gill: it was a really experience for african americans. african americans knew what they would face when they traveled domestically. whether there was a law that would prevent them from going to certain places of business, whether it was trying to find something to eat while they were on the road and being denied service. for example if you were driving , and your car rent out of gas and you were in a community hostile to african-americans, what would you do then. there was a great deal of uncertainty even as air travel becomes more popular. african-americans begin traveling globally how would you , be treated in an airport? what would be seating pattern be on an airplane? african-americans were seeing large groups wanting to hit the road. the post-world war ii area was the golden era of a family vacation, but it was filled with uncertainty. would they land in a sundown town, a place where african-americans were legally prohibited from being after dark? this was not just in the south, but across america and indeed, around the world. >> it

a record number of african-american women in the house of representatives. how does that reflect where we are today? >> we can certainly can see that progress is being made. that is also more than just sort of empty representation. these people in these places of office, how are they going to be opening up opportunities for others? to me, the struggle continues. it continues and in a different way than it didn't post-world war ii era. but certainly many of the issues around economic discrimination still exists. about continuing progress nothing to keep it secure unless peep will continue to pray for that. that's one of the things my students look at the long history of african-americans . that is one of the things that is most clear to them. the need for the continuation to make sure that citizenship rights and equality are always preserved . >> and you are passionate about this it is evident. >> i try, to me this is not just teaching or writing, this is work for survival. in forming a better citizen or not. i am passionate about what i do and i love what i

i don't know that there's an african-american person who hasn't. it's part of the world in which we live and part of why i teach also is that hopefully through learning this history, by engaging in this work, that people would ask different kinds of questions, be able to understand this history, be able to be more sympathetic to what african-americans face and also collectively, since most of my students are not african-americans, be able to think about what their role could be. at the end of every semester, i leave my students with two questions. what is the most important thing you learned, and what will you do with what you learned? so to me, this is work that is supposed to be put into action so that perhaps there will come a time where not everybody will say that. >> are we getting better? >> i mean, yeah, absolutely. there's a different world. things are better, but i don't think we recollectrest on bette. i think we should rest on justice. >> professor tiffany gill at the university of delaware. we thank you for your time. >> thank you. >>>

white house to celebrate african-american history month. [laughter] >> you like the white house, right? grateful to be joined by mike and karen pence. mike, come on over here. get appear. come on, karen. what a job they do. today, we are here to honor the extraordinary contributions from african-americans from the earliest days of this nation, african-americans have uplifted and inspired our country in art, science, literature, law, film, politics, business and every arena. these contributions are beyond measure. you know it and everybody knows it. we pay tribute to the african-american heroes who have sacrificed in the name of and dignity in america. every citizen alive today are forever in debt of the brave souls who have championed the internal cause of civil rights. we are joined for tonight ceremony by many distinguished --st, including the surgical surgeon general jerome adams. hi, then a little while. >> thank you very much. -- been a little while. >> thank you very much. >> our economy stronger than it's ever been before. by the way

more individuals, more african-americans, are demanding things now. as the reproach goes away, in many ways he goes, by the end of his life he starts to shift. one instance that i discuss in this work is, on a cold winter day, in january of 1927, he goes to the state capitol to lobby for funds for his institution. he has on an overcoat. he has on a hat. he gets on the elevator with all white legislators, racial etiquette of the day was african-americans were always supposed to take their hat off in the presence of white males. well, while he was on this elevator he kept his hat on, no one said anything, but a few days later, one of the legislators requested a bill to remove funding from the institution from under the school, the public instruction, and put it under, directly under the rule of the legislators, because he wanted to really punish shepard for that. and so those were some of the ways that shepard, he didn't overtly challenge white supremacy in that time. he did it in a more subvert way. so he didn't remove his hat which was really challeng

i do not know there's an african-american person who hasn't. it's part of why -- is part of the world in which we live. why, by part of engaging in this history, people will ask different questions, be able to understand this history, the more sympathetic to what african-americans face. and ultimately, because most of my students are not african-american, think about what their role could be. what is the most important thing you learned, and what we you do with what you learned? me, this is work that is supposed to be put into action so perhaps there will come a time when not everybody will say that. >> are we getting better? yes, absolutely. it's a different world. things are better. i do not think we should rest on better. i think we should rest on justice. tiffany the gill of delaware university. thank you for your time. prof. gill: thank you. >> you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of american history programming every weekend. follow us on twitter to keep up with the latest history news. c-span, where history unfolds daily. in 197

