captioned by the national captioning institute --www.ncicap.org-- >> i am llewellyn king, the host of "white house chronicle." we have a very special edition that celebrates and takes notice of the fact that the world population has reached 7 billion. in order to survive, the species will need food, water, and energy.

they are enormously connected. those connections and that supply will be examined in this program with some of the best minds that you can assemble in one place. they have been assembled here for a special conference organized by the world energy council and the american chapter of the united states energy association. we will be right back with that program. >> many have spoken out about the need to transition to a clean energy future. by 2020, we are committed to reducing or displacing more than 15 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually through greening our operations, helping our customers reduce emissions, and offering more low carbon electricity in the marketplace. we are taking action and seeing

results. >> and now, the program host, nationally syndicated columnist llewellyn king, and co-host linda gasparello. >> barry worthington is the executive director of the united states energy association. welcome to the broadcast. >> thank you for having me. >> what is the relationship between the united states energy association and the world energy council? >> we belong to the council as a country. there are 90 members. we're the u.s. affiliate. we have counterparts in the other 90 countries. >> what is your mission?

>> we strive to develop a dialogue and forum for conversation for people inside the energy industry and those outside to understand how the energy systems work. >> it is more important than it has ever been as we have reached 7 billion people. >> this week, according to the united nations. whoever that child is the was the 7 billionth, there is about a 1/3 chance that they were born in a modern economy with a viable energy. >> which means also having food and water available. >> it does. you cannot have food or water without energy. there's also 1/3 of the chance they were born in a location where there is inadequate, and reliable, and unaffordable energy. chance also 1/3 of a that they were born with their

is no access to any energy of all -- out of -- any type of commercial energy at all. >> there are big changes in energy supply. we have discovered alternative or shale gas. >> it is changing things dramatically. we went from where we were going to have shortages of natural gas not long ago to now having the supply increase from 30 years to 60 years to 100 years. someone tell you it may be 200- year supply. -- some may tell you it could be a 200-year supply. >> there is controversy about the fracturing. >> there are a couple of different controversies. the key resolve -- revolves around watcher.

-- around water. you inject water with chemicals deep underground to fracture the rock and release the natural gas. that process requires a lot of water. there is the question of water being available. there is the question of how you treat the water. the extraction water that comes out of the well is properly treated and reused. you have to do it properly. you can do it wrong. if you do it wrong, you will have problems. >> the u.s. energy association has a global role. >> probably 80% of what we do is international in nature. >> what is your international role? >> mostly it is working with developing countries and trying to transfer best practices for management and technology. the u.s. leads the world in many technologies. we also leave the world in terms of how you operate energy

corporation -- corporations and energy functions. we have examples, good and bad, to illustrate to other countries. >> what examples? >> a great example today is using enhanced oil recovery combined with carbon capturing storage. it is a technology that is very expensive still. it has to be demonstrated large scale. we have been taking carbon dioxide for about three decades, injecting it underground for enhanced oil recovery. that means oil fields that are depleted or worn out, we could inject carbon dioxide and increase the flow of oil. no other country in the world has the experience the united states has in that. >> you will go to nigeria and

show them how to do this? >> we show them how we do it. we take the approach that you are smart. we will show you our practices and how we manage different functions. you can take the experiences and apply them to your circumstances. they will be different. they can take what works for them and take advantage of our experience. quick to set examples of good and bad. can you give us a bad -- >> you said examples of good and bad. can you give us a bad example? >> in the late 1990's, everybody was fascinated with california. we would insist that we would show the california model but also the other models in the united states as well. as time went on, the approach of showing different models was associated with the california

energy crisis. >> do you think we will see a serious contribution in your lifetime? -- electric vehicles in your lifetime or your son's life time? >> we will . >> a serious contribution. >> we are getting there on a niche basis. there are a couple of issues we have to be realistic about. we have built up this current infrastructure over 100 years. it is in place. it is relatively inexpensive. it is a highly convenient. electric vehicles will have to meet the cost and convenience of the traditional gas-powered engines. >> is detroit's sitting down with electric utilities to talk about charging cars in the middle of the night?

