african-american women. i think we need to -- and i like to focus on the foot soldiers of civil war memory. i think that there was even into the 20th century a lot of people working on that. i think sometimes we have a triumphant narrative for the lost cause that ignores -- they got their movie "gone with the wind," so they must have won. what were people thinking about? prof. varon: when you get back to things like emancipation day and putting statutes up, scholars have written about why that member to tradition fades. parts of the civil war could be a test case as to whether black citizens will get full rights. there is a sense that putting up statues and holding celebrations like emancipation day is quaint and old-fashioned. there are broader cultural shifts that factor into this. prof. brundage: i want to offer one, picking up on something. one measure of the difference between the centennial in the sesquicentennial -- some of you may have encountered edmund wilson's patriotic war. wilson was the leading

african-american female youth and this is insane account for over 40% of the felony drug arrests of african-american arrests in the entire state and remember our population is under a million and this is the same report and have rates 50 times higher than others. and despite the disproportionate arrests and study after study that shows drug use and abuse that african-americans and whites use drugs at the same rate and if you look at the people that over dorsed in san francisco and 62% were white. if you look at the san francisco jail population under 6% now of san franciscans are african-american yet 56% of jail inmates are black. whitings make up 22% and 42% of san francisco -- latino americans 15% and asian and the statistics are here and wildly disproportionate. for youth it's no better. african-americans ages 18-25 are the largest demographic in the san francisco county jail and the population of san francisco juvenile hall is about 51% black and 6.6% white. this indicates that's 50 times more likely for an incarcerated black youth to be be at the youth guidance center. according to usa today sa

african-americans could be assimilated into the main currents of american life without abandoning federalism. i know this is what the justice i wrote about, miller, a moderate, believed. this was reflected in often-ignored decisions the court ordered at the same time as the civil rights cases. in 1880, the court announced a slew of decisions protecting the rights of african americans to serve on juries. in what case, the court ruled that a west virginia law limiting jury service to white men violated the 14th amendment. in virginia versus reeves, the court barred efforts by southern states to administratively exclude lacks from juries. -- blacks from juries. when they only included people of good moral character, the court declared these practices unconstitutional. in the process of holding federal indictments of state officials charged with discriminatory behavior in delaware in 1880, the court ruled a black defendant convicted by a white jury from which blacks were excluded, had the right to have his conviction overturned. they believed that juries had the intelligence, experience, and mor

important because making century americans, if they were going to fight and die for freedom of african americans would have expected them to serve in fight and die with them. and they most certainly did that. i have read so many accounts where white american soldiers are very aware of black soldiers. without seeing a real commitment on african-americans to serve and die in this war. i think they are dramatically significant. >> story of this is connected to other lines, you mentioned that figure of a black military service, 50,000 of those troops were southerners, seven african americans who had fled plantations and farms and made their way to union lines and recruiting stations like camp nelson in kentucky. it challenges us to think of the civil war as a war of the south versus the south in some sense. we equate the south of the confederacy, we talked about divisions within each society over the course of the day. but here you have a representative of southern unionism, the phenomenon of southern unionism which some , scholars, especially bill freeling, who makes the case of the number of men f

but the second time announcing the african american president it was a president who happens to be african-american. the reason why i say that is he is open how he regards to social issues and as president your president of all-america. especially dealing with race issues. he brought up the issue that people were sleeping under the rug for many decades. with police involved shootings right now you have to support though law-enforcement. >> host: ferguson missouri? shares he have gone? >> guest: that is testy because it is such a hotbed. >> host: presidents don't usually go somewhere unless there is something they can bring away from it. >> guest: it calmed down for a while. but ferguson is the town that was upside down. white rule black majority. because of the power structure but that committee was overwhelmingly african american. >> guest: with that power structure was there. and if not obama who? he did not ago but everything comes to a president. and this is what bothers me. why are you asking him about ferguson? why not? the is the president of united states. race is a part of everything. race

