african-americans never knew what they would face. whether it was through segregation patterns, with laws that prohibited them from going to certain places of illness, whether it was trying to find something to eat while they were on the road and being denied service. if you were driving and your car been out of gas and you are in a community that was hostile towards african-americans, will you do? even as air travel becomes more popular, how would you be treated in an airport? what would this eating pattern be? they were seeing large groups. for african-americans, the open road was filled with a great deal of uncertainty. a place for african-americans were legally prohibited from being outside after dark. it was terrain that they had to navigate across america and in places around the world. >> it wasn't that long ago and it was very different. >> there are still challenges when african-americans are on the road, whether they will face harassment from the police or even a couple weeks ago and a doubletree hotel in portland, in africa

in 1992 i started studying african-american history and i received my phd in 1996 in african-american history. for more than 20 years i have been trying to make myself as best as i could to be an expert in the african-american military experience, not the american revolution, not the civil war, not the buffalo soldiers, not the golden 14, et cetera. but i've tried to make myself an expert in the entire experience. so for 20 years if you asked me if i believe in divine intervention, i would tell you yes because -- am i supposed to be flipping my slide? is it up? is it full screen? okay. now let me make sure. i think i got it. so divine intervention. so when i started to try to make myself an expert in the african-american military experience back in 1994, 95 and 96, who would have thought that what many of you have worked on for decades would come to fruition? so when i retired in 2010 i read an article and found out about this museum and went and introduced myself to rex and bill pritser. they looked at me kind of strange because i am outsider here. i don't work for the national park

the third parade, african-americans were invited, well, in fact, pat raid is for an african-american, who happens to be commander in chief of the armed forces. [ applause ] so this time as we see pat raid coming down pennsylvania avenue, you see the tables had turned. you think about the symbolism of president obama speaking at the opening of this museum. this museum that so many people had been waiting to see and had fought to build. at the museum to open it, they brought a bell from an african-american church in virginia, a church that had been around since the 1700s i believe, and they had ruth bonner, who was 99 years old, ring the bell. miss bunner's father had been born a slave in mississippi. you had someone, one generation, from bondage, ringing the bell, signaling the opening of the national museum of african-american history and culture at the center of the national mall with the black president of the united states. [ applause ] this is one of my favorite photos. at the end of the ceremony, because i think it exemplifies the spirit that was behind the creation of this insti

we had the first parade we talked about which african americans, 180,000 african americans served in the american union army to preserve this republic. they fought to literally save this nation. and they weren't even invited to the parade. the second parade i showed you, they get the 50 years too late belated invitation and then we are treated as second class citizens and the spector of the birth of the nation was hanging over them. the third parade african americans were invited. in fact, it was for an african american, who happens to be commander and chief of the armed forces. so this time, as we see the parade coming down pennsylvania avenue, you see the tables had turned. and so you think about the symbolism of president obama speaking at the opening of this museum. this museum that so many people had been waiting to see and had fought to build. at the museum to open it, they brought a bell from an african american church in virginia, a church that had been around since the 1700s, i believe, and they had ruth bonner, who was then 99 years old ring the bell. ms. bonner's father ha

if we take out the african-american students from that group. >> african-american and all others andissioner sanchez: that's the reality of the situation. commissioner collins mentioned something about transfers. i'm very aware of the spring transfers that happened. they are disproportionately african-american students. what does happen on side note spring transfers student ghost to school that have room for them. i asked while back, we look at the spring transfers and what we can do. statistically we should know what the numbers are racially and how we can really support the students transferred mid-year. those students are the most in crises. >> there are two things i want to clarify. there's a spring transfer process. family is not happy with their school. they desire a different school. any family can walk into e.p.c. and request a transfer. they do not involve people services. they are not part of the safety transfer. that parent maybe requesting that transfer, it's just a regular spring transfer that any parent has right to request. i'm giving reason why. they are just going th