the poverty rate for african americans is the best it's ever been. the lowest level it's ever achieved. nearly 1 million additional african-americans have found new jobs. and i think we can really attribute this to regulatory cuts, or as a result of our tax cuts, the largest tax cuts in the history of our country, more than 8700 distressed communities are now designated as opportunity zones, and mike pence was just in south carolina, he was talking about those incredible achievements, incredible achievements that have been made with tim scott and everybody. and we are bringing in new investments and jobs to places that really needed them most, places that were forgotten, but they are not forgotten with us. through our pledge to american workers, we have secured private sector commitments to provide 6.5 million new jobs and trading opportunities, and that also is an absolute total record. that one is an easy one by a lot. just months ago, we passed groundbreaking criminal justice reform. . world >> will you,., darrell? darrell, get a peer. he's always

the poverty rate for african-americans is the best it's ever been. nearly one million additional african-americans have found new jobs and i think we can attribute it to regulatory cuts or a result of our tax cuts, the largest tax cut in the history of our country. mike pence was just in south carolina and talking about those incredible achievements that have been made with jim scott and everybody. we are bringing in new investments and jobs to places we needed them the most. through our pledge to america , we commit to invite -- provide 6.1 million new jobs and that is a total record. that is an easy one by a lot. just last month, we passed a groundbreaking criminal justice reform. world -- will you come appeared aerial scott? -- darrell scott? he is always defending me on television. you want somebody to defend you, this is about as good as he can get. sometimes they say you are a pastor. thank you. reform thattion nobody thought we could get done. we worked with conservatives, liberals and those in the middle. they have been trying to get , but we

jacob austin is the professor of history and african-american studies, and the first african-american chair of the history department at harvard. we are also proud to congratulate her for winning the doctor john hopes franklin award. we just learned of this last night. she is a historian of historians. and, to read her statement on this year's black history theme, black migration, i give you dr. higginbotham. >> thank you, and welcome. every year i write a statement to inaugurate black history month. this one starts off, happy black history month. this year opens with the theme black migration. as the founders of black history month, the association for the study of african- american life and history believes that migration represents one of the most important aspects of our nation's past. the very title of the book, a nation of immigrants, written by president john f. kennedy, captures the centrality of migration to the makeup of the american people. however, for african-americans, the history of migration has a unique meaning. thought of forced migration, in the form of the african

people who were african-american who did not think of him as african-american because of his ancestryecause his father was from kenya and had not been in the united states and jim crow, his ancestors had not been enslaved in the united states. when he spoke in selma in 2006, barack obama went through this long, a really kind of remarkable speech, you can still find in the internet, where he talks about the way that his b lack ancestors in kenya had remained distinct and separate from the white colonialists in kenya the way tan a dull would be referred to as "boy" or "girl" to elucidate all of these things that would be familiar to black americans. to say this was this diaspora tie. we fast-forward to 2019. we hear some similar things about, harris, -- about kamala my fellow howard university. people say she is not a descendent of slaves in the united states. i wonder if we talk little bit about how the theme of migration, kicks our identity and complicates -- public hate hour identity incompetence the question of who we are. >> i'll bringing a little bit closer to home. so i can alumi

he happens to be african-american. it is our first african-american male president at the press club. we have had african-american female presidents, but this is our first african-american male and a jeff did a tremendous job. you go to our ballroom, which is the biggest room around the corner on that side, there is a plaque and a plaque commemorates the first african-american speaker at the national press club. this was 1962, it was dr. martin luther king, he was 33 years old then. he was a terrific speaker for us. it is meaningful for people when they enter that room and they know that dr. king spoke there. we don't have full video of the event. we have audio of the event, which is on the library of congress website. he was terrific, of course. there are notes of his i have a dream speech. an interesting historical document. i can literally go on like this forever, but i know gloria has great stuff. one or two other things i find placeating -- the last that louis armstrong played trumpet in public was here at the nat