in order to enshrine african american literature in the academy. look, if you are from the whitest place in say, idaho and there are no black people around and you can't get black books in the bookstore, if you can get one anthology, there's no excuse not to teach african american literature. so you buy one book, you get a whole semester course. and i wanted to do this, as i'm sure ilan did, to make it possible for people to teach and to study african american literature and latino literature. and there's some overlap between african american and latino. >> hinojosa: and so is it the same thing for you, ilan? the sense that you just wanted anyone-- any part of the country or the world-- to be able to say, "i want to understand latino literature, therefore i have the anthology?" >> well, i wanted, first and foremost, to say, "we have arrived," and the norton anthology is a cultural moment. it's a statement: "we have made it; we have been both participants and witnesses of dramatic american history and we have something to show and we can put it all

african-american, black. know.ivil rights and the continent, people are being killed and -- because of their sexual orientation, and i don't think that it's enough support within the lgpt movement and the civil rights movements. i think to raise the awareness about what is going on there is really important. c-span: more from your film. this is the part of the story of photographing slave families from pow through a lens darkly." let's watch. >> i remember looking at them over and over. the eyes are one of the most captivating parts of the photograph. almost all of the subjects are looking straight at the camera which is something that enslaved and free black people couldn't do in the 18th century and the 19th century. they couldn't look directly at their master or another white person. she absolutely understands what is happening to her. she absolutely knows already the power of photography. >> i knew i couldn't leave them where they were. i couldn't leave them where i found them. if i could reconstruct and bailed

in a city which is 15% african american. now, only 12 officers out of 157 are black. >> right now i am the only african american supervisor in the entire sarasota police department. >> what's going on man how you doing? >> eric bolden grew up in sarasota and has been on the police force for 25 years. >> we have a long way to go. we have no african americans in the command staff at all. so just being able to have one to relate to the issues that's going on in the african american community and they can in turn teach those caucasian officers hey this is what's going on. it's not a problem. and i think we'll be in a much better position. >> we're looking at increasing the number of african americans and hispanics and also females within our force but it's a challenge. there's a lot of challenges to recruit individuals to come onto our agent. agency. >> the biggest problem may be finding people who want to become cops. sarasota's starting salary can be as low as $18 an hour. so in order to guys more candidates, now a 21-year-old

. -- armin african americans. the emancipation proclamation was authorized. you had over 180,000 troops which on one hand, people always say there were 2 million union troops, but they came when they were needed. they were fresh troops at the end of the war. i don't think any other military historian would dispute at the end of a very long, hard-fought war, you had fresh committed troops just handed to you. that isn't an enormously significant factor. and i think they are very important because making century americans, if they were going to fight and die for freedom of african americans would have expected them to serve in fight and die with them. and they most certainly did that. i have read xoma accounts were wet unit soldiers are very aware of black soldiers -- so many accounts where white american soldiers are very aware of black soldiers. without seeing a real commitment on african-americans to serve and die in this war. i think they are dramatically significant. >> story of this is connected to other lines,

first term and was a president who happens to be african-american. he is open and how he regards racial issues. and as president you are presidential overall american. and all america must understand where you come from uncertain issues club particularly when it deals with race issues. i am thankful to hear that because he has brought out an issue that a lot of people were sleeping under the. the issue of police involved shooting killing. right now you have to marry support for law enforcement in trying to root out the problem. >> host: should have gone to ferguson, missouri? >> guest: that is such a hotbed issue. what we have accomplished if he did? >> host: presidents don't usually go somewhere sensitive unless there is something. >> guest: he said the attorney general they are commanded can't down for a while. but ferguson is a small peace of a bigger issue. people were people were tired. a town that was upside down. it's the american version of apartheid. white rule and black majority. the inversion of the power structure. >> host: the police were