three weeks later, that african-american major alexander t. augusta, took up that newspaper's sarcastic challenge and went to the white house. dr. augusta was the director of the freedman's hospital. along with his assistant, surgeon, and protege, dr. anderson abbott, also black. he attended a white house reception where, according to a baltimore newspaper, they were kindly received. dr. abbott recalled that the commissioner of public buildings, benjamin brown french, greeted them. that is, he greeted him and dr. augusta, with all the urbanity imaginable, and conducted them to the president. upon catching sight of major augusta, lincoln grasped his hand. as they exchanged greetings, robert lincoln, who had been standing nearby, next to his mother, approached and as dr. abbott remembered, quote, asked a question very hastily, the purport of which i took to be, are you going to allow this invasion? referring, doubtless, to our presence there. robert was almost certainly acting at the behest of his mother. lincoln responded, why not? without a fu

during that time, segregation ordinances revenge of african americans from entering -- prevented africanns from entering or exiting. tabernacle baptist church was built in the 1920's. the architect played a trick on city officials. there is an entrance on broad street, but the real entrance is on another avenue so it is called the church with two faces. this is where sncc began doing nonviolent resistance training for students and others interested in protesting for the right to vote. it did not just work out of tabernacle baptist. they move their operations over theirst baptist church, black first baptist church in selma, alabama, right down the street from where we are now. first baptist served as the headquarters for many meetings, including the one right before freedom day in 1963 where dorothy height was the speaker for that meeting and gave encouragement to those going to protest at the courthouse the next morning. selma was the logical place for the voting rights movement to have its push because of the fact that there were so many factors that made it a hotbed for this particular

so if african-americans are this harmonious, they may have to step aside. that was the argument he made to william munro trotter. let's not go too fast with this. let's ensure we can do right and we will do right for all. that requires an historical amnesia to what has gone on in washington before that, which was african-american participation. into after the civil war, the wilson administration, there were black people in washington, assuming power. wilson says you don't have to do that. we can be reasonable, fair, harmonious without it. and that gives harding, coolidge, others cover to not worry to deal with, as you said, this pesky issue of race. african-americans are simply not fully realized people in the political imaginations of democrats or republicans by 1920. wilson supplies the vocabulary to make that happen. that's a part of his legacy. >> actually, i would agree with you on the failure of imagination. trade has a nice way of characterizing that in his book, too. devin? you want to talk about economic inequality? >> not really. [laughter] i'd mu

but african americans was -- but the african-american statue was actually sculpted based on the sitting of an african-american soldier and so was the white dude, but the latino is kind of a composite. i do not know how they figured that was a latino because i grew i never thought of that as latino. i should be happy now, i guess. but if you are going to be diversity, maybe there should be more than three people up there. where are the women too? they were also part of that. >> ok, great. >> very quickly i wanted to highlight a positive thing that is going on at the university of utah, and that is the northwest band of the shoshone nation has purchased the bear river massacre site and is in the process -- i am not the best person in the room to talk about it. the chair is right there, of the tribe, but they are in the developing their own commemorative and interpretive center for the roadside, and that it an amazing step forward, when native people will interpret this themselves. and many of you know there has been a lot written about the monuments that are there already, that are essent

and all of whom are african american. and i'm so grateful for this work because one of the things that you pointed out were the need to recognize parents as their students first teacher, and that's so critical. but for a small subset of us families in the district, us parents can't always teach our children everything they need. we don't have the same historical experience that our children have lived and are living, and my second daughter is now a freshman at mission, and she's currently taking an african american women's heritage course. just in the course of one semester, i've watched her blossom from a very shy incoming freshman to a blossoming, confident young woman. the fact that she struggled in her first semester, she's got a 3.8 g.p.a., i think you can directly tie that to what she's learning in ethnic studies and women's empowerment. i'm so grateful for this work and it's helped her become what i'm sure is going to be an amazing young kick-ass woman. so thank you for this work, thank you for the resolution that

i stood on the african-american parent advisory council.e presentation is that, we still see that at an alarming rate that the staff is signing up for deescalation versus other training listed. there were no numbers or statistics in regards to which schools were being using that and how they're using it, how it was being implemented at the school sites. other thing is for our bright spot schools i'm so happy they're doing great things for schools exhibiting the same behavior and using the same ideas. what's being offered to them? how are we looking at the system and going back and seeing if there's something that can be done different or what need is not being served. other thing is for the decrease that marina had the 3% of suspension, i'm curious how many were black and brown students of the three. i think that's all the questions and answers that i had. thank you. thank you for all your questions. i will turn it over to questionser from commissioners. >> commissioner lopez: you mentioned there were multiple tunnel it is games to engage.

