the embodiment of african- american voting rights. rainey was also a symbol for african americans. these were men who not only represented their small districts or their states and the constituents therein, but they represented african- americans nationally and they were a source of pride. that is reflected in the material culture. rainey serves for almost 8 years. he has the longest-serving african-american during the reconstruction period. he establishes a couple of firsts. he is the first african- american to preside over the house while it is in session. that happens in 18 74 -- in 1874. his experiences typical of these individuals who come to the house in relatively small numbers. the high point, in terms of the number of african-americans is the 43rd congress, mid-1870s. there are only six or seven african-americans in congress at that point. they are too small of a group to drive a legislative agenda. where they do contribute to legislation is to come out and speak on behalf of their constituents and their political rights. and there are abuses against those political rights

well it's financing that is obviously welcome by african leaders and african countries but in the same breath during his speech president chinese president xi jinping did say that this investment will not go into vanity projects and that there should be some caution when dealing with with the projects going forward he also mentioned that poor african nations will be exempt from their interest free loan interest free loans that would do in two thousand and eighteen probably a show to see that you know giving a show that you know china does have africa's interest at heart and so trying to increase its foothold on the african continent knowledge of prime minister warned against a new version of colonialism as he cancelled a series of chinese backed infrastructure projects in his country other similar views among african leaders. definitely not these are not sentiments that echoed by african leaders in fact the african union chairman and president of the rwanda paul kagame is said that to china is a friend and you have cyril ramaphosa is the president of south africa's alluding to the fact

are african countries getting into a dextre with china president xi jinping i'm not the high level the king of egypt and promises that no strings attached billions of dollars in new financing but what are the long term financial risks this is inside story. hello there welcome to the program i'm laura kyle china is africa's largest trading partner and he spent billions of dollars in investment and loans with the promise of much more to come from roads and railways to ports the chinese government is backing large scale projects across africa as part of its so-called belt and road and negative the leaders of around fifty african countries have been in beijing for a two day summit china's president xi jinping offered them sixty billion dollars in new financing deals and says the investments come with no political strings attached is also promising to waive the debts of the poorest african countries as our china correspondent. well this has been a summit which in many ways was more about symbolism than substance it lasted really less than two days but of course china has committed itself to

you had african-americans on u street. they had taken up sniper positions on the rooftop read -- rooftop. and so when world war ii came around, when all americans began to see our entrance into world war ii, african-americans said -- we are going to fight for victory at home. we want the double v. our college campuses had double v contests. an all-encompassing aspect it would not stop our agitation at home and that agitation began with the struggle to desegregate the armed forces. today what we call the civil rights movement began with the struggle to desegregate america's military. >> this notion of internal and external enemies, we have to fight for the right to fight, fight for our own rights. i think you make the case quite convincingly that the african-american experience in the military mirrored that in some ways. but mirrored that of the african-american experience. if your experience in the military would play to out that -- play to that if in fact you felt that the military was ahead of the rest of society or behi

i am a phd in african-american history and carter g woodson is better known as the father of african-american history. he is one of the founders of african-american history as a professional discipline. carter g woodson was born to enslaved parents in 1875. he was not formally educated until 20 years old. he worked in the coal mines in west virginia to save up money. he went on to get his bachelor's in kentucky and his masters at degree atr bachelor the university of chicago. he is the second person of african descent to obtained a doctorate at harvard university. so, it is very special to me to be in this location. this is his home and office where he started the association for the study of negro life and history, which is the premier historical and public history organization that educates teachers, professors, on the topic of african-american history and promotes it within the country. >> what would have gone on in the space, and what time period are we talking about? turkiya: he purchased the home in 1922 and remained there until his death in 1950. he used this as an office for the assoc