you put that was an african-american every time you stop at the stoplight that is a african-american every time this system and not specifically you is not doing their job realize that this is the fertility you're taking from your culture thank you (clapping.) >> next speaker welcome. >> good evening ladies and gentlemen, my name is it charley powell i'm the social director of the fold berry group i do research for the organization i'm not here to technically to address you people by my people my black family i want you to love our black people like the brother he mad because he don't have some i'm the original man, i taught you everything you know and taught. >> chemistry and everything you know okay. you didn't know how to make a hoop now you want to treat me and depict me, i'm the greatest thing that walked this earth this man b will protect you from the sunny say to you one time no sir we are the original inherenters he was born of us okay. and we cast him out he hate you he know it is he going to kill you this is a suicide room all over the world i mean, i'm not trying to tell m

me now introduce you to patricia fernandez-kelly has written a book called "the hero's fight: african americans in west baltimore and the shadow of the state" african-americans in west baltimore -- professor fernandez-kelly, tell us about west baltimore. >> it was one of the places that in my estimation, most important in our nation current moment but it is an area for surprisingly has received very little attention. i see my research, which is immersive research. i joke around that i started writing this book on the eisenhower administration. i spent close to a decade in trying to understand the main gear of poverty in the united states. i think of this research in this book as reflecting that are typical of cities throughout the nation. it is baltimore and it is an american story. it is not just a freak accident of nature. it's not just about baltimoreans living in poverty. it is about how our government and society interacts with impoverished people and a disproportionate number of whom happen to be african-american. >> what is the population in west baltimore and what are the demographics?

as an african-american officer i can tell you that racism is alive and well. what we recommend as a solution is we want to see a task force that includes the naacp, community leaders, the chief of police, the leadership and any other group and organization that is willing to engage us in a debriefing on racism. we want to have mental health professionals that are there available to us so that our members can tell you how we felt, how we have been hurt by being a member of the san francisco police department. we risk our lives on a daily basis because we love to do this. we are here as your servants. however for us to be disrespected at this level is inexcusable and we are asking you to help bring healing to the members of the san francisco police department. we ask you to allow us to engage those who are the commanding officers of this police department in conversations as to how we have been disrespected; how we have been distreated; how we have been victims not only of racism but homophobic behavior of others who have been allowed to abuse us and misuse us,

now, what about african american troops. one of their officers got the word actually two days later, two days after lincoln dying, 7:22 a.m. on the 15th he heard a rumor of an assassination. five days later, it was confirmed. now, what about black troops? again, whatever complaints black soldiers may have had about president lincoln's slow progress in e mans pating the slaves disappeared when he was killed. with anguish fully equal to that of white americans, blacks mourned the death of abraham lincoln. there was no greater legacy to abraham lincoln. he looked at how they honor lincoln. there were no reprisals against prisoners, civilians or property. they blaifed as the fine soldiers they had become. lincoln would have been proud of his men to have known that. oaf the next three days, an event took place right here. ambassadors, ministers of foreign lands. offices of the nations and states. but we miss the deep sad eyes of lincoln coming to review us. something is lacking to our hearts now even at the supreme hour. they wer

"the closure of the freedman's bank devastated the african-american bank. -- the african-american community. an idea that began as a well-meaning experiment in philanthropy turned into an economic nightmare or tens of thousands of african-americans who had entrusted their hard-earned money to the bank. contrary to what many of the depositors were led to believe the bank's assets were not protected by the federal government. perhaps more far-reaching then the immediate loss of their deposits, was the deadening effects the closures had on depositors's hopes and dreams of a brighter future. the bank's demise left feelings of abandonment and distrust of the banking system that would remain in the african-american community for many years. while half of the depositors eventually received 3/5 of the value of their account, others received nothing. some default -- depositors spent 30 years petitioning congress for reimbursement of their losses. to get more information on the history of the freedman's bank for those who are not familiar with it, we have a great article in the national archives quar