african-american students. they asked me, in my office, if there was a master plan to keep african-americans from going above 4%. my response was i never thought of that. there might be one. i should investigate this. i did. i would put nothing past ut for maintaining a lid like that, but then they started to launch all these investigations into why it does not go above 4% and i will not going to that, but i wrote an article for a journal on the 50th anniversary of brown versus board. it was an essay. they wanted people to reflect on this. they were basically saying it was a pipeline issue. those controversies are certainly still ongoing at ut. could he say something about what you envisioned? fewer moats and more bridges processes and community deliberations. >> it depends on your point of view. first of all, the communities get together. they meet at the school auditorium. my daughters, all three of my to robert went e. lee elementary school. they graduated and they said, how come we never protested the name

hurtood that was taken african-americans as well. babies died. there was a horrible incident at ebenezer creek at of savannah where one of sherman's upordinate commanders pulled pontoon bridges after the army crossed a swamp, leaving african-americans trapped between this deep swap and confederate -- swamp and confederal -- confederate cavalry, and hundreds drowned trying to get across. that is one issue. the next issue as sherman and his men are marching across is how much devastation did they really cause? sherman estimated about $100 million worth of damage -- those would be $1864 -- in georgia alone. be in 1864uld dollars -- in georgia alone. we had a gay all caps a, -- campaign, burned their railroads, and raised held generally. boilinge stories of men their coffee over fires made of confederate money. they had a mock legislation georgiahere they had rejoin the union and then they stall. -- stole. civilians' struck at sense of safety, sense of protection. the other big problem, the essential problem was the on authorized, they were known as

african-american students. is,they asked me, in my op if there was a master plan to keep african-americans from going above 4%, and i remember my response was, i never thought of that. there might be one. i should investigate this. i did. i would put nothing past ut for maintaining a live like that, but then they started to launch all these investigations into why it does not go above 4% and i will not going to that, but i journal article for a on the 50th anniversary of brown versus the board. this conversations are still going on. do you envision this as a fewer boats and more bridges process of community deliberation? >> yes. it depends on your point of view. first of all, the communities .et together three of my daughters went to robert e. lee own entry school. they graduated and they said, how come we never protested the name of the school. getgrow up and you just acclimated to all of these robert e lee schools all over the south. i'm not from texas. i said, yeah, i don't know. it's really bad. theyr three

we hold accountable all stakeholders that influence black and african american achievement. it takes a village, therefore, we must partner and collaborate with stakeholders throughout the district and city to deliver a high quality educational experience for african american students. these values and the experience represented within them drives or efforts to support our students and families within this district. in honor of our value to be student centered, we've lifted up some of the voices of our young scholars to share with the community. as you can see from the students represented here, they are motivated and driven to explore career options, to attend four-year academic institutions, to master s.t.e.m., to learn about their identity and gain understanding of how american society has shaped their identity. as the team in the district right lanes programming, we believe we have to actively and unapologizicly keeps in place these conditions to allow our brilliant scholars to succeed. as we've recognized in the past. we know this stands on the shoulders of several previ

the local democratic party so that it was led by african-americans. but it was all male, and she worked very closely with women not only in the local democratic party clubs, but in the social clubs, in the immigrant organizations, in the church organizations. she knew central brooklyn like the back of her hand and had the support of the women. so in 1960 she gets elected and goes to albany, and she's a very effective legislator. the legislation she is most proud of is called the s.e.e.k. program, seek, education, empowerment and knowledge. and this provided resources for high school students going to the city university of new york so that they could attend college and get the resources needed to stay in college and to graduate. and that transformed the city university of new york, the various colleges, including her alma mater brooklyn college, from basically being all white to resembling more of the diversity of new york city. it was a fantastic accomplishment. >> did she grow up in brooklyn? >> she spent seven formative years on the island of barba

theodore roosevelt was racist, harding had no interest in african americans. wilson's contribution was to make racialized issues not about african-americans in the same way the dire bill becomes about dire and not the black women in washington, d.c. standing outside his congressional door every day demanding he do something about this. they know he's wonderful. they know there are politics back home. they pick him. we don't know why they have the access they do. they come to washington for the federal jobs. they have access to dire and they can twist dire in ways that are powerful and important. unless, of course, the president says i'm not interested in that. i have to stand by my base. >> we'll get to you folks in just a second. i wondered if katie or david would like to have any final words. >> the thing that strikes me about these conversations is if you step back and think woodrow hadon died before we talking movies, before we had ballpoint pens, before we had scotch tape. ago was a long time, it's impossible for me to imagine what people will be talking