>> the auto industry never talks to the petroleum or electrical industry on a regular basis until the ministers meeting in detroit in 2002. that brought the oil companies and electric companies to destroy -- detroit. that is the first conversation i am aware of where they sat around the same table and were talking about what the future would look like. now you do have auto companies going to electric and petroleum meetings. you have those industries going to the other meetings. it is an enormous change. >> the governor of texas says the united states can be self- sufficient in energy. do you believe it? >> today for the first time, you are seeing it happen.

imports are dropping. domestic production is increasing. whether we can be independent is a sharp question. it will not happen soon. what we can do better than we are now is increased domestic production. >> a lot of this goes to the new technology like extracting oil from tight formations. pennsylvania is a boom state with unemployment at 3.5%. >> there certainly are jobs. that is one great example. there are other examples of onshore production. there are examples of offshore production. when we talk about increasing domestic production, we do not just mean the 50 united states. we mean north america. we have a great opportunity to increase our imports to the

united states from canada. we will deal with some decisions that will take place in the next few months on whether our nation will be serious about reducing dependence on oil from other countries. >> thank you very much. >> it is great to be with you. ♪ >> karl rose is a man who peers into the future. now with the world energy council based in london, welcome to the broadcast. now we are 7 billion people on the earth. it seems to sustain that many people and more coming we need three things. they are related. energy, water, and food. what do you see looking into the

future? >> you are right. we have something in the energy field recall the water-energy nexus. i think we are now realizing that we have to add food. we will be looking into the future of the water-energy-food nexus. >> water is for cooling power plants, hydroelectric, fracking. is it that set of water uses as opposed to the need for drinking water, etc.? >> yes, there are a number of new resources with biofuels and unconventional gas. they have a higher water footprint than conventional energy sources like the refining of crude oil. the water needs are going up at a time when water stresses are

up because of the demand for water for human and agricultural use. >> what do we do about energy in the most deprived areas such as the middle east? >> the first thing is to -- provide access to energy to the poorest parts of the world. we need to take care of and have proper usage of the water. in most of those areas, it is in short supply. we need to take a systemic view of the whole water juice system -- cold water system and not just focus on energy. " we're talking about fresh water. is salt water appropriate for some energy uses?

>> if you use walter s. process in water, often you are dealing with tight quality constraints. in the energy industry, we talk about designer water. there are water projects where you deal with salt water. increasingly, we are trying to have pure water to optimize efficiency and get extra oil and gas out of the ground. >> if we move to electricity, the united states has seen a move away from water cooling plants. the ambient temperature is higher going out and going in.

to replace fiske cooling tower -- the cooling towers use of a lot of water to evaporate. is this a sensible use of water? is this something that seems good but has a higher environmental price down the road? >> the latest developments go in the direction of replacing water cooling with air cooling. we're talking about more expensive systems. in the middle east, we already see the first plants going into place. they have local pure water footprints. you have new technologies in place with a closed circle of water usage so you are not wasting water or you are replacing it with air cooling. >> which energy source is the kindest to water in terms of the environmental impact? >> wind power.

and surprise, it might actually be conventional oil. it has watered to oil ratio of only one to one. >> we had better explain that water is used to push down the well for fracturing. that is where the water comes in. >> i was actually talked about the water used in a refinery in america. you do need some water to process the crude-oil and converts gasoline and diesel. that is a ratio of one to one. fracking is used in an unconventional gas and oil fields. we need to help the forces of nature to extract the compounds

out of the ground. there is a heavy debate about the use of large quantities of water for fracturing. technology is progressing rapidly. the amount of chemicals going into this type of water have been significantly reduced. there are now processes in place that use fresh water that can be recovered and used again. >> i truly fascinating. good luck with your work. -- i truly fascinating -- utterly fascinating. good luck with your work. we pause now. we broadcast every saturday at 9:30 a.m., 3:30 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. eastern time. we're also broadcast around the globe by the voice of america, english-language service television. jacques besnainou build reactors all over the world.

welcome to the broadcast. when there is an incident like in japan, when does the nuclear industry is to say we are safe again? nuclear always goes back to what they have been criticized for. according to my research, except for the russian reactor disaster in ukraine, there has never been a life lost at all, including japan. >> you are right. there were a lot of emotions and images around that. even in japan, there was no life lost because of the nuclear incident or accident.