and -- writing to trace african-american ancestry. john wesley cromwell, a former slave born in virginia in 1851. his family purchased freedom and moved to philadelphia. later, after the civil war, john wesley cromwell moved to washington, d c to attend law school and established a black newspaper in washington. this particular bank account gives the date that he's opened the account, his place of birth, the place for he was raised. at this time gives his place of residence is howard university and his ages 25. his occupation as teacher and it gives his father and his mother and his siblings. just to give an example of when you are doing research historical research or genealogical research, oftentimes it is very common for names to be misspelled or for there to be discrepancies in the information. i use this particular example because in each one of the records we have on him there is a different variation on the spellings of his name. here we have reubin pannel. this account is from 1867. or genealogical purposes the relevant inform

an african american in that role? the reviews were mixed. african american theater was often criticized and mocked in the united states and in england. but ira saw that the chances for his success were greater outside of america, better in england and europe than they would have been had he stayed. although england had a caste system, there was not the racism people experienced in this country. ira does fairly well. he continues to act throughout a series of shakespeare's plays. he does "richard the iii," "macbeth", and whatnot. he will then to her england. life in england also presents opportunities. he will marry in 1825. he takes a white woman for his wife. that would have been impossible in the united states. he will have six children. only four of those will turn out to be a legitimate. but that still did not bother -- he was not bothered by that. but did not set his career back any in his day. he decides he really wants to tour europe. that is when he makes his money and also establishes his name. he will tour with the european theater

colored troops -- the african-american troops.they are present here on the morning of april 9, 1865 when lee tries to break through the trap sheridan and grant have late and they are instrumental in foiling the plan. for african-american troops that participation looms large. there's a great moment of pride and an irrevocable earning of their right to resolution. host: we have a number of calls waiting. elizabeth varon is our guest. let's go to sit in denver. caller: thank you for this great program. my question -- i'm glad you alluded to the presence of african-american union soldiers. my question involves the deployment of the african-american soldiers in virginia as occupation troops and maybe you could shed some light, like in winchester virginia, african-american troops were there as occupying forces. could you shed some light and some relevant insight and maybe a story of what that was like? elizabeth: african-american troops are among those union soldiers who are occupation forces and locales around the south. there is some

speaking as an african-american man. and i think that, i would like to repurpose that question into talking about a few recent episodes some which you may be familiar with, some which you may not. i wonder what the police officer sister in south carolina, michael slager the white police officer saw when he encountered 50-year-old african-american man walter scott and you may have seen this video, you may not have. this story recently broke. shot him eight times in the back as he was running away? you have to wonder what he saw in this man that made him feel that this man was deserving of that treatment, what he saw in this man that made him feel he could very calmly, to judge in the body language, pump eight shots into him and walk slowly toward the body and handcuff the body. i am i suppose my sentiments on this best summed up by a tweet i ran across last night from laurie kill martin a comedienne. she said, and i quote i felt more guilty eating cookies than this officer seemed to feel after having shot this man eight t

kiss country is african-american. the vaster majority of drug dealing is white. and yet we have a system where the statistics, the statistics show that even when you correct for class and other variables somehow we end up with jurisdictions where 60 70, 80, 90% of the people doing time for a drug crime are african-american. it's not a systemic problem, i don't know what is. >> if i could clarify. >> not necessarily. so it depends on the type of the drug crime. >> well, that's a great song. ain't necessarily so. i love that song. i have a -- today there are two great columnists in this country. i am sitting next to one of the other writes a blog for esquire magazine. charlie pierce writes today no video no crime. that's the simple truth of it elm that's all you know and all you need to know about the cooled-blooded slaying of scott by officer slayinger in charleston, north carolina. no video and slager drops his taser by scott's body and gets away with what he did. no video and scott goes down at a semi hoodlum that ar