sizable african-american population there. we also have to consider though that the way the primaries are set up, california has moved up u. texas has moved u. it's repositioned california. so you have somebody like eric gar sety getting in, it's going to be a battle and it's a very expensive primary, so you're talking baseline $5 million to be competitive there. i've got say, i think senator harris, her sister st maya. very recognizable in political circles. she's married to tony west. executive at uber. god father reggie hudland, talent executive and director. oscar nominated in hollywood. i think he can shore up some hollywood money. so i think she's going to be quite the force to be reckoned with. >> that's senator kamala harris. what about bernie sanders? because we just heard, we played the clip where senator b sanders calls president trump racist. at this event in south carolina. we certainly, we know why senator sanders would want to be in south carolina, but my question to you is if he wereto do this again, what woul

grant, they had a lunch counter for african-americans that was in the basement. and a lunch counter for white americans that was on the round floor. they also -- if you're a worker you're not allowed to be a sales worker or clerical worker, right? so not permitted to hold these white collar jobs and not a manager and not a supervisor. these are rights that are eserved for white americans. because of this treatment, and the visibility of scrimination in these -- consumption, african-americans froasted, sat in front and lunch counters and restaurants. some of you are familiar with the greensboro sit-in in of 1960. some think of the sit-in campaign kick starterring the civil rights movement at least the students' sit-in movement. but the sit-ins campaign or sit-in tactics started well before the 1960's. historian traced it back to the reconstruction area between 1865 and 1877. the labor movement you be used sit-in as a form of protest of labor abuseness the 1930's and 1940's. sit-ins also were held in urban centers during the 1940's and 1950's. here on your right, y

allow certain groups of african-americans or african-americans more generally to obtain a modern middle-class. modern is associated not with industrial work but with more white-collar work. more connected to consumer capitalism. how this sets things up for exceptionalism? i'm thinking about the fact that i could definitely understand the need for people to understand you are the 10 people who don't get treated like rep. -- if you can't where the perfume or by the nice things, do you part of a a larger a structure. or if this is a focused thing. boater registration, politics. the typically heavy-handed on a different issues. it is also important to note that american consumer culture is changing rapidly at this moment. nike.about you can buy nike ad dsw and you can buy nikes at a macy's. there is a way that nikes have become so assessable. you can buy them in discount department stores here you can buy and a specialty shop like the nike store in downtown chicago, or you can order them off of amazon. there is a way that goods are so mass-produced that you can produce them anywhere -- you can bu

is before thurgood marshall became the first african-american supreme court justice.alk about his taking on this was >>d how dangerous it it was extraordinarily dangerous. when i first came across this case, i found letters from the loan -- young lawyers in florida and they were basically varying -- imploring thurgood marshall for protection. remember thinking, what happened in florida? it was a deadly case. they had to move the lawyers and thurgood marshall around from klane to house because the l was after them. it was a very dangerous place for young black lawyers to be back to sing law. i think one of the things that was most striking to me and it started in the beginning of the trial. he had norma padgett 70 years ago showing up in the courtroom and she stood up in the witness box and she identified three of the groveland boys as her attackers, and the lawyers and the press that were watching this, they basically said, this trial is over. that was enough. you did not need any more evidence. it was the word of this young white woman accusing black men of rape that

there's a growing sentiment among african-americans that the democratic party doesn't speak for them on immigration. the first caller, the african-american man from mississippi was also representative of that, a democrat calling for more border funding and saying that democratic congressional leaders betrayed the part yy so it was something from the start that donald trump was painted as a racist candidate but his approval among african-americans is still incredibly low and he's still unpopular in general among african-americans but he's actually slightly more popular with african-americans than previous republican presidential candidates. >> jackie, jacksonville, north carolina, independent. >> caller: hello. what i want to say is even if we had a 40-foot wall, they're allowing hundreds to come in through the doors everyday but how much money is spent every month on health care, housing, unpaid -- no taxes brought in every month from the illegal people and it just seems like there's only one-fourth of the population that actually carries this whole country. >> i think that's somethi