recently, an african american c.n.e. was accused of abuse because she removed food from a patient who was vomiting. a co-worker accosted, one co-worker accosted two african americans and told them they are no good. they are, you know, they are a waste of time. this was reported to e.o. e.o.'s response was they have found nothing to substantiate racism. so, this is the equitable and fair employer that we work for. >> supervisor kim: thank you, miss rutherford. next speaker. >> good morning. miss kim, miss brown, miss fewer, i'm amos brown. president of the san francisco branch of the national association for the advancement of colored people. and also have had the honor of for 43 years serving as senior pastor of the historic third baptist church san francisco. i must respectfully submit that i am very troubled over the atmosphere, attitude, and the actions of san francisco political leadership toward its citizens of darker hue. it's out loud blatant disrespect. the first item i want to say that catalogues that, no person

certainly among african-american writers. he wanted this book to be the great prize winner in bestseller, but unfortunately it flopped. in some ways, this is the book we still need to digest. this is the difficulty of black labor and middle-class and basically this is a suggestion that we have great distance to travel. when his friend said, you know, you've betrayed me intellectually and they fell apart as friends. ellison was becoming known at the end of the 1940s is really not just the great intellectual, but somebody who understood cells to be the great artist like langston hughes and chester himes, in some ways sort of a lofty picture and they would often say to admirers he thought chester was intellectually dishonest and assorted interesting, he featured kind of ad hominem attack in the novel lonely crusade. it's hilarious. you really must read it. chester also as friends with one of our assorted underdog african-american reviewers, intellectuals, writer in his own right from chicago. despite the support of a group of pe

woodson is the father of african-american history. he is one of the founders of african-american history as a professional discipline. he wasn't normally -- formally educated until he was 20. he worked in the coal mines. he saved of the enough money to attend high school, douglas high school and west virginia. he went on to get his bachelors degree in kentucky and his masters and another bachelors degree at the university of chicago. even more understanding, he is the second person of african descent to obtain a doctorate -- doctorate at harvard university. it is very special to me to be in this location pick this is his home and office where he started the association for the study of [null] life and history. it is the premier historical and public history organization that educates teachers, professors on the topic of african american history and promotes it.>> what was going on in this space and what time. are we talking about? >> he purchased the home in 1922. he remained in the room -- home until his death in 1950 pick he used it

that it's not only africans who face that issue like this. it was the same when europeans migration to america its human being is mentally. we're beginning to get cold and those who come to germany are coming to the wrong country if we look at the empty foreign demonstrations in cambridge last week what impression of germany must they get looking at recent events that target all. flushes germany is not the wrong country to come to that it's just that now we're not only in germany but an intellectual hungry too all there are lots of european countries where people are protesting against integration would. it doesn't mean it's the wrong country but i think it's a question of how you communicate this change in society to the population. the question is whether we the media have always done a good job here. you might wish that do we know the background of why so many people flee from their homelands. have we always informed people here about that have we told them for instance who is behind the holes in the congo there is he the congo is such a r

the african-american experience in the larger society. i was going to ask you if your experience in the military would play out that thesis. if in fact, you felt like that the military was maybe ahead of the rest of society, or behind? how did you see your role as an african-american woman in the military, versus your role in society? >> i think the army organization was ahead of the curve with opportunities. for me, it was more about sexism and racism. of course i encountered some racism. in the military, being in there 30 years. but some subtle stuff. but i think that being a female , being a black female, there was some perspective about black females. we were enslaved, and not house owners, but we cleaned houses. we do not have leadership abilities. and so, being in charge of a platoon full of males, that was a little challenging. [ laughter ]so it mirrors the civilian world in some ways. but i think the sexism was more of my case then the racism. >> of course in some ways that might mirror society today as well. i don't think i have

you know even that they left things in a way that made african countries dependent on europe so europe could continue to exploit them. that's why we say relations with african nations need to be honest and europeans and western countries still have a system in place when it comes to development aid on fair trading relations and unfair interference in political affairs. and that has to stop had to be. otherwise there can be no real working relationship between african and european nations like that you or your basal image here of what there are solid economic and political interests at stake you want to disturb that way. it's been my dream i know for the operators i have only the thing i still don't think the europeans would be the ones to do it because they have always benefited from the set up and it has to be from ass from the african a side. but for us to shake things out in there has to be a shift in our mindset what i call a mental revolution. like you know after colonialism many people in these countries developed an unfair e.r.d. complex because the colonialists always said ever

