status at african american. they developed schools like howard, fifth, moor house, fellman. they created organizations like the naacp, the national association of colored women, universal negro improvement association, they protested, they filed suits, they took to the street to cry lynching and racial violence. so the civil rights movement in the 1950's and 60's did not emerge out of a vacuum. the progress has been hard earned and was built on the struggles of the past. but as w eb said what is the meaning of progress? how do we measure progress? how do we acknowledge what we've achieved as a country, but acknowledge how our work is still incomplete. that's why it matters. it matters so we can understand with pride, confidence and compassion, with maturity so we can understand where we have been, how we got where we are today and where we need to go. this is a cry of responsibility. carter g woodson understood black history month as a month celebration, but a charge to make black people a central part of its na

we have african american boys failing in our public schools. we have african american boys and men filling up our prisons. we have african american boyings boys who are victims and perpetrators of violent crimes in this community where we are losing too many african american men and boys at an alarming rate. we are on the wrong course. we are on the wrong course. when we talk about not making the same mistakes we have to look in the mirror and we have to wonder what are we doing to make a difference. supervisor cohen are here at city hall every single deal dealing with different dilemmas. we get calls from mothers, communities, calls to help deal with the challenges of the community, but we cannot do this job alone. we care about making history, yes. it's great to have two african american here at the board of supervisors, but it's better to have 80 african american men alive and successful in our public schools. [applause] we have lost a significant african american population, but that's just not because they're leaving the city. it's because

always saying that black people wherever they are, they are african. and that we are all africans.whether from harlem or haiti or birmingham, alabama, and so what's interesting is their aim is crucial and they are international celebrities. one thing that i think is interesting about politics and movements in the 60s in a way that is different from our contemporary society is that activism is something that is in a large manner considered to be having an impact on popular culture. and carmichael is that. this is not to diminish him but just to give a context of things, what happens when this activist has done on the cover of ebony magazine and others in all these different magazines and someone who is very enormously charismatic. how would they proceed both within the black community and there is an iconography of the black panther party not only just a political party but a party that that is very seductive and sexy. and so we think about all of that being wrapped up in here. and she's someone who has a very keen understanding and becomes very close and miriam comes a real conduit

and wiz interested in african-americans -- i was interested in african-americans who went to industrial centers like birmingham or atlanta and what sort of demographic patterns had been overlooked in the scholarship on the great migration. not everybody left the south, but a whole lot of people left the rural south and went into cities. i realized that all the political debates during that time were all about roads. everyone in the rural south felt so isolated. white southerners, black southerners, but this these small rural hamlets, they were very isolated and couldn't get around. so i sort of transitioned to writing about road building because of that. and i thought that what i would find in the process of researching this book was that these i new interstate highway networks, like the dixie highway and the advent of the automobile in and the affordability and accessibility of automobiles by the 1920s, gave rural southerners in general and african-americans in particular much greater control over their own mobility and much more independence. and while that's certainly true, the story

i mean, not african-american, but african. for example, the african methodist episcopal church, which was formed in the late 18th century, has that name to describe black people. so the names have always been mutable. we've always been at war with racism in this country. and one of the arenas of the crucial arenas of that war was the issue of names because we had the most hideous name put upon us by the most hideous aspect of the american public and that, of course, was nigger. so nigger was always at the base, the foundation, the bottom line, and we were always running away from that kind of aspersion. c-span: i didn't do it, but if i had more time, i think i would have gone through and counted the number of times you used the word nigger in the book. >> guest: quite a lot. c-span: what's the point? >> guest: well, i'm quoting people. i'm quoting my father, i'm quoting my uncles, i'm quoting sometimes my mother, the people i grew up with. this is a book about black vernacular culture. this is a book about what black people th