such that african-americans could be part of it. but it's interesting to note that early on, the leadership was predominantly anglo persons. the naacp is the oldest, largest and most recognized grassroots civil rights groups in the united states. active membership is in all 50 states, including state conferences and branches and local branches as well as branches in prisons and chapters on college campuses as well as high schools throughout the nation. the naacp has its headquarters in baltimore, maryland. it is here to ensure the political, educational and social and economic rights and eliminate racial hatred and discrimination. it is committed to achieving its goals through nonviolence including litigation and protesttation. it is well known for its litigation. he honorable thurgood marshall was the chief litigator for the naacp. under his leadership with the assistance of good many people, the naacp was able to win lawsuits before the supreme court. lawsuits, brown versus the board of education is one of the most notable lawsuit

i think one of the crucial issues of being african- american and a very proud african-american, i wantto say ethis to younger generations that you are wa proud african-american because too often people see our struggle and they don't see the joy and they don't know we are proud of our heritage and proud of who we are and the courage it took for 400 years of perseverance. it took courage for us to be in this e room today and there is success in the story that we still care about each other when everything was supposed to rip that away from us. when they took away our names, religions, our culture they thought they had taken our heart but we have more heart than they would ever know and they would not know our minds, they will not know our power, they do ulnot understand us despite everything they think they know, but the reason i say this having lived in the deep south and having moved around there is a peer among african- americans that we will be extinct. that we will be read out, jailed out, killed, shot, infant mortality that our cultureej would not exist and i think that caused the

but it shows them that there are positive african-american men doing things in the community and african-american men that care about them and taking timeout of their schedule to give back to them and that's powerful when sometimes you come from a broken family and you don't have the role model at home. >> you're going to mention volunteers before the deputy chief came and do you want to mention other volunteers, you mentioned bishop jackson. >> bishop jackson is the chairman of our board, but we recruit, organize and train african-americ in tp with the boys. i'm only one man. so when we have the boys come on saturdays, there's anywhere between 40 and 60 young men on saturday, and the men come out and they help us just be a positive role model, you know, talk about life experiences with the boys. and give advice on different -- just different things. >> what success have you seen deputy chief? >> i have seen students that were struggling. that had low gpa's in school. one young man had a 1.0 and was struggling and suffering academically. but then i've seen one of our former officers -- "okay offi

that come in with prejudices against african-americans.o mary this person, they don't have the same degree of initiative or whatever it is so there are prejudices within the group, we won't even get to color distinctions please we will have to make that another lunch. for this one in particular when we start talking about people coming in the divide and conquer characteristic of undermining our progress has been so successful over 400 years that we need to understand that divide and conquer isn't always working. there is always some outside oppressive agent trying to undermine the coming together of the groups from africa, from the caribbean who have been here hundreds of years and we need to work together and understand we are all in the same boat now whether you took a plane train or automobile. we are all in the same boat now. >> i want to go back to the, la harris -- that you mentioned. i am going to ask you because i've spent my life as a moderator to also address this issue with camala harris. i think a lot of people and i think ther

they also forgive him for forgetting about african-americans or being overtly hostile to african-americanswhistles and they are willing to turn a blind eye to their misgivings about his policies especially the crime bill and workfare because of what he is going through in the impeachment. bill clinton's impeachment ends up entrenching black support for bill clinton. i will stop there and we will take a look at the clip then we will circle back and discuss these points. >> when do you estimate that your party will nominate an afro-american? >> president clinton, why don't you enter that? -- governor clinton, why don't you answer that? >> i don't know, i hope it will happen in my lifetime. >> this is about a particular campaign strategy that the clintons have adopted. jesse jackson orchestrated this. the black convict was scheduled to be as good in arkansas. -- to be executed in arkansas. jesse jackson orchestrated a campaign to try to get bill clinton to stay the execution. bill clinton did not. he was executed. in the process, bill clinton was seen as pushing jesse jackson away. at the sam

for also forgive him forgetting about african-americans or being overtly hostile to african-americansand they are willing to turn a blind eye to their misgivings about his policies especially the crime bill and workfare because of what he is going through in the impeachment. bill clinton's impeachment ends up in trenching black support for bill clinton. i will stop there and we will take a look at the clip then we will circle back and discuss these points. [video clip] party will your nominate and elect an african-american and female to the presidency of the united states? i don't have any idea but i hope it will happen in my lifetime. >> the public perception is a particular campaign strategy to the clinton campaign is adopted going back to january, jesse jackson the blacked when convict was scheduled to be executed in arkansas, jesse jackson orchestrated a campaign to try to get bill clinton to stay the execution. it became front-page news. bill clinton did not so he was executed. process, bill clinton was seen publicly as pushing jesse jackson away. at the same time, he accomplishe

