i read invisible man when i was in college, actually the same age as -- i was the same age as adam bradley would be when he read "invisible man" and when i showed him the boxes from the second novel, the boxes of analyst's computer printouts, and asked him if he would help me with this project in 1994. but i had wanted to write about ellison's work for a long time. and finally, in 1977, i wrote an essay on ellison, called "the historical frequencies of ralph waldseemuller dough ellison" and in this piece, i try to make the case that ellison's essays, and at that time, many others, some of them weren't published at all, and many of the most compelling essays hadn't made it into "shadow and act." ralph says, -- he used to say, society and morality in a novel, tell it like it is, baby, really, unbelievably superb in original essays, were rejected for inclusion in "shadow and act" if you can believe it and i tracked these down and tried to make the case that "invisible man" his essays rather not only provided a way to read "invisible man" but also more broadly provided a way to read american l