otherwise there can be no real working relationship between african and european nations. because you open your basically but there are solid economic and political interests at stake you want to disturb that way. it's been you might be my know for you all because i have only the thing i still don't think the europeans would be the ones to do it because they have always benefited from this has happened and it has to be from us from the african assize. but for us to shake things out in there has to be a shift in our mindset what i call a mental revolution equal yet. you know after colonialism many people in these countries developed an unfair e.r.c. complex because the colonialists always said everything that comes from your country is battling yet we are the only ones who can solve your problems and our products are the only good ones. what would a productive bakshi change people's perception of africa one into one oriented to europe and not their own country or in. of people relinquish their ability to make their own decisions. we have to say it's time we solve our own pr

it is out of their self interest and not the fundamental thinking of helping african countries i still think the countries like the u.s. and europe probably take really the moral high ground in this issue but what's really has changed in the past decade in africa we have to we have to admit that the chinese is actually taking the lead here not the western countries i must say that the big criticism of course over these projects is that many of them a simply not needed by many of these countries in africa they may benefit twenty years down the line but they're certainly not benefiting anyone now and when countries can't pay back the loans to pay for them in the first place then they risk losing their sovereignty are you seeing that happen. some of the projects have been like very unlike what the chinese presidents called vanity kind of projects and they are carried out by some african leaders for their kind of political gains unlike big stadiums or big statues or big dams or different kinds of grandiose kinds of projects but i think there is an awareness now both among i mean on the chi

historian kate nasr discussing lincoln, a book published [indiscernible] talk of african americans who knew and worked for president lincoln and first lady mary todd lincoln. ms. maser wrote the book. president lincoln's cottage in washington, d.c., [indiscernible] >> joining us tonight is dr. kate maser, the first reprint written by johnny washington with instruction and edits by dr. maser, she teaches at northwestern, and emancipation of land and coed tort of the war civil war made and law and politics in everyday life, how americans grapple with questions of race and equality after the abolition of slavery and the south. she has worked with the national park service on reconstruction. including the reconstruction national monument in south carolina. does it feel like the recent past or distant past. yet when we think of it from the perspective of human experience, it can feel startling recent. after while, jon tyler has two living grandchildren. similarly in the 1940s johnny washington interviewed african americans who had been alive in the 1860s. he recovered these stories about wh

we also look at retention of african american workers. what is the average tenure for an african american worker in comparison to a white worker or asian worker. also, i think when we are looking about race and specifically talking about race, that it is really important to drill down and look at the comparisons of what is a dominant culture and a society and what is a, and how this group compares to the dominant culture in san francisco is a white culture. so, how is the african american population in our work force in comparison to that dominant culture. and so, those are the kinds of questions that i want to ask because i think that while on paper we can say we are doing this, and that it works well, i think that actually it is when you drill down to find out how equitable our employment opportunities in the city are for african american workers and also the things are the subtle things that every day if you go into a workplace beat down on you. and i will say that many of it, sometimes is not documented. many of it -- many times it is

>> it is up to us as africans to make it happen.ake sure we do it in the right manner and become competitive. intra-african trade is at such a low, we are putting up more and more values with africa against each other. we are allowing china or america or europe to come in duty free. we have talked about the african union. it is still called. no action, talk only. we have to make it happen. rishaad: china's africa policy has shifted. -- a clearer line. beijing created a new development agency in april, 2018. it is expected to play a larger part in government strategy as the role is reduced. >> it is one of the criticisms china gets. it is offering these loans. they are originated by the african countries, they are the ones asking for it. i do not think they are trying to shape the future of africa. rishaad: that is not to say aid and lending will not be influenced by commercial interests. interests which some say still have access to resources at their heart. chinese companies see an abundance of opportunities in the rebounding econo