many african-americans look at those situations and felt lives. the immigration of the late 19th century the appeal of garveyism that there is a very strong black political tradition that says america is never going to change. america will never a tone for its sins. the only way to do it is to find better soil elsewhere. there is another part of the african-american tradition that remains committed to making things right ,-com,-com ma to improving conditions here. and i guess i would just sort of emphasize the three things that i found in putting this narrative together. the same three things they are depressed and had emphasize that lack workers do better. i would say all workers do better. we are in an economy now that doesn't look like it's going to get any better any time soon for employment and look at the struggles with minimum wage and the power of the corporations have accumulated over unions and organizing and work places. i would say tight labor markets, workers do better when labor markets are tight. workers do better when the labor mar

it occurred in 1906, an african from the congo to the united states. he was brought to the united states to participate in the st. louis world's fair at that particular time. after that was over, the coordinator is started to decide at least what they were going to do, so made the decision to place him in the bronx zoo in new york with the a retains and some people made the argument that he was the missing link in between humans and apes and he came from a particular tribe where his teeth were shaved so people put bones in cages to make it seem like he was a cannibal and so forth that he had a family back home, he was taken from his family. this was in 1906. you have this type of scenario taking place where washington and other african americans saw the need to counter the negative images. we see the proliferation of black memorabilia in the late 1800s because when african-americans could no longer be bought and slowed physically you see the emergence of this material cultures so you have the samples that are sold, the post cards that are sold througho

she strived and urged uzas community leader to reach out to the african maench community. this think this is a great way to celebrate and [inaudible] my honor today is to acknowledge and i'm so humbleed he is with us and a lot of colleagues from had ymca are here with us. i would like to ask [inaudible] if anyone else would like to come up from the y as well--oi dpirs met chuck as we worked on a healthy [inaudible] his leadership is amazing. charles cauline is president and chief executive officer of the ymc in san francisco. he is codhaired [inaudible] and he is a leader in building healthier communities and educating all of us about the dangerous riskoffs sugary drinks and unhelty foods that effect especially low income communities. his wife and the team are here as well. mr. caulines was appointed chair by mayor nusem of the physical activities counsel and the cochair [inaudible] ymca of u.s. from 2002-04 he ran as president and ceef executive office the familyancy that does work in san francisco. from 83-2002, he is president of wge ventures ink, which were engaged in

there's also another provision, a specific one thing that it was illegal for african-american, african-americansand whites to live together or to marry one another. so by the time to get into the 20th century and the most recent revision to the constitution, you are still working very much on a framework that has been established during the territorial period. there are little tweaks here and there how long representatives could serve, different things about redistricting, banking, infrastructure. but much of the framework established in 1830 remained in place until the 20th century when we have this major revision that really brought florida's constitution into a modern period and reflected a massive economic and demographic changes that took place in the state in the 20th century. >> up next, the authors david ikard and train to talk about their book, "nation of cowards: black activism in barack obama's post-racial america." the co-author spoke with booktv during a recent visit to tallahassee, florida. >> politicians have agendas. and probably the primary agenda is to be reelected. and what ba

in 1923, the african national congress was formed.d by the influence of a young nelson mandela, among others, and formed an armed wing called the spear of the nation. >> do you see africans being able to develop in this country without being pushed out? >> we have made it very clear in our policy that south africa is a country of many races. there is room for all the various races. >> in 1963, mandela was charged with sabotage and conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment on robben island. it would take another 27 years of silence and injustice before the inevitable would happen. >> do you believe in apartheid? >> i believe, according to god's will, that the white race should be preserved. >> with south africa's white minority under international sanctions, internal political pressure and the decline of the communist threat, mandela was released from prison in 1990. in '94, he was elected president of the new, free south africa. ♪ there have been very few figures in the entire history of the world as revered or as important as nel

in the african-american population here in charlottesville, virginia, it's 20.2. when i was looking into the causes and conditions it goes beyond a waive of housing that you talk about. it seems to go back to the cause of the conditions that led to the caprini green. what we have here in charlottes vim in 1960, prior to 1960, we had the vinegar hill neighborhood, which were standing on the former vinegar hill neighborhood, and the city needed i-644 and highway 250, and the african-american neighborhood kind of stood in the way, so the city somehow had the vine gar hill neighborhood designated as blighted so it could be torn down, and we found that in the 1960s, once that -- once the neighborhood was torn down, the only businesses that would hire african-american # were other african-american businesses, so once the neighborhood was torn down, a whole generation of leaders were lost, and african-americans couldn't get housing loans to build new businesses and when they could, they were charged 25% interest. it would seem like we're even further behind. we're still

