of the african slave trade. what ensues is what i call free aade in africa, there is deregulation of the african slave trade. merchants are allowed to enter the african slave trade, which profusion. iny descend on west africa droves dragging africans particularly to the caribbean. more valuablewas than the north american mainland, not least because the caribbean had many sugar plantations. it was seen as something of a miracle drug, believe it or not. and jamaica, anti-gut, bear -- antigua, barbados -- the deregulation of slave trade and onset of the era of free trade in africans leads to predictable results. one result is immense profitability. you may note that the african slave trade was one of the most profitable enterprises in the history of humankind, which is the reason it lasted for hundreds of years and why it has been so difficult to erase the aftermath that still haunts us in 2014. that is to say that some of the profits of these voices could you invest one, dollar and get $1700 back. i'm sure you hav

there were african-american teachers in middle schools who lost their jobs.there was very much tension between what was going to be gained, which was full access of these neighborhood schools where these african-american children live but also a sense of loss of what were going to happen to these teachers and students in these institutions. the museum was really designed to tell the rights of students in american history. when you enter the building you'll be greeted by a park ranger. and then the focal point is a 25 minute series of films which is set opas a dialogue between a younger woman and older man which basically traces the origins and its replacement with an institution which was every bit as an just which were segregation laws. and then visitors can move into the first gallery of exhibits which looks at the importance of education in the african-american community. and that leads up to the decision to use education as the legal issue whereby the naacp would end-all segregation laws. that was really the wedge issue to integrate and then all the other

they blew it according to the view of many african-americans especially african-american women. and alice dunbar nelson was so mad about that she went over to the democrats. she said the republicans can't do better than that then we're leaving them be and she left and became the organizer of african-american women for the democratic party which had its headquarters in new york. and more and more across the 1920s, african-americans in cities in the north began to reconsider. they claimed that democrats in the north were not the same as democrats in the south. and given the disappointment that republicans had been, maybe it made sense to go to the democrats. hardly anyone went with her in the 1920s themselves in the decade of the 1920s itself. it's not until the second election of franklin roosevelt that massive numbers of african-americans moved to the democratic party. she a harbinger of things to come. i thought it would be good if we read together one of her poems. she was married to paul dunbar. but she was, herself, an important poet. i thought you might want to stand up. th

and it is called african, african-american studies 110. introduction of african-american studies, what the kids call blackness 101. we start with the 18th century. the whole class is built around debate that the black people have had over what it means to be black. there never was one way to be black, never, not one time. >> professor luis gates is our guest. he has a series called >> welcome back to the armstrong williams show. i was reading a recent -- >> can i ask you a question? >> sure. >> i think it is important for people to under that it -- to understand that it hurts you when you are attacked. it hurts you when -- all. >> come on. really? >> when people are vicious. >> why? >> i tell you why. >> protect yourself. >> i have learned from being in that laboratory every night at sirius radio is that people don't know you. i found through dialogue and discussions that people who used to say those things, have apologized that i didn't know you and when people talk about you, they say you don't know him. so i give people the benefit of t

caller: there is a great literature on african american history, yes. caller: there's plenty of solutions. those solutions do not involve -- it involves the black community. people still rave about how brown versus board was this great panacea, but i still haven't seen evidence that education for black people in america was helped by brown versus board of education. just's some things that we take as fact, something we need to re-examine and look at it a different way. i wholeheartedly agree with mr. oodson on the fact that they need to look inward and the solution is not in the white community. said was mostrnie profound -- we have to look inside ourselves. there's a young woman with two daughters, they were living in homeless shelters for three years. the girls were studying in their mother's car. one graduated valedictorian and the other salutatorian and they started at spellman as sophomores because they took some in advanced placement courses. they are the antipoverty experts. they are the kind of people we should seek out and ask them, how did you

it's because of the unfairly administered literacy tests that african-american -- many african-americans were kept from voting and many illiterate white people were allowed to vote because of the discretion of the voter registrar meant they could say fine, fine, fine to anyone they wanted to admit to the franchise as well as exclude people. of course, there were also economic reprisals threatened against african-american who tried to vote or who kept voting. land owners would threaten to throw families off of their land or employers to fire people and of course there is also brute violence. lynching increased dramatically in the 1890s, goes down a little bit in the 20th century, has another spike in the 1920s and through those same means, poll taxes and fairly administered literacy test the threat of economic reprisal, african-american women were kept from voting just like african-american men were. that struggle, the struggle to get rid of poll taxes and to overcome those literacy test and to fight back, that struggle as many of you know and some of you have lived through, right, that s