so one third of african countries is functioning well. but in one third the circumstances are still dire. germany cannot tackle all of this and fight poverty alone. because my approach is to have reform to cooperate more closely as partners. you know if we can isn't the colonial past has made africans extremely wary is your program perhaps still seen as patronize ing or condescending you know i say you know the way forward on africa and every country has to follow its own path. and the african union has agreed on the plan africa twenty sixty three. we must insist that they stick to this then we can support them it will only succeed if the commitment comes from the african states and their leaders themselves for fighting corruption equal rights and the full participation of women. and i'm convinced that africa's women are a crucial key to success because why wouldn't. you say fighting corruption how can you ensure that the money you put into africa will not end up in the hands of the corrupt elite as it so often does. not a single europe o

my african friends. we want to say the e.u. diplomat stands by his position he sees migration as a threat to europe's future. if if this will not turn into a permanent feature. work or africa. europe will remain subject to the same pressure. the e.u. has achieved its goal the number of migrants arriving in europe is falling. but the consequences of its policy are dire the e.u. is deepening ties to regimes with human rights records. and for africans under threat it's becoming increasingly difficult to seek protection and work beyond their own borders. oh medieval history and heritage you bet. died listen absolutely minnesota is a city with many faces. dive into the cultural reaches of this this heat and its romantic surroundings there are more than one hundred castles and palaces off court the best way to do trip to the countryside is by bought. them thirty minutes on the. coach of british and. link to news from africa and the world or link to exceptional stories and discussions from own use of easy town while website debited co

my african friends. we want to say the e.u. diplomat stands by his position he sees migration as a threat to europe's future. if turned into a permanent feature. the geographic. will remain subject to the same pressure. the e.u. has achieved its goal the number of migrants arriving in europe is falling. the consequences of. the e.u. . it's becoming increasingly difficult to seek protection and work. you know next this week slate i. play is on the boys said the kind of full dream of up for sale in. brothers and this divorce from this garden. makes till now full said. patty ca of the end. of the road in thirty minutes on. an unusual friendship. is the story of paul and. is a student from cameroon the other a filmmaker from germany he's read about likely never be able to say whether he chose me or i chose him this is the story of how we met. on europe's most dangerous . lobby. what began as a documentary. the broken soccer fans everything for. a story about those seeking refuge. and those ready to help. when paul came over the sea

my african friends. we want to say the e.u. diplomat stands by his position he sees migration as a threat to europe's future. if this will not turn into a permanent feature. africa. europe will remain subject to the same pressure. the e.u. has achieved its goal the number of migrants arriving in europe is falling. but the consequences of its policy are dire. records. for africans under threat at home it's becoming increasingly difficult to seek protection and work beyond their own borders. for sarah willis plan is a passion. to. join her on a journey of musical discovery. this time it's all about johansson bustin box shack on here in the berlin solving berlin a group of world renowned musicians have gotten together to celebrate his shack on a little differently i wonder what bach would have thought of this. in fifteen minutes on d w. o medieval history and heritage you bet. guys this is absolutely minister is a city with many faces. down even see the cultural riches of this city and its romantic surroundings there are more than

think tank has raised serious concerns about the sustainability of sovereign debt in several african countries receiving belt and road funds. and for more on this i'm joined now by our correspondent in nairobi catherine one day good to see you catherine now there is growing criticism that chinese infrastructure projects are pushing african nations into debt to what extent. well since two thousand and fifteen through the full crack meeting in johannesburg when president xi jinping pledged sixty billion dollars in financing in various sectors like trade and industrialization we've seen you know an uptake of loans by african countries and african governments so far the chinese africa research institute puts three countries in africa which do all that debt to china and it's it's a worrying trend and that's the beauty which holds about seventy seven percent of its national debt to china the democratic republic of congo which china's seven point one billion dollars and which i was trying to six point one billion dollars catherine i mean chinese policymakers clearly see the african continen

african union force in somalia. these infrastructure projects are they a one way street what are the benefits for commissions. well it's interesting that you mention that because one of the issues that the united nations secretary general antonio guitarist did bring out with sustainable fiscal policies going forward now that china has pledged another sixty billion looking down on the ground you do see some kind of laxity when it comes to labor policies only by relations between china and african countries you're not seeing a lot of absorption of local work because in some of these projects but then also in trade that needs to be some sort of balance for example kenya imports goods from china worth three hundred ninety billion dollars and kenya only exports to china goods worth nine point nine billion dollars so people are saying that there must be some sort of balance in the trade. from nairobi thank you very much. that's it for me and the business team here in berlin thank you very much for watching give up your bu