day we're looking back at some of the african-americans who made their mark on u.s. history.up of soldiers and musicians who fought bravely for freedom and democracy in europe during world war i despite the fact they never experienced those ideals in their own country. on the new floor of the smithsonian museum a tribute to american veterans. the freedman of the massachusetts 54th, the buffalo soldiers, t soldiers tuskegee airman. >> whether it was the french, the germans or the american press. >> reporter: a guest curator at theium of african-american history museum. >> it sticks to the heart of the way these men served and fought. >> reporter: among the first american troops to arrive in france, their first few months weren't spent fighting. >> digging ditches, latrines, making roads. >> reporter: why? >> well, there are many reasons but i think a part of it there was a political pull and then there was this issue some of the white americans did not want african-american units to fight. >> reporter: t allies wdee for fighrs. so commanding general handed over the all-black u

my african-american colleague burst out laughing. he kept laughing until he saw the horrified look on my face and realizing that i did not quite get with the picture. i guess to sort of calm the moment he said, i'm from harlem. when he said that i understood literally that harlem with an african market neighborhood in manhattan but i also understood that that was a much deeper statement to me. his upbringing in my upbringing and certainly his look at african market history in my look at it would be fundamentally different. as i wrote to open the book, that was the moment that started this project. this is my answer to that conversation with him. >> so where did that conversation go? i don't culminated in this book that we folks to buy into read and contemplate how to that conversation continue? >> i joke because that was the end of the dog -- dialogue. i decided what i to do was educate myself. at beredkeley nei took a lot o black studies class in african market history classes. i began looking at american jewish history into my grad

but there are 18 african-american athletes on the team in 1936. here you see jesse owens, who gold medals in berlin in 1936, and another medal winner in the new york 1936. amsterdam news and african-american newspaper writes an open letter to jesse owens and other athletes, saying that if they want to strike a blow against racism here at home, then they have to protest h against -- against hitlerism by not going to the games. what you see with an african-american community, jewish american communities is a divide on how to respond to nazism. the proper way to respond to nazism. some, like that amsterdam news, say the best way to protest is by making this protest statement. jesse owens and others in the african-american community say the best way to protest nazism is to go over and win medals and disprove their theories of aryan superiority. of course, it doesn't work out that way. owens wins medals, as do many american athletes, but what you see is the nazi propaganda machine has an explanation for everything. they very easily say some version of,

the money that african-american are spending in the public sphere. the ability to leverage that power, make gains on behalf of consumers is critical. it's also a way at trying to make economic gains at a moment in which the labor movement has virtually been dismantled. at a moment in which the idea you were prolabor, you were supposed to be a come knmunist. we're not talking about major leaders right now. we're not talking about these heavy hitters like king or malcolm x. we're talking ordinary folks understanding the worth of the economic strength. both as workers to be able to see themselves making gains in the work place that allow them to make more money, allow them to have more responsibility, allow them to look for respectable. these are respectable jobs in a way. these are clean jobs. and at the same time they're getting better treatment as consumers. yes? >> i had sort of a question about the risk that workers who were under the union had versus workers that weren't under the union had. >> typically we're talking about department stores or re

bernie sanders won a decent amount of the african-american vote against young african-americans. maybe he keeps that. this time. early polling says he's running second with african-americans behind biden, kamala harris is at 7% in the political poll with african-americans left before her announcement. that could go up or down. but if once you have harris and booker, maybe eric holder, another candidate who could jump in, if no one's going to own that black vote, a white candidate is going to say maybe i get a piece of it. and if no one gets it, it doesn't materialize. >> this is going to be absolutely incredible to cover. when you look at obviously what happened in elections past and look ahead for 2020, what do you think the thing will be to spell success for the candidate in 2020. >> it can't be boiled down to a single issue or philosophy. we don't know yet. what i think is going to matter most is who understands the come plebl plexty of the democratic party. not the caricature. who could understand the differences in all these subgroups and piece together the winning coalition