our aim is african citizens and our organisation. 0uraim is to african citizens and our organisation.vel of trust to sustain the support for the south african national congress, and ensure they are ina national congress, and ensure they are in a position to win the election in 2019. others might have a short—term objective of participating in the looting of the state for their personal benefit. let's not get ahead of ourselves talking about 2019 elections. talking about the anc choice as to who should lead the party after jacob zuma. his term runs out at the end of the year. it seems he wants his ex—wife to take over. the other leading candidate who has stood has made his intentions known. who are you backing? the anc will discuss it in september. the candidate is qualified to lead a better future for all south africans. looking at his record, he has been woven into the governing elite of business and politics since the liberation struggle. records suggest that he has remained loyal to jacob zuma in a series of no—confidence votes and the dispute about how jacob zuma spend money on hi

write, this is new, you african americans have never been free, african-americans have never been safemr. butler: when we look at the way the police treat black never been a has time where community relations has been anywhere near good. for a long time, if you were a black person and you called the police to report a crime, if you were the victim, the place didn't pay much attention to it. now the sense is, the police are overwhelmingly in african-american communities, but not to protect those communities, but rather to lock folks up. when you look at the things black people haven't been through in this country, from slavery to the old jim crow segregation, separate schools, separate water fountains, to situations now like the poison water crisis in flint, michigan. it disproportionately impacts black people. for those extreme deprivations, black people are more willing to go to court, to peacefully protest. but there is something about being attacked by the police, the people who are supposed to that setsd serve you, african-americans off like no other. risen up in the united states

african americans have never been free, african americans have never been safe.hen we look at the way police treat black people, there has never been a time where community relations have been anywhere near good. for a long time, few were a black person, you called the police to report crime -- if you were the victim, the police just didn't pay that much attention to it. now, the sense is the police are overwhelmingly in african-american communities, but not to protect those communities, but rather to lock folks up. things lackk at the people have been through in this country from slavery -- black people have in through in this country from slavery to jim crow to separate water fountains to situations now like the poison water crisis in flint, michigan that disproportionately impacts lack people -- impacts lack have beenack people willing to go to court to peacefully protest, but there's something about being attacked by the police, the people who are supposed to protect and serve you that affect african-americans like nothing else. when you look at every major c

to graduate with a doctorate in political science also the first african-american to be the editor of harvard law and wants to be able to understand and teach the history of the constitution but he also wants to be as well-prepared as the key in -- as the key and as a cadre of lawyers to do the good work with those african-american lawyers partly because plessey vs. ferguson with access to that education it takes to prepare yourself. so those are those seminal moments that really prepare him to become the charles houston that we all know. like his professional working career between 1925 with that 25 year period, it is an enviable by any measure and how one of the real tragic elements of houston's life he was born with a congenital heart -- heart defect and was aware of it but even into the late '30's or 40's particularly of the '40's just a slowdown and is a testament to the motivation of charles houston and his dedication that he felt so compelled to do the work that was needed to make the world a better place where the people of the united states and his activities and this is what

x people are afraid of african-american men. there are studies that show that many people have reactions of anxiety. there is research that shows that people do not think of african-americans as human beings. there are all these stereotypes about criminality associated peered some of that is based on statistics with a breakdown in the book. i understand why people have these concerns, because if you look at street crime, african-american men represent a large number. i do talk about some men who have experienced people who do not want to sit next to them on the subway. on the amtrak, you can sit wherever you want, and he says it is always the last seat next to him to be filled. on southwest airline, you can choose your seat, so sports journalists will joke that if a black man is sitting in the seat,seat and a window then the middle seat will never be filled. there are these responses that people have two black men which are in some ways relatively benign, and in other ways quite harmful like police being much more likely to shoo

music and in african cultures. as these tours start you start seeing these kind of diverging motivations for both the state department and the musicians they were sponsoring. so looking through the lens of a couple of these musicians we can kind of get a more -- a better sense of the complexity that they brought to the table. the state department would have been happy with these guys going out there saying jazz is awesome, america is great, but the musicians weren't willing to rest on that alone and the state department didn't foresee the connections they would make with their roots. louis armstrong. his first trip to ghana in 1956. first time in africa. he had traveled on a commercial tour in europe a decade before but in 1956 louis armstrong goes to africa for the first time. and he's playing for the ghanaian people, with his band. and in the crowd he sees a woman, a ghanaian woman who looks just like his mom. his mom had died 20 years before and he sees this woman and in the middle of a song louis armstrong stop