i want to know, for african americans, when does double jeopardy attach to us? it has never attached to us historically and we see another time for it to not attach at this commission meeting tonight. what is the difference between what you're doing in a suit and tie between what you're doing in suit and tie in san francisco than what the good old boys did down south 50 and 60 years ago when they didn't wait for the justice system, as unfair as it was, to deal with a black person, but they went and pulled them out and lynched them? and that's what we're here today, is for another black lynching. and i am so tired, so tired of coming to commissions and boards like you in this town asking for the simple rights that you give white folk. that when you make a decision, you have the courage to stick by it. if any of you are attorneys, how many of you have had a decision go down that you didn't like and you knew you couldn't rerun it and you wouldn't have tried because you respect the rights of the judicial system, but not the rights of black folk? (applause) >>> hi, i

stop this mistreatment of african-americans in this city. thank you. (applause) >> thank you for your comments. thank you for your comments. sir, please. >>> yes, my name is sean richard, i'm the executive director of brothers against guns. i met juliet because she helped us with a second round of young men that we was helping called the redirection program with a few -- with one of my counterpartenerses ken mitchell that we started. a couple young men that was dealing with violence, anger management, conflict resolution, trying to get his life together, help them get jobs. we met her through the san francisco foundation seeking money. she helped us out and directed us. but the question is that we're opening up a case. why not open up the trayvon martin case and deal with that? if we're going to deal with issues, let's deal with a lot of issues we have in san francisco. this is a small issue. we all make mistakes. we bounce back, we do the right thing and we move forward. we live and we build and we move on. but this right here is ridiculous. but i wan

the scale of the needs in the central african republic is doesn'ting. >> central african republic's foreignter made this plea. >> please, we need your help. if we delayed, it be too late. we may lose the country. >> african peacekeepers will form part of the u.n. force. a vote on the resolution will not take place for a matter of weeks, and the new force will not assume control for about six months. one senior u.n. official who recently was there says what happens on the ground now is critical. >> many of the terrible things that people talk about, the cleansing of the muslim community being completed, the risks of the emergence of some terrorists organizations and all these things could happen if african force is not immediately present. >> the u.n. says the western part of the central african republic has been virtually cleansed of its muslim population, and hope what they are planning to authorise will start to stablilize the situation. >> james bays, al jazeera at the united nations. >> algerian security forces broke up an anti-government protest. at least 40 were arrested. they were de

african-american men heading to medical school is dropping.cted in your profession? >> that's another multi-factorial question. medical school is very, very expensive. then, often, you have education disparities that prevent and don't allow african-americans to get into the profession. but i don't think that's the issue. i think the issue is all doctors need to have appropriate level of training and make sure that african-americans get the same quality health care that their caucasian counterparts get. >> in the meantime, if you are an african-american woman and you know that you haven't had a mammogram in three years, you have to seek out an opportunity for yourself if you don't have insurance provided and a doctor that you trust? >> well, you do. that's again why we have strongly supported the affordable care act. more women will have access in the interim, also, women can go on the cdc website for low-cost mammograms. you must be screened. the screening recommendations themselves are confusing but i tell you from my personal experience it i

the african-american bodies depicted are often delivered in burned or both. the images have enough interest to taste defeat could take the pricing book into the ten additions since 2,002 sustained academic conferences and journal issues on racial violence, museum exhibitions around the country in a virtual exhibition on the world wide web. perhaps most remarkably the pictures led senate to issue a formal apology for having never passed the legislation. so, for the sense of what prompted those reactions, in 1908 this is a picture postcard. i share this with you because the victim is hanging from a light post which is a long railroad track. but then remembered that the countries march into modernity wasn't somehow antithetical to the barbaric practice of lynching. enjoy the technological advances but no who's supposed to enjoy the technological advances so as you enjoy the mobility through the railroad, this is one of the messages that you will receive. receive. very clearly being told that they should be happy, that things are under control and blacks being to

