after opposition by union and other and others colleagues decided not to allow individuals like adolph lyons to bring these cases themselves. so seeking injunctive relief, forward looking is an important goal for many people who bring these cases. it is very difficult to, in our current system. so that's one aspect of our or trying to prevent in the future another would be if you created financial sanctions this sort of presumption about deterrence and lawsuits is that if are forced to pay or threatened with the the threat of having to pay out of your bank account, you will take steps to avoid that in the future and in fact that concern that officers will have to pay has motivated a lot of protections for officers when they're sued. but when i looked at police settlements and judgments in 81 jurisdictions across the country, a six year period, i found that officers paid only. 02 percent of. the dollars awarded to plaintiffs in these cases and it was in two of the 81 jurisdictions that i studied that could confirm any payment and amount that was paid in these cases was, on average, about $4,0