history, and who is african-american himself, read the book. the manuscript, once it was done, consulted with him throughout the process. certainly having the family of robert smalls, whether he was white, black, or asian, was very important to me because i -- my goal as a writer is to -- is not to put anyone down. that's not -- my goal was to get the accurate story and in this case i wanted to elevate someone that i believed was a hero. but it was very important to me to listen to any issues that came up, like when michael's mother mentioned the -- we were going to use the term "slave" on the title. his journey from slave to union hero, and she was opposed to that, and i completely understand why now, and we made that argument with the editor who was very gracious about and it understood, and the last thing i warranted to do was to insult people that i was really trying to help by telling the story, the smalls family. was a dawning thing i. don't know if i fully realized how daunting when i started. was just overwhelmed by his story and i thin

african-americans were voting. now, some people have said and historians have said that boss crump manipulated that vote, and in some cases he did. but at least for african-americans, this growing african-american population in memphis who were leaving the plantations of mississippi and arkansas and in some respects louisiana going north, those who didn't go to chicago, detroit, milwaukee, cleveland came to, stopped in memphis or st. louis. the ones that populated memphis, they at least saw boss crump listening to just a little bit of their concerns when nobody else would even care about their issues. so, yes, they gave their political allegiance to boss crump. now, the book contains a lot of characters who were either courageous or cowardly in memphis when it came to racial equality and fairness. but the one thing that i took away from my research for this book -- and it was just an unbelievable, enjoyable experience for me as a person who grew up around memphis but living in mississippi. boss crump was from holly

there is a fundamental question mark facing all of south africans.his web of allegations of corruption going to the very top of government? your message seems to be, yes, they should. is there any reason why we should believe anything that a gupta family member has to say. i can affirm to you in categorical terms that the deputy minister of south africa was offered 600 million rands as a bribe in order to take the position of finance minister, later that year, in 2015 — which he rejected and, as a consequence, he was dismissed, as i was, towards the end of march this year. secondly, a number of others who are implicated and mentioned in the e—mails that you refer to, have not contested the truth. in fact, have provided one or other kind of explanation, either to vindicate themselves or to extricate themselves from the allegations of... (crosstalk). are you ready to see the guptas in court if they choose to pursue you, because, of course, they deny all of the allegations that you've just mentioned — are you ready for that, if necessary? no, no, that i

when the middle schools ind grated there were african american teachers who lost their jobs. there was also a of loss. the museum was designed and really the roots of that go back to the originsov of slavery in e united states. you'll be greeted by a folk ranger. it is a 25 series of films. it was every bit as unjust. with that as a starting point visitors can move into the first gallery of exhibits which looks at the importance of education in the african american community. it leads up to the decision to use education as the legal issue where by the naacp would end all seg graregation laws. it was the integrate and all of the other dominos would fall. one was called the hall of courage. they were in opposition and the movement to integrate schools. it took place all over including massachusetts where there were riots in protests of bussing policies to create integrative schools. while there weren't any major protests those were extremely violent and bloody and costly to the united states. it is probably one of the most exhibits here. we are helping engage in dialogues about

an african pygmalion. someone who had been transformed by her experience. but the transformation, it seemed, was more beneficial perhaps to those who had transformed her than it was to her herself. and that got me to thinking more and more about filless wheatley. a aided by the fact at u.s. boston where i am we have a building named wheatley building. also, just thinking about boston and the flickering history that it's had. it's had this history where at some points its connection to african-american history is seen as positive and there are other points where it doesn't seem quite so positive. so that flicker change in character is what fascinated me. and kind of invited me to look more deeply at the history of phillis wheatley. i must confess, and maybe it's even an addiction to history. i love history. it fascinates me. i like reading about it. i like thinking about it. i like treating it like water through which i swim. so this for me, this historical look at filless wheatley has a look at a subject t

african american youth came to take the brunt of this focus.s an example, in 1942 the los angeles county grand jury launches mexican american youth gangs in l.a. one of the expert witnesses that provides testimony to the grand jury is a sheriff named edward duran. all he knows and feels is a desire to use a knife or some lethal weapon it is to let blood in his testimony to compare zoot suitors to wildcats that need to be caged. there are numerous instances of judges across los angeles county referring to zoot suitors and african american zoot suitors as traveling in wolf packs. a kind of language and vocabulary that dehumanizes them a massive part of the problem takes off in los angeles after august of 1942 when there is an incident known as the sleepy lagoon case. i won't go into great detail about it because we'll watch a film about it later today. the general outline is that mexican american youth, upwards of 600 of them are rounded up after a young mexican man named jose diaz is found bleeding to death after a gang fight on the outskirts of