that was brunging the west africans -- bringing the west africans up to lima came in from this seizedliverpool slave owner that had been seized and was on the way to montevideo. >> so talk a little bit, i think we're somewhat aware though probably not as much as we should be, the slave trade in the united states and how that worked a little bit. but the extent to which it was a huge part of latin america and southern -- the whole southern hemisphere is probably something that you're really expanding on here for many people for the first time, and it's at the corps of this book -- the core of this book, the americas. it was as big a deal there both economically in terms of a trade and also in terms of what the slaves were able to do. >> so one of the things that the event allows an opening up of just the extent and the full panorama of slavery in the americas where people in the u.s. and students of u.s. history tend to treat u.s. slavery as its own thing. but that was really the last stage of this larger expansion throughout the measurings linked to the expansion of free trade, linked

. >>> the honoring of african-americans this is still a work in progress. >>> the biggest story now on nbcwashington.com is the weather. >>> this winter has been a tough one especially on the roads. when you combine the snowy season with years of neglect, a lot of work will need to be done to make highways and bridges safer. tom costello has more on what those might cost. >> reporter: building a new expanded interchange to handle traffic from the rapidly growing suburbs, one upgrade to bridges that's cracked, crumbled, patched up and rusted. after the bridge collapse in washington state after a tractor trailer clipped the support beam. now americans dodge the landscape of potholes t the government has put a price tag on what it will cost to get roads and bridges back to where they should be. up to $145 billion per year in state and local money. another $25 billion to improve the rail and bus systems. anthony fox. >> we have a leaky roof. what happens when you have a leaky roof, if you don't fix it, it becomes more expensive to put it back together again. >> congress has spent billions

and african countries. he informed about visible support for his wound he did organize in response to the team needs to sign the south african friends is from ctmh and in south africa this evening she refused to sell their job doesn't have many things that scary fall from the truth. the boss majority of south africans that she respects and appreciates his role in its role in the world the declaration is about later the government of south africa not getting the anc in upper decks the views of the world and the residents of. in the balance between the palestinians them and then the israelis in the conflict is totally out of kilter with with with the boss majority of south africans in africa. has there been repeated in india is so so we don't want to look at what's to stop now. what we do see is that we need to stand in solidarity with the provinces of his rump notice it. what a book that it suits the material. we like aging with them. and we have one vital to soho people arrive in a different conclusion is p

. >> so 12 years ago you became ranked number one and became the first african-american to be rankedumber one. with your win in dubai, your ranking was at 44 and that took you back up to 23? >> something like that. >> what is that like? i mean we've all read and we know that you're a fierce competitor. it's not even about being number two. it's always about being number one. what's that climb like for you? >> well, it's fun to see your name go up in the rankings, i have to say that is what it's all about. especially now, you know, i don't take anything for granted, and not that i ever meant to before, but in some ways i think i did. obviously, when you do a lot of hard work, you deserve to get where you were, but i realized for sure what a privilege it has been to be able to do the things i've done. >> you're not as hard on yourself or are you? >> yeah. no excuses. >> no excuses. who you are on the court, is that who you are off the court as well? >> yes. off of the co i can't sit still. so i always have to be doing something. i'm trying to achieve something. but on the court i'm ver

and likewise, the african-american -- there is many songs about moses as well. which moses and the israelites are afloat. i combine both songs so it was this continuous narrative about moses and the israelites and about water. and by doing that, i am telling one story from two different sources simultaneously. that is kind of this piece convergence. >> and for you, how do you explain the power of music to transcend culture, with a particular culture, and create that kind of empathy of one culture to another, which seems to be part of what you are doing with this particular piece. and i'm just wondering, in the backdrop for you as an artist, how you think about articulating those things, in the way that you did. >> music, and i would say especially jewish music and african-american music, have the proportions of an emotional time machine. when you hear it, you are taken to a particular emotional moment. they can be viewed with history, belief or culture. as both kinds of music share these things, it was a natural progression for me to combine them at the points o