that whites are using to keep african-americans in fear, and intimidated.s extra dimension, that violence is a part of that, but when we're talking about black women's experiences, the threat of sexualized violence becomes even more intensified, so again, this is not sort of juggling who had it better or worse but that is an area that we need to think about more explicitly if we're censuring black women with that, and thinking about the civil rights movement as a battle to deal with issues of sexual violence. i know we think now in our 21st century around the me too movement and questions about sexual harassment and violence, but what we've seen through the life of people like ricci taylor and others is that black women were centering the issue of sexualized violence during the civil rights movement. it is often very absent from the master narrative but it's there. we talked about the last time how rosa parks herself was someone who was going through the deep south getting narratives from black women who had been assaulted. and trying to think about ways to

does she identify as an african-american? does she identify -- did you see the thing going on on social media? does she identify as a person of color? because when asked by jake, as a black woman, she goes, as a person of color. remember that whole thing with obama, is he black enough? that is different than identifying. but it's just an interesting conversation to me that i hear people talking about. and it's a little bit perplexing to me. >> yeah, i can understand that. i mean, mixed race or just being light. my friends who check those boxes have always told me, you know what, here's who makes the decision, the person who looks at you. you know, the way you want to identify, that's up to you. it's obviously your choice. but people judge you. they put you in a category. so if you look black, they're going to think you're black. >> that's not -- that's not -- here's the thing. when people say "identify," meaning, does she or one who is running a person of color, do they identify with -- as being african-american. being africa

they hope to bring about change for african-american consumers. her class compares social activism then and now and explores the role of social media. this class runs 70 and its. runs 70 minutes. prof. parker: we talked about jim crow on modes of public transportation. we touched on the integration of schools. another major site of conflict the partsonflict were stores, counters. these places were most visibly highlighted because of democracy. be given -- given that american democracy was tied to one's position in the consumers fear. just a quick question, why do you imagine such sites of ,argets, department stores marshall field in chicago, now a macy's. everything is now a macy's. why do you imagine these are important? for making claims for civil rights? it included a lot of middle-class stuff, like [indiscernible] in society. prof. parker: anyone else? >> [indiscernible] >> [indiscernible] important to look the part of a citizen, so being able to spend money in places middle-classl of respectability and spoke of citizenship was important to ac

many are aware of african-american lynchings. that is really not their fault. this is not something that is widely published. most interesting is when they question how are the similar or different to the lynchings of african-americans. i can explain to them that the lynchings of mexicans during this time period had a lot to do with citizenship and sovereignty and were carried out for potential crimes like theft, theer, but largely, it was sexualized crimes and the crossing of the line of african-american men approaching a white woman, for example. much different than those cases. this had much more to do with those mexicans being seen as not u.s. citizens. >> this is an impossible question, but if you could go back to that time period and talk to one or two of the primary sources, what would you ask them? >> oh gosh. i would love to go back to the texas supreme court justices jr. reviewed leo martinez, 's case. he had a trial rushed within five days, was found guilty and sentenced to death. through the emergence of the american civil rights movement that you s

so it just underscored the terrible situation that african- americans held, and later on when my uncle was killed, lyndon johnson took up the mantle and i think because of the horror over my uncle's death, he was able to get the 1964 civil rights act passed in the 1965 voting rights act passed and was very, very tough to get both of those past. and when they were passed, lyndon johnson said there goes the south. he knew that the south would no longer vote democratic, which is exactly what happened and the republicans took advantage of that. but he thought it was more important to do what is right than what was politically expedient. after that, my father expanded his views about what needed to be done in this country. he went out and visited cesar chavez who was on a hunger strike, and work with hispanic workers, particularly those who were working in the fields. and then when he ran for president, the first 90 days of his campaign, he spent 15 of those days on native american reservations, which weren't going to produce a lot of votes, but he really thought they had been mistreated in

that she pulls up. >> yes, she's african-american.act she was at howard university, one of the oldest. i went to morehouse and we're older but she was at the university when she did her announcement and press conference and going to south carolina in the first week. >> yes. >> she's dancing her feet in the african-american community and i think she'll be a strong candidate. now cory booker is also going to dot same thing. >> is he running? is he another b. where is he? >> i think there is -- >> when is he coming -- >> you can't count out joe biden. he's been spending time down there for ten years and people down on the ground say he's got a lot of relationships very strong. >> in the black community. >> in the black community. he rode barack obama for eight years and a lot of african-americans give him credit for that. i think if he gets in the race, he's be formidable but today is kamala harris's day and she deserves the credit because she's helping to set the pace for the race. >> and a celebration for martin luther king day, kirste