calling for african-american travelers to exercise extreme caution when travelinging through the state, given the series of questionable race-based incidents occurring statewide. this afternoon, we'll hear from their interim president and ceo derrick johnson at the national press club. that's live at 1:00 p.m. eastern over on c-span. >>> with the house and senate back in session on tuesday, september 5th, we're taking a look at the work the members of congress will be handling. the federal budget, tax reform, the debt ceiling and health care. join us for a review of what's ahead for congress. thursday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span and c-span.org and listen on the free c-span radio app. >> today on american history tv, we take you into college classrooms across the country. in our original series lectures in history with discussions from college and university classrooms around the country. next, a look at latina history and the civil rights movement. we start with university of california san diego professor luis alvarez. who teaches a class about the 1943 zoot suit riots in los ange

they really wanted to reopen the african slave trade. they wanted more territory in the west to expand. they wanted territory in latin america, particularly the caribbean and central america to expand. to expand their plantations. and they weren't take anything prisoners. slavery was their key to game fortune and that's what they wanted to maintain. what is interesting is that this was happening in the united states, slavery was booming at the time it began to dwindle in the americas. i mean, britain had emancipated slaves in the 1830s. france had emancipated its slaves in the caribbean in the 1840s. and so it was united states and cuba and brazil that was really still pushing for slavery and when slavery was really thriving in these place jazz middle of the civil war, abraham lincoln issues the emancipation proclamation, 1863. >> guest: 1863. >> any sneak. >> guest: it did have some effect. one thing that is interesting is because african slaves are so invested in freedom that as soon as the union forces arrive in virginia, in south car

and african-american. the west african countries from which slaves followed was a social model in which a king exercised absolute authority over the property and persons of all of those in his dominion, according to jackson. thus, africans were habituated from their earliest experiences in what jackson considered barbaric africa and that universally quote embind with their mother's milk this elixir of servitude and their disposition to fall under and serve as slaves. to further augment his justification for slavery, jackson turned to the prospect of emancipation. if the slaves were freed, what next. jackson pointed out that thomas jefferson had already examined the question of slavery's abolition and concluded that should slaves be liberated within greater american society, quote, deep-rooted prejudice entertained by the whites, long-held animosities harbored by the blacks, and the quote, real distinctions nature has made would result in a race war. jackson concurred with jefferson, that unavoidable racial

many mexican-american and african-americans and japanese-americans, particularly after pearl harbor in december of 1941, support what was known as the bb campaign. the vv campaign was victory abroad against hitler, mussolini and fascism, but also victory at home for first class membership in american society. you can't win abroad without also winning at home. that you couldn't fight for american democracy overseas without fighting for equal citizenship on the homefront. this became a fundamental and core principle for many medicatio mexican-american, african-american and other folks. there were some successes in civil rights during the war. franklin delano roosevelt, president during the initial years of world war ii signed executive order that banned discrimination in the workplace and called for fair employment practices and fair housing opportunities. there were also movements against and resistance to siff righsiff -- civil rights progress. remember, we have mexican-american becoming a larger portion, we have african-american migrating internally to big cities across the country. e

i have just the south african president himself.ust come the south african president himself. i have just come to say thank you to all of you. those comrades who are in parliament who landed this supports from the membership and supporters. they came in the numbers to demonstrate that in the anc is powerful, bake and difficult to defeat. i'm sure you remember that today the vote of no—confidence is the eighth one. always they try. that was president jacob vote. angina by the director of programmes thatis angina by the director of programmes that is social economic research institute. the vote was not close, but it was quite close. it was surprisingly close. i don't think anyone expected it and any mathematical approach you can't erupt, even though it has a secret vote and we don't know who voted each way, if use of track the number of opposition mps from the total number, it appears that at least 26 anc mps voted with the opposition, which shows the amount of fracture and division within the mainstream of the anc. i think it is quit