my african friends. we want to say the e.u. diplomat stands by his position he sees migration as a threat to europe's future. if this will not turn into a permanent feature. work to africa. europe will remain subject to the same pressure. the e.u. has achieved its goal the number of migrants arriving in europe is falling. but the consequences of. the. human rights records. under threat it's becoming increasingly difficult to seek protection and work beyond their own borders. a second chance everyone does this one even here in iran where people are severely punished for minor offenses. this is no reason to be employs only people who have come into conflict with the know. the same things signal because society is becoming more and more unjust. global three thousand and thirty minutes w. . a contentious figure at home. in germany. gorbachev was one of the great heroes of the twentieth century. mikhail gorbachev the last leader of the soviet union was an agent of change. who quickly met his downfall. i have decided to resign my dut

but the african-american was overlooked. rather than looking at desertion in the context of emancipation, the government officials instead set their motivations were centered on free white male specific duty. black troops joined a military structure built to enlist and manage citizen soldiers. but formerly enslaved men did not fit in. the language used to describe black men who left their posts of secure the meaning of their fleeing. military officials in the 19th century use the term desertion to describe white soldiers who abandoned their contracts. in the eyes of the law deserters failed to uphold their oats and violated their contracts. second the government and wider public recognized desertion connoted a political relationship to the dereliction of contract. during the civil war era americans understood a community and nation. military service was an expression of their commitment to community and country. it functioned as a manifestation of masculine citizenship. as such desertion indicated a broken relationship to th

that's suffering, but it is us, african americans especially. i have to represent one of my co-workers where a chair was physically pulled from underneath her by this manager, we have a nurse that works with our c.d.i. team that quit because -- [no audio] [microphone is silent] >> thank you. thank you, ms. hardy. [applause] >> hi. i'm from san francisco general hospital. it is not zuckerberg general hospital. [cheering] [applause] and when i -- and when i spoke out about that, when i spoke out about that, i learn what had it is like to not be white because i started to get a whole other kind of treatment from administration at the hospital. when i spoke out about facebook's unethical research practice and how that was a threat to our patient population, here's what -- here's what happened. even when i tried to do something good, i came to speak at a meeting of about 60, 70 mostly manager there is and there was a presentation about sexual orientation and gender identity. and a training that i was invited to speak about so i spoke afterwards and i

economic institutions the african development bank the african monetary fund africa with them develop its own solutions and develop its own lending programs to address its own problems so africa was in good duffy's view . with gadhafi as a leadership increasingly becoming something of a block. rather than a series of disparate individual nations that could be dealt with one on one and set against each other. when gadhafi was elected chairman of the african union in two thousand and nine u.s. officials squared concerns in an embassy cables revealed by wiki leaks they noted that libya will seek to use a chairmanship to aggrandise him and promote his united states of africa proposal. u.s. multinationals were also unhappy with the libyan leader especially his decision to cancel it one billion dollars deal with the bechtel corporation the largest engine e.-ring company in the us with powerful connections in washington. the fact that an operator with bechtel's connections and deep pockets was ultimately unable to secure its contract serves as a caution airy tale for the many u.s. and wester

in 1923, the african national congress was formed.d by the influence of a young nelson mandela, among others, and formed an armed wing called the spear of the nation. >> man: do you see africans being able to develop in this country without the european being pushed out? >> mandela: we have made it very clear in our policy that south africa is a country of many races. there is room for all the various races. ♪ >> anthony: in 1963, mandela was charged with sabotage and conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment on robben island. it would take another 27 years of violence and injustice before the inevitable would happen. >> man 1: do you believe in apartheid? >> man 2: i believe that according to god's will that the white race should be preserved. >> anthony: with south africa's white minority under international sanctions, internal political pressure and the decline of the communist threat, mandela was released from prison in 1990. in '94 he was elected president of the new, free south africa. there have been very few figures in the

