with pneumonia. how sunday's episode buried clinton's controversial tweet about donald trump. we remember. the september 11th attacks.