people had to -- african-americans and latinos really had to struggle to vote. and to -- for their vote to be recognized. so it is important for us to understand that these are privileges that even though it should be civil rights and it should be that we all enjoy them, there was a lot of people that had to fight very hard to get those civil rights recognized. >> professor swartz we move to an all volunteer force after the vietnam war, and now that latinos and especially among young people, is huge. latinos will probably be overrepresented in the armed forces because they make up such a large part of young america. s it a good time to recall how the army is both a reminder, sometimes in our history of the changes needed in a society, but also in a vanguard position sometimes. getting society used to social change, whether it's the role of women, allowing gays in the military, advancing the ambitions of black and latino service members? >> that's absolutely right. it is the army is in that sense -- certainly in the recent years with both women and gay rights the

and then you have the bell part which is playing, what i learned as an african six. and usually is: one, two, three, four, five, six. one, two, three, four, five, six. when you put all the parts together-- [rhythmic drum beats] it's always the principal musician who'll give the cue to start, to stop, and to change the rhythm. he is the conductor of the orchestra. all the cues come from the principal musician, and the person who is playing the improvisation. he plays what we call a break or ausical cue, and that will sound different depending on whatever style they're playing. we hear the cue-- it's an established rhythm-- and once we hear it, we know to start our step. you have to follow their feet, you know, how their hands move, and if the dancer gotta move like that, you got to make sure you got the connection and the language-- the language you have to do from all her movement from her body, you have to go together. maybe you can go "baaaaadaaaadum, baaaaadaaaadum." (sharriff) there is a direct relationship-- we like to say a marriage-- between the music and the

along with thousands of central africans, they are about to give new lives in exile.t won't be easy. this, it seems, is their way to forget for a moment the pain of what they left behind. malcolm web,ays on the river ubange in the democratic congo. >> egypt says it's with drawing from congo. the three gulf mon archies accuse qatar of it failing to go enforce the packet. the relations have soured since egypt carried out. the trial of three access journalists will resume on march 24th. they have spent 69 days in prison accused of having links with a terrorist organization and spreading false news. al jazeera rejects the charges. abdullah, al shalmi has been detained for more than six months. >> syrian forces are continuing their assault on one of the last rebel strongholds near the border with lebanon. abrud which lies north of damascus is a strategically important town. fierce fighting continues between government troops and forces to the north. >> a senior north korean official has made an appearance. seen here on the left is said to be the second most powerful person

to honor our heritage and so many things that are important to the african american community. if you are around tomorrow between 6 and 9, come by and enjoy the fusativities. we hope this can become a annual event where wree celebrate art and culture and the amazing things about the community in san francisco. far too often thaings that are not so great are highlighted and it is time that we remember an occasion like this where we honor amazing people that have a history of committing their life to make a difference in the lives of others. that is what the african american community has always been about and will continue to be about through celebrations like these and the one tomorrow kw how we live our liferbs every day by giving bam to the community. i want to thank you so much for being here and hope you will continue to come back not to just go through the stress of deal wg your faxes and paying your bill, but to participate in the politicalicate process and make sure your voice is hard and push the legislation that makes a difference in the community. wree look forward to

john is the first african-american to win a ski racing medal in the paralympics.he is called one of the most inspiring women in america. marc lamont hill has more. >> i grew up in san diego, california, which is unusual for an african-american with one leg, with no snow, to end up becoming a ski racer. >> voted one of the most inspirational woman in america, bonnie st. john was born with a birth defected that stunted the growth in one of her legs and at 5 years old doctors told her she'd have to amputate. she was determined to have an ordinary life. it was a high school friend who introduced her to skiing. >> it's amazing, she's white, i'm black. she reached out and said, hey, let's go skiing together. so it's -- it's amazing how somebody can change your life. i started skiing and found out there were a lot of other amputees who skied and raced and this is my chance to really find out what i was made of. and see if i could make the u.s. team and so i really went for it. >> did she ever. bonnie made the team in 1984. >> i got to work and see the finish line. i've m