any accident or incident is a way to learn. in the airline industry when there is a crash, they spend millions of dollars looking into it. but whatthat is what we need to do. that is what we're going to do in the industry. we're going to make the world safer because of fukushima. >> one of the constantly repeated arguments -- in france, you do it on a smaller bases. what are your feelings about waste? >> we do not reprocess.

we recycle. as we recycle aluminum here, we recycle nuclear waste in france very effectively. it provides 6000 jobs over the last 30 years. it is done very safely. we need to do the same in the u.s. >> but we're not reprocessing. we have these huge cores lying around because we are not even using yucca mountain. >> technical solutions and technologies exist. come visit france and you will see that it is working. it is an american situation. it will bring an enormous amount of jobs, 10,000 jobs. it will allow us to reduce the

volume of waste. let's say yucca mountain were to open today, it is not big enough. it was designed for 70,000 tons. this is the amount of waste we have right now. in order to solve the waste management issue, we need to go to recycling. >> what is areva doing in america? >> we are doing a lot. we are present in every part of the nuclear cycle. we have a secure facility where we make fuel. we have a huge service center. we service the largest fleet on the planet. we service almost all plants.

we replace parts. we supply fuel. take care of the spent fuel. we also work with the department of energy. we have a huge program for recycling military plutonium to turned into fuel -- to turn into fuel. from weapons, we turn it into fuel for energy. >> you are going to build a plant to make -- in rich -- enrich. >> you are thinking of europe. we are planning to invest in a large facility to be able to enrich uranium. we just got the license after two years.

we're looking to get an agreement with five countries to get the technology from europe to the u.s. we're looking at the middle of next year. this will be centrifuges. it is proven technology. it has been used in europe for the past 20 years. it is working. we have a plant being built right now in the south of france. there will be two. one in france and one in idaho. they will be sisters. >> changes in gas have changed the nuclear and coal expectations. >> i believe it is like in finance. how do you invest your money?

the best thing is to diversify. it is the same thing with energy. you are making investments for your children and grandchildren. if you look at nuclear energy in the u.s., it is the cheapest energy. it is about 3 cents a kilowatt hour. it is much cheaper than gas or coal. it is key to competitiveness of this country. we need all of it. we need gas, coal, nuclear energy, and renewables. i am advocating for diversification. >> thank you so much.

♪ i am joined by joan mcnaughton, a senior vice president of alstom. she is based in london. it operates in many countries, including the u.s. it operates in 70 countries around the world. >> that is exactly right. >> it is a huge engineering companies specializing in energy engineering. >> innovative solutions for the energy sector. >> you work in areas that are renewable. hydro interests me. what does your company do in that? >> remanufacture the turbines.

we service and retrofit them to rebuild the hydropower facilities with a partner and expert in the civil construction world. >> what other engineering projects are you involved in? >> we are broadening our renewable portfolio. we have now engaged with a company to manufacture a 3 megawatt wind turbine for deployment offshore. a 6 megawatt is coming offshore. it will be very big. i think of some of the biggest airliners in operation today. >> how far off shore will you locate these? >> depends on the depth of the continental shelf.

we manufacture them. we can provide them to anybody who feels they have a good site for them. >> anyone who has been to the beach is aware of the power of waves. people say to me all the time, why do we not use wave power? one answer is corrosion. what are some other problems with way power? but we just bought into a small way power producer in the north of scotland. we are confident that will be capable of being deployed to produce wave energy. a lot depends on getting the technology right and the general reliability issues. we're confident we can do that. >> what kind of wave power? will be floating up and down, turbines in the water? >> it is a circular device. it goes up and down to harness

the power of the way. we think it will be more robust than some of the wave technologies. we're very excited. >> thank you for being on the broadcast. that is our program for today. remember, water, food, energy, the future of mankind. they are all being worked on in houston. ♪ >> we are taking action and seeing results. >> from washington, this has been "white house chronicle," a weekly analysis of the news with insight and a sense of humor featuring llewellyn king, linda gasparello, and guests.

to view the program online, visit us at pbs.org to view the program online, visit us at pbs.org