august 28th, 1955, was the day 14-year-old african-american emmett till was murdered by two white men. so significant that august 28th was the day martin luther king jr. chose for his 1963 i have a dream speech. closer to the present, august 28th, 2008, then senator barack obama became the first african-american man to win a major party's nomination. august 28th. so today we take a look at the murder of emmett till. so horrific and ghastly the death of this 14-year-old boy in mississippi, became a call to arms, a moment that galvanized the civil rights movement. till had allegedly flirted with a white female shop keeper. the price, he was beaten and mutilated, his eyes gouged out with barbed-wire wrapped around his neck. his body was thrown into the river to sink and vanish into mystery. but his mother refused to let his death go unnoticed. when the body was found, she insisted on an open casket so the world could see what happened. when the people were acquitted, it began a campaign for civil rights which continues today. unearthing more details about till's murder continues. the whi

and african-americans. the west african countries from which american slaves originated followed a social model in which king offered authority over all those in his dominion according to jackson. thus after scans were habituated from their earliest experiences from barbaric africa and they even with their mother's mix, this elixir of servitude, making it their nature, their disposition to fall under as slaves. jackson turned to the prospect of emancipation. if the slaves were freed, what next? concluded that deep rooted prejudice entertained by the whites, long harbored animosities with the blacks, the differences in the two groups and the real distinctions that the group made would end in a race war. jackson concluded that this included any prospect of an america where black and white men lived side by side. jackson pointed out that thomas jefferson had already examined the question of slavery's abolition and concluded that should slaves be liberated within greater american society, quote, deep-rooted pre

i think what folks ultimately fear is africans, the kind of ease with which african-americans could bentegrated into the system because it assault the very idea of white supremacy in the first place. amy: you write in your book ta-nehisi,, talking about trump and leading the birther movement against president obama "after his conspiracy theorists force president obama to present his birth certificate, president trump demanded the college raise offering -- if you can talk about that push from birther-ism to what president trump is doing today and what you would like to see him doing -- one of the things he said yesterday is that he had met with his attorney general jeff sessions, who would be leaving a federal investigation into what took place in charlottesville, does that give you any comfort? >> absolutelnot. what i would like to see him do is resigning and leaving the white house. for theo expectations president. assert we have no expectation -- this is like where we are. we're in houston near his right now where jeff sessions is the one who is going to bring the white supremacists

while in the african-american schools it's a much different story. it's in a basement, the materials are older and also you could tell much more worn. these exhibits were submitted by both the plaintiffs and defendants to show on the plaintiff's side these facilities were unequal, whereas on the defendant side they wanted to show these facilities were just about equalism. >> so, as we're looking at those, we have to talk about one of those cases, the brown versus board of education of topeka made its way into the federal courts. first of all is the brown that we saw in this case the linda brown we saw earlier? >> it is linda brown and she was the daughter of oliver brown who was -- he was a -- he was in topeka and he was a welder in the shops of the santa fe railroads. >> he was also a part-time preacher. in some pictures he chose to wear his collar which as a dimension no into this case. >> he was brought into this case he didn't seek them out. the reason the naacp and thurgood marshall chose this case was to avoid that the schools weren't equal. th

during his earlier career, especially in the west, did command african-american troops. we will step over and look at his headquarters flag. he was from a little town in missouri. national worlde war i museum and memorial. this was his headquarters flag. in 1918, wellesley college awarded him a special honor of making him an honorary member. this was very important because his wife, frankie, was a member of that society. she and his three daughters died in a fire at the presidio in san francisco three years before that. he had not gotten over mourning the loss of his wife and daughters. when the society made him an honorary member, he was so touched that he sent them this flag so they would have that as a remembrance of frankie. a few years ago, one of the trustees of wellesley college got it donated from the college to the museum and it has held a place of pride ever since. one of the tools that general pershing had at his disposal was one of the first tanks. the operative -- that were developed during the war. they were used on a limited basis in 1916. by 1917, they ha

and on african-american males in particular. in this country has to have a conversation about that. >> large-scale immigration would increase the total number of jobs. immigration brings in more restaurant jobs and resort jobs. is it better for this country to have more jobs or higher wages and high productivity for americans? stephen: president trump has been clear that he is a pro high wage president. he ran as a pro high wage candidate. that is what this policy will accomplish. the point about economic growth, we are constantly told that unskilled immigration boosts the economy. but again, if you look at the last 17 years, we know from reality that's not true. if you look at wages, you can see the effects. if you look at the labor force, you can see the effects. again, we are ending unskilled chain migration. but we are also making sure that the great inventors of the world, the great scientists of the world, the people who have the great piece of technology can come into the united states and compete in a competitive applica