community and the way in which it seems to overly penalize african americans. and i really hope that you will look into your hearts. and someone earlier said that you should look at your values. and i have to question where your values lie given the fact we are here tonight? thank you. (applause) >>> good afternoon, commissioners. my name is dwayne jones. i'm a business owner here in san francisco. i've also had the pleasure of serving as a department head here for this city for the office of community development and also serving as one of the senior advisors for mayor newsome for the 7 years he served as mayor here. this is embarrassing and this is ridiculous and this is not what we do here in san francisco. this is just not what we do. we have a process. when this whole issue first came up, not just these people in this room, but everybody in neighborhoods, everybody in community-based organizations wanted to come before you at that particular point. at that particular moment we were asked to stand down and allow you to go through your process. we respected

he faces up to 30 years in prison. >>> sectarian violence in the central african republic has causedany people to flee to the democratic republic of congo the drc. malcolm webb has their story. >> reporter: everyone on this boat has had relatives killed or gone missing. they have been hiding in a church in the central african republic for weeks, fearing for their lives. now they made it to safety. >> translator: there was a lot of gunfire. that's why we fled. i don't even know where my children are, or my parents. >> reporter: the un says nearly a million people have fled the violence, and for over 60,000 their escape route has been here. on this side is the central african republic and on the other side is the democratic republic of congo. since december, thousands of people have fled from the central african size to the congolese side to get away from the violence. the refugee settlements can only be accessed using boats like this. >> this deceased factory is a landing site. the velages on the other bank were sderted weeks ago. they wait for un trucks to take them to a camp. this m

and likewise, in the african-american cosmology are there are a many of stories about most. there is this very famous song in which moses and the israelites are evokeed. so i combined both songs so it was this continuous narrative about moses, about the israelites, and about water. and by doing that, i'm kind of telling one story from two different sources, simultaneously. and that's kind of the space i'm traversing in this piece convergence. >> and for you, how do you explain the power of music to transcend culture, illuminate a it particular culture and create it that kind of em pawity of one culture to the other which seems it to be part of what you are doing with this particular piece. i'm just wondering in the backdrop for you as an are theist how you think about articulating those things in the way that you did. >> well, music, and i would say especially jewish music and african-american music, have the proportions of an emotional time machine when you hear it, you are taken to a particular emotional moment that is imbued with history, with belief, with culture, and as

al jazeera jekts the acquisitions. >>> the central african republic -- >> the situation in central africanc remains extremely grave, and urgent action by all is required to prevent further bloodshed. the violence has lead to the total breakdown of the state locally and nationally. state institutions which were weak have now totally collapsed across the country. >> i do not remember any field visit in my eight-year tenure as commissioner that caused me such anguish as my recent trip to the central african republic. was deeply shocked by the brutality and inhumanity that has characterized the violence happening in the country, and its consequences on the suffering of the people. >> as the violence continues to escalate so too does the number of people fleeing. over 700,000 people have been displaced because of the fighting. a further 290,000 people have sought refuge in neighboring countries, and nearly half of that number have thread the violence in the last three months alone. and around 62,000 refugees are currently receiving food aid in the democratic republic of congo. malcolm reports f

and when he see a lot of the contracts the african-american community is left out and i'm saying they have to be qualified and that's important i know sometimes, people get uncomfortable but those things need to be talked about and people shake their boats when we talk about diversity but sometimes things need to be talked about that's wasn't commissioner brandon and commissioner president katz are talking about sometimes they don't dpout and if you're not in the network you don't get a fair shot. that's what we're saying this commission represents all citizens in san francisco no matter what their background of color. when those issues come up we are going to talk about them >> thank you, commissioners. then to follow up on awe lanes offer that might be one way to look at it to insure we're doing the best we can and you're right i've alluded to the old by law we're not allowed to dance around and not having a perfect system to achieve the diversity but we can track it >> we can include that in our quarterly contacting report how we're doing our blez and the women owned companies and

thinking the african-american has to fight back. sense of how he becomes an advocate in the first place. how does he come to be this advocate we know as stokely carmichael? >> it's really his background. his mother was a huge influence. she's from trinidad. a carpenter, a hