of a role change that was engineered by the mischevious aaron burr. >> he told the senators they should remove the previous question motion. the previous question motion would quite simply, if passed by a majority, end debate and begin votes on a bill. after having removed the previous motion question, senators realized there was no way to end debate. they realized that if they kept talking, they could stop all business in the senate. thus, the talking filibuster was born. the filibuster was not in the constitution and the founders would've most likely been opposed to the idea. many of our nation's founders hated the idea of a super majority requirement in congress which is what the filibuster has required. >> the founders would be scandalized to see the way business fails to proceed in the senate today. they lost a sense of bipartisan cooperation to get things to move forward. >> in 1917, after the urging of president woodrow wilson, the senate adopted a cloture rule. cloture is a motion to end debate. as adopted in 1917, it took 67 votes to end debate on an issue which means if 67 sen

conspiring with aaron burr and wilkinson doesn't fit his m 0. 19 keeping with his character. doing dangerous things, making poor decisions especially when cold and hungry and exhausted, do square with his character. as a historian, if everything explained to the available evidence, historians ought to be very cautious in wresting their explanations on conjectural evidence. his behavior although it is possible he has secret orders, we can't prove he didn't, is best described as part of a larger set of mistakes, for decisions occasioned by the failure of all his resources, his men, his maps, his forces, his mind, failure of those things to do what expected and needed to do, stop and be happy to take questions or comments. thanks for your attention and for coming out tonight. >> where does it go from here? >> where did he go? from that point gone? pike has a career trajectory. where did pike go from this point in 1807 forward? he has the career trajectory of first publishing journals, and scraps of paper he has gone from his expedition and things like that and then he gets a ser

of a role change that was engineered by the mischevious aaron burr. >> he told the senators they should remove the previous question motion. the previous question motion would quite simply, if passed by a majority end debate and begin votes on a bill. after having removed the previous motion question, senators realized there was no way to end debate. they realized that if they kept talking, they could stop all business in the senate. thus, the talking filibuster as born. the filibuster was not in the constitution and the founders would've most likely been opposed to the idea. many of our nation's founders hated the idea of a super majority requirement in congress which is what the filibuster has required. >> the founders would be scandalized to see the way business fails to proceed in he senate today. they lost a sense of bipartisan cooperation to get things to ove forward. >> in 1917, after the urging of president woodrow wilson, the senate adopted a cloture rule. cloture is a motion to end debate. as adopted in 1917, it took 67 votes to end debate on an issue which means if 67 senator

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led to another and they became involved in politics because the politicians in new york including aaron burralized if you can get a bunch of guys together maybe you can get them to vote. so tammany sort of morphed to a political organization to, and you're right it certainly was in place when the famine irish arrived. it was not the power that it became until the irish harnessed that power and turned it into the organization that, you know we know today. >> many thank you. >> sure. right here. >> hi, thanks. two questions, actually, if i may. one was if you could elaborate on what gave the know-nothings that huge political push that they had in the year that you mentioned, 54 i think. and also the relationship between the new york city police department and fire department and tamma, this y and the irish immigrants. there seemed to be a lot of stuff there. >> yes, there is. the answer to your first question is very simple. i mean it's not a coincidence that the though-nothing movement arises seemingly out of nowhere as the famine immigrants are coming in, right? the tail end of the famine is

could capital, or perhaps to spy as part of a scheme that wilkinson was cooking up with this man, aaron burr. burr was looking for something to rekindle his sagging plate political and economic fortunates. it's possible -- he was accused of this and tried -- it was possible he was trying to foment secession, and was more likely trying too launch a filibustering expedition, that is to gather a private army can capture portions of spanish texas or louisiana and carve out a new nation in the middle of north america that he could be the head of and wilkinson would be his right-hand side man. either way, whatever he was up to, the recon since of the territory that pike was heading into was potentially -- would have been quite useful to burr. the fact that all three men were at the same fort in june of 1805 at the time the wilkinson and burr first met to start cooking up the plan, has led to speculation that perhaps pike was part of the burr and wilkinson scheme, and and the real goal was to get to santa fe despite his official instructions to avoid it. also fueling that speculation is the pike --

. >> i was with you at aaron burr but lost you. >> 20 seconds of my life. >> once offered a teachingersity if you can believe that. >> i can't believe that kind of. >> "the wall street journal" reporting greece is planning on issuing a long-term bond. put that in your pipe and smoke it. >> wow. >> yeah. >> greece. we've come a long way. >> we sure have. i think one of the reasons i felt that there was a misdirection play going on. a kind of a classic seattle seahawks misdirection play yesterday with the bonds. interest rates going down that a lot of people were selling industrials, interest rates going down feel there must be a slow down. i think it's because do you want to pay 6% for greece? i would rather pay 2.7% for u.s. >> you would? how about spain? yeah. >> spain? >> i mean wow. how did spain get there? >> how did that happen so quickly? >> because -- >> by the way, you point this out. >> master of illusion. >> sovereign debt on the books of banks. >> and finally starting to take some of the losses over there. >> versus citi. >> i was taking how long it would take you to get t