he was the pre-eminent african-american leader of the 19th srnts. i think we sometimes have a tendency to stand in for all of african-american thought in the 19th century and that is a mistake because george washington and williams and others were important voices and there were political disagreements in the black community as one would expect. but douglas plays a very important roelt in the story i've told in the sense that doug loss would say famously in 1878 there was a right side and a wrong side in this war which no sentiment ought to cause us to forget. why would he say in 1878, we need to be reminded there was a right side and a wrong side because he thought people were for getting it. that people were blameless and the equals and if not the superiors and would not relinquish their principles and that had taken root and for men like douglas it was disturbing to see the fruits of the union victory slipping away. and so in some sense he's commenting at that moment on the rise of this lost cause cult. dog lass and george washington williams and

in short, for african americans no less than for whites. they came to represent a lost promise, a betrayal of the promise of freedom. betrayal both by those whites who rejected black citizenship and by those who gave up the fight for it. however, compelling and comforting the image of the gentlemen's agreement may be it doesn't begin to capture this complex legacy. deep into the 19th sempbl, it was at the heart of the politics of race and freedom. thank you. [ applause ] few minutes for questions. >> yeah, thanks elizabeth for enlightening us on the legacies of atmatics. we have a few minutes for questions, again come to the microphone in one of the aisles state your name and your question and elizabeth will respond. >> sir. >> david pacer from charlotte, north carolina. >> nice to meet you, david. >> thank you for writing your wonderful and insightful book. >> thank you. >> there were a couple matters i was a bit confused about. i wanted you to clarify. >> sure. >> andrew johnson of course was from north carolina. he was known to be from n

i can guarantee that african-americans represented a truly exceptional case in terms of hostilities. what that resulted in is the presence throughout the nation of a highly segregated neighborhood where you have what wilson himself called concentrated poverty. so this is different from having a few people living in neighborhoods which have resources. when resources. when you have a majority of people clustered in the spaces in which everyone is black and everyone is poor, the dynamics of life are different. ask for for example, douglas mansi my colleague in the office of population research has shown. so how levels of residential segregation have been a major factor a major factor contributing to concentrated poverty. and so from the statement of the flows a possible solution for the arguments made in this book is that programs for the poor have been notoriously unsuccessful command it pains me to say this because i am a liberally minded person. my people liberals. but liberals have not been very good in the design progress for the poor. it is -- you take the statement to a little bi

to retard or stop if possible the exhibition of african-americans all of us know that we have different ethnic groups in the city with the african-americans are the only group that is being pushed out of the city and not retaining and not growing with the developing i heard some disturbance statistics this week that we anywhere if two to four and a half percent i came here in 1946 almost 14 percent african-americans left the south as a soldier internal revenue in the last part of the military in europe when i came back from germany i was dismissed into arkansas i felt like i was walking into a burning objective because racism was so strong with the black only go to the back of house all those types of things i'm disturbed because i believe that 18 officers 0 so for maybe discovered maybe the numbers are larger or smaller i don't know 14, 14 have i couldn't believe i don't understand racism mime i i'm a sharecropper i know rapture on occasion it was a black brother walking down the street in a little town and the sheriff slapped him the woman don't hold her hand on the street i couldn't

the startling thing about that statistic is all 37 defends are african american. now, all the data and the research studies presented in the federal case indicates that drug selling-it knhs from all racial and ethnic backgroundss however these 37 cases are all african americans. i know the chief said drug arrests decreased in the city, but it is also important to look at the federal level because that is a critical component. thank you once again for the opportunity to present here today >> next speaker, mrs. cruise >> thank you. president breed, supervisor mar, i thank you for the opportunity to speak tonight and i'll be very brief. it has been a long evening. what i will say is i stood at this very podium months ago and said ferguson is everywhere and i was shamed for that. for saying that i may say that this structural racism exists in our city and it does and we are seeing that come out of these investigation that are outside of the realm of the investigations that we can do inly. i urge city departments to look at the opportunity for having outside investigat