there are people who have never seen an african-american who come in with prejudices against african-americane divide and conquer characteristics of undermining our progress has been so successful that we need to understand that deviivide an conquer is always working. we need to understand we're all in the same boat now. >> i want to go back to the kamal harris issue. i'm going to ask you to address that issue. i think there's a group called american descendents of slaves. a it's ownership of the criticism of kamala harris of not being one of us. her father is jamaican and jamaicans experienced slavery. as a matter of fact, if you happen to be black where ever you come from in this world, you have experienced oppression. racism, where ever you are has been a fundamental aspect of that oppression. you're a graduate of howard university. when you walk onto that campus and you see the wide variety of black people from all over the world on that campus, it i kree -- increases your understanding of the oppression we have experienced and the realization for us to emerge, we have to get through that

not only that, but to hire african-americans -- african-american scientists and chemist's.was married to a woman whose lasting was spellman. they come from a long line of abolitionists. spellman college, hb see you in atatlanta was created by the family. so there was a history of this corporate the human working with the african-american community and they distributed the green esso gastheir stations. that is one of the ways the green book was able to be so widely distributed and popular. amy: you also talk about the women entrepreneurs. >> absolutely. the stories we were finding and that we were coming upon, so many of them were women-owned businesses. at one point, i start looking to the pages of "the green book." they are all online so anybody can look and look up their town to see what is listed. but there are all of these pictures of women owners, women business owners. they sent in their picture. they were advertising in it. everything from restaurants and motels and hotels. black women entrepreneurship is something that is a part of our experience and a part of our h

living in an african-american community.aying i live here, druni the water here, and it is all about that. >> what i did find interesting is he is saying pay no attention to my title now, i want you to pay attention to my record of mayor of newark. >> i think it also is his attempt to not just avoid washington, but so say who he is. and the fact that he did it from his front yard in newark. he pins his national reputation on the idea that he helped n newark. that is a powerful mess an. i have to tell you have having covered these for a long time, south carolina is the iowa and new hampshire of what we're talking about. i remember covering barack obama going down to columbia scare before the primary there, a huge rally hosted by oprah win free and basically i was standing there with the obama campaign and it was like okay, this is something, it's over. >> corey booker is fascinating if he got to the general election because he is not near -- he is basically closer certainly side ideologically closer to bill clinton, but the w

all she has to say is, i'm black, but i'm not african-american.ling into a trap. let me finish, hold on. when she goes down her lineage, many africans landed in jamaica and other caribbean islands. >> jamaica is not america. it did not come out of jim crow. i'm just saying. >> ted cruz was born in canada, his father was cuban. >> you're changing the subject. it has nothing to do with ted cruz. >> i think there's two versions of this question. one is sort of based in racial stereotypes. does this person act like a black person is supposed to act like? >> that's not what i'm saying. >> i know. but there's another version of this question, does kamala harris care about black people, and if black people give her their votes, is she going to still care and make sure to use her authority to make sure that black people get a fair shake in a country that has historically not given them one? there are cultural distinctions, between west indian and african american. but the fact is that in america, those distinctions start to matter less because of white ra

they're trying to appeal to the african-american vote.and on northam become a factor on how much traction they can gain? >> i think this will be. i believe that there is stupid, dumb, and unconscionable. it is in the best interest for the people of the state and nation that he step down. >> sthese racist images must no be tolerated. we know that elizabeth warren has been spending a lot of time in your state. she says corey booker is prepared to spend a lot of time here. you have to win, place, or show to come out with something, some kind of momentum. is there a candidate in particular that has an early good read on the elect or rate. >> the actions that i have seen so far, senator harris and senator booker have been spending a lot of time down there. they're talking to a lot of staffers, or potential staffers, and with a lot of community leaders in south carolina. they also have strong ties to vice president biden. so you're getting all of this action in south carolina, it is not clear if there is a definite front runner in the state. .

we have two african-americans. we have an openly gay candidate. and also we have women. so issues like this do matter. they need to speak up and they need to talk about this. and they can't stay silent on this at all. we are in a different time. yes, we have donald trump in the white house who is a bigot and a racist, but at the same time our country is moving forward. just look at what we did in november 2018 where we elected an incredibly diverse house, a house -- the most diverse house that we've had in history. so we have to really speak up and speak out against this. this is racism. he was 25 years old. this was 1984. it is not okay. we have to send a message. >> larry sabato, the dean, really, of the virginia political world, the university of virginia center for politics. >> oh. >> the person i love to talk to about virginia politics. >> karine jean-pierre, chief politics officer for moveon.org. thanks to both of you. >>> we'll keep or eyes on develops this hour. >>> but up next, the democratic 2020 field just got more crowded with the latest entrant kicking off h

he is associate professor of african-american studies at brandeis university. he is editor of the black power movement, rethinking the civil-rights and black power, which came not from her rockledge in 2006. and is author of waiting until the midnight hour, a narrative history of black power in america and again 2006. this is a book that -- describes as "marking the dawn of a new black american history. nuance deeply researched and brilliantly insightful, it will become the new standard interpretation of black political culture in the 1960's. additionally gerald horner of the university of north carolina in chapel hill maintains that "in writing this wise and dazzling display of literary evidence, an expert excavation kummant peniel joseph has vaulted into the front ranks of interpreters of this nation's most explosive era, 1960's. so tonight, professor joseph is going to share with us aspects of that interpretation and will talk" waiting til the midnight hour, a black power movement in american democracy." please join me in welcoming professor joseph. [applaus

for the rights of african-americans that sometimes people mistake that for anger. angry, butwas not forceful in his denunciation of racism. c-span's washington journal, live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. morning, a discussion of the border wall panel and the reelection. donna brazil talks about campaign 2020 and the direction of the democratic party. the brookings institute will be on to talk about the future of the united states role in afghanistan. watch washington journal, live at 7:00 eastern on sunday morning. join the discussion. >> we are back live at the black history luncheon, which is expected to start in just a few moments at the washington renaissance hotel. ons is american history tv c-span3. >> ladies and gentlemen, your mc for the evening. >> i'm going to keep walking. >> how is everybody doing today? this is the most awkward intro i've ever had. how is everybody doing today? just to let you know, this is not one of those hoverboards that blowup. we are here to have a fun time. if you have a cell phone, take your cell phone o

i also know of a very senior well-known african american official. he can make his announcement, he can call for the governor's resignation and people will know who he is right away. so look, i just think things look dark for northam and the governorship is in shambles and going to be a drag on his party for the remaining three years of his terp. >> does this cause reflex on the commemoration of robert e. lee. these are going on despite it being seen as one of the last of the new south states. >> yeah, well, you've hit a nerve with me, of course. i'm from charlottesville. if i had my way, they would all be gone and i'm shocked -- i'm not shocked that the virginia general assembly has done absolutely nothing about allowing at least local choice for removing the statutes and again, not defending northam at all, what he did was horrible but he was terrific on charlottesville. you have to look at the whole record, but i have a hard tile g -- time getting that image out of my head. that was terrible. that was the mid '80s. that wasn't the '50s. that was t

this morning, and it talked about the theme, the national theme of african-american history, which is migration, and what is meant by migration is migration of over 400 years ago, when the people of african heritage migrated from the continent of africa. many from ghana, this year, 2019, ghana is actually laying out the welcome mat, and they want people to visit ghana to really understand how this all started. ironically, as always, san francisco is way ahead of the curve, i want to point out something the san francisco police department has been doing for a number of years, and i have to give all the credit to, i don't think jason johnson is here, but jj, and my predecessor , because we have been taking kids on this community and taking them back to ghana, troy dangerfield is in the room, he is one of the ones who spearheaded this trip, to connect with this migration for years. it is a life-changing event. that is what this is all about. this is about remembering, this is about remembering where we came from, this is about remembering the struggles, this is about remembering all the