no interference in african countries internal affairs no imposition of our will on african countries no attachment of political strings to assistance to africa and not seeking selfish political gains through investment and financing cooperation with africa. we talked to our correspondent adrian brown who's covering the conference in beijing and there we have from president xi adrian and saying what is pretty much music to the is of many african leaders no political strings attached they don't want to interfere in other people's internal affairs they'll just do business . yes except a lot of experts analysts would say that in fact china is doing the exact opposite because a lot of the loans that he gives to africa do come with really strong strings attached and that's one of the reasons why there is now a growing indebtedness among african countries in africa countries who are dependent on china for loans but you can also hear from african leaders who say actually you know china does treat africa as an equal partner and those loans are one of the reasons why prosperity in africa is gr

africans buying machinery from china and china buys oil. it goes beyond that.f you look at the scale of infrastructure in africa that is being funded, you see that china is the single largest financialfunder of see that china is the single largest financial funder of infrastructure gci’oss financial funder of infrastructure across the continent, bigger than eve ryo ne across the continent, bigger than everyone else combined, so it is a big dealfor africa. everyone else combined, so it is a big deal for africa. and president xi talking about the 1—.3 billion chinese people who will work with the1-.2 chinese people who will work with the 1—.2 billion african people in terms of building a in terms of stronger future, strongerfuture, transport, stronger future, transport, energy, telecoms, agriculture, water, it, is ita win—win, telecoms, agriculture, water, it, is it a win—win, what are the downsides? so, the perception. 0verall, downsides? so, the perception. overall, i think it is a win—win. we have an alternative source of capital to the world bank and all the

are african countries getting into a dextre with china for the king i'm not a high level the king of egypt and promises that i'm no strings attached to billions of dollars in new financing but what are the long term financial risks this is inside story. hello there welcome to the program i'm laura carle china is africa's largest trading partner and spent billions of dollars in investment and loans with the promise of much more to come from roads and railways to ports the chinese government is backing large scale projects across africa as part of its so-called belt and road and negative are leaders of around fifty african countries have been in beijing for a two day summit china's president xi jinping offered them sixty billion dollars in new financing deals and says the investments come with no political strings attached is also promising to waive the debts of the poorest african countries as our china correspondent adrian brown. well this has been a summit which in many ways was more about symbolism than substance it lasted really less than two days but of course china has committed

the problem is that african leaders can ta ke problem is that african leaders can take on more debt thant for china for yea rs paid and maybe in debt for china for years to come and might have to give natural resources in return. the chinese going out of their way to say this is a win—win deal, they are of each will benefit and china does not involve itself in internal affairs of african countries. also adding an extra $5 billion to try and support the market. if the chinese government is to be believed, what you get out of this development is african development. xijinping development is african development. xi jinping has announced another 60 billion dollars in aid, mostly thought that a shocker projects. however, critics of africa's beijing policy saying it is locking in influence using indebtedness. even though chinese loans are much more favourable than commercial institutions, some countries just won't be able to make the repayments, won't be able to make the re payments, so they won't be able to make the repayments, so they will a lot more than money when xi jinping's administrati

the leaders of virtually every african country are in china on a trip designed to boost trade. but is it a level playing field? live from london, that's our top story on tuesday 4th of september. africa sells billions of dollars worth of commodities to china — and spends even more buying in chinese goods. we'll hear from our africa business editor. as to whether it really is a win— win. also in the programme: more currency chaos — this time in indonesia, where the currency hit a 20—year low. we'll get the latest from our asia business hub. the european trading day is well under way, all the main markets are open and we talk you through the key issues. taking the bling online. we meet the entrepreneur who turned her one—woman jewellery business into a global brand. we will find out how she did it. as nike signs a new endorsment deal with american football star colin kaepernick, we're talking celebrity endorsement. does it persuade you to buy, if it's advertised by a celeb? let us know — just use the hashtag bbcbizlive. hello and welcome to business live. we start with trade — le