of san francisco's population in 2017, african-americans represented 17% of new infections. with julius and his peers leading the way, it's my hope we can reverse that alarming trend. in addition to his advocacy as a lyric youth leader, julius is a proud city college student, majoring in fashion design. go rams. in the near future, he hopes to open his very own queer resource center for youth. he says harvey milk is one of his greatest inspirations and has shaped the leader that he is today. i'm sure that harvey would be proud of julius and the way he's continuing work that harvey started 40 years ago. i am proud to recognize julius today, and i want to thank his family, who's here in the chamber, i think, as well as jody schwartz, executive director at lyric, for working with my office on today's commendation, and now i would like to invite julius to say a few words. >> i just want to say thank you, all. y'all, i'm vibrant, i'm not boring. this has impacted me a lot, and it changed me to become the better leader i am today. i feel like -- i feel like this is what i was put

in america. >> we're asking if she's african-american.sking that question. that's not what that is. you're getting the whole black enough thing. >> that's the kind of stuff that people -- that's where people are going. >> you're missing the point. that's a whole different conversation. people are asking you if you are of -- an african-american, someone who came out of jim crow, out of american slavery. are you descended -- there's nothing wrong with saying, yes, i am, or, no, i'm not. but i'm still a black person. >> she feels the effects of jim crow being a black person in america. >> i don't disagree with that. but remember, if people ask if you're african-american or black, there's nothing wrong with distinguishing what your relationship with the united states is. if you're from costa rica, or cuba, there's nothing wrong with making a distinction to say that you're a black person who comes out of the american tradition of being black or african-american. nothing is wrong with that. all she had to say was, i'm a black woman. my ancestor

is of the population african-american. they want to see themselves and their leaders.ant to believe if there is a natural disaster and your impacted, your governor will see you as a human being. but because blackface is about ridicule and humiliation -- the naacp used the call it a thing apart. it makes african manikins a thing apart from american civilization. that is why the governor should resign. if he does not -- i grew up in the state of california. we had a recall election. the people of virginia have the power. they should stand up. if they want him gone, they should work to do that. amy: rhae lynn barnes, thank you , assistant professor at princeton university, author of the upcoming book "darkology: when the american dream wore blackface." and we will link to your piece in the "washington post." this is democracy now!. when we come back, for people who experienced the polar vortex, you know how it was. imagine being imprisoned, and the jail you are in has noel adjusted the or heat -- you are in has no amatateur cityty or h. prprisonerss in brooklyn did not ha

as an african-american who just started working for the district, it's not good to see this. we have to have parents write e-mails. i hope you guys do better going forward with this. thank you. >> hello. my name is marcus. and i've known tarquin and sampson since 5th grade. and i come from like the best neighborhood in the bayview. and i used to go to a lot of sporting events with tarquin and he used to help me get home after school. because i used to help him. he used to help me stay off the streets. and help me with my homework a lot, help me to pass so i can run track in the 8th grade. it's been a positive role model. when i think of tarquin and sampson, i think of positive things. when he told me that he got fired from his job, i was shocked because i never thought that would ever happen. i recently went to a military camp last year in july. and tarquin was my mentor all five months until december. and he helped me a lot when i was down and he gave me a lot of coping skills on how i can be a better person in society. >> good evening. i'm a parent of marcus. i have known t

after an african-american another hero an african-american woman who was the first african-american principle in this area again. it was a one hundred and seventy years later due to the heroic efforts of our beloved doctor. amos brown that's a history. so what does that mean. that means that we need to keep that history alive. we cannot forget it. right. we cannot forget it. and we've got to pass it on to our children because otherwise it will be forgotten even i who came to school year didn't know that. so with that. we're gonna have a wonderful blessing today. i want to ask. bishop justice and i'm a mom no shekau and rabbi singer to please join me. and they're gonna do a blessing for us. oh yes ages are developing i thought on this suspicious occasion this. fits after the dramatic story the helmet told us to reflect and share. from paul christian in his letter to the corinthians if i speak in human angelic tongues but do not have love i am a resounding gone or clashing symbol if i have the gift of prophecy in comprehend all mysteries and all knowledge. if i have all faith so as to move moun

she also did not get the support from african-american men. and, when she ran for president, whether it, most of the men in the black caucus did not support her. there's a phrase that is said about hillary clinton and will be said about elizabeth warren. i want a woman for president, just not this one. that is what they said when shirley chisholm was running. we want a woman for president, just not this one. she faced opposition from many men. not from all. she had the support of the black panther party, and a young al sharpton when he was a teenager was her youth organizer in brooklyn. if you ever hear him speak about shirley chisholm, it brings tears to your eyes. she was a mentor for him. host: you are passionate about her. why? >> i think she's such an extraordinary woman. i also think that my passion for her has to do with the fact that she is an alum of brooklyn college where i teach. when i talk about shirley chisholm in the brooklyn public schools, young people are furious that they never knew anything about her. the fact that they now

private at the ime, by 1923, it becomes a publicly state supported institution of higher learning african-americans. what he does, he uses both the model of self-help dubois model of liberal arts and reality to create this institution of higher learning the first state supported institution of higher learning for african-americans, supported in the nation. you put his life into perspective, when and where he his personal was life like? >> he was born in 1875 in north carolina. again, many would say, born of privilege because of who of parents were in the state north carolina. these individuals focused, they to ensure their children had not only education but had a sense of morality, a sense of purpose, a sense of leadership

>> i was writing about usual aid in african-americans, i found an amazing hospital called the tabori in hospital, they were providing mutual aid, 30 days of hospital care in the 1940s for $7.50 a year, which would be about $100 in today's money. they would provide a full menu of services, this is a very successful hospital, not a dime of government aid went to it. most of the members of the paternal organization, the mutual aid organization that runs the organization is under the poverty line by any standards. sharecropping. yet, they can provide care at these prices. membership got up to 50,000 in mississippi. anyway, howard is the chief surgeon. i had a guy, all-black town, you have to write about doctor howard, he did all this interesting stuff. i looked him up, this guy is amazing. the libertarians, what it does, what he has to offer, the guy is born in poverty, he gets a medical degree at university, through various examples of luck and pluck i guess you could say, and he becomes chief surgeon of this hospital, then he becomes a very successful entrepreneur. doctor howard establ

african-american athletes on the team in 1936. here you are seeing jesse owens who will win four gold medals and ralph metcalfe, also a medal winner in 1936. the new york amsterdam news, an african-american newspaper writes an open letter to jesse owens and other athletes saying if they want to strike a blow against racism here at home, then they have to protest against hitler resume by not going to the games, what you see both with and african-american communities and jewish american communities is a divide about how to respond to -ism and the proper way to respond to -ism. some like the new york amsterdam news are saying if you want to fight racism at home you have to fight racism abroad by making this protest statement. owens and other athletes and other in the african-american community say the best way to protest -ism is to go over and win medals and disprove their theories of aryan superiority. of course it doesn't work out that way, owens wins metals as an too many of the african- american athletes, but what you see is that

citizenship and african-americans cause for emancipation.ally important that in mind. we went into the bookshop and found the double portraits. they are very much next to each other in their daily lives. i hope mary lincoln at 200 will be something we can think about. but because we really want to hear from you on women, because the three of us are so excited to have a full house here, i want to see if people want to come up to the microphone and ask any questions you might have about women's legacy, women's participation, where the field stands now. asked inat when i was the 1970's by jim mcpherson to give a single lecturer in his i had toury course, come to the civil war, but also before, the 40 years after. first, i am going to ask the panel, while you are thinking of your questions, i am going to ask each of them, and then i will give my answer, if you could pick one woman during the era that you would like to know more about, see a biography of, who would you promote? how about you, candy? anyone you have come across? divided into four

we are continuing our celebration of blackmoistory h with a look at african-american women who are thriving in the worldte of and steam. we begin today with a look at a virginia woman who helped to develo the gps. yes, the gps that's probably in your car. joining us is marvin jackson who is executive producer of a documentary aboutomen of color in stem. this documentary includes the story of dr. gladys west. welcome, dr. jackson. for those of you unfamiliar with dr. west, tell us about her. she's another hidden figure, isn't she? >> she really is. allf a sudden, she has come out and everybody knows aut her, but gladys west is a remarkable woman. back in 56 she took a job with theavy at a laboratory and base. she didn't know where she was going. she didn't know anything about the navy. she thought she was going to be aer all her life. all of a sudden, she takes this yhe job andecomes one of the people who did the math to come up with the gps program and not just gps. she did's lot of math for t navy. she is one of the hidden figures that people don't even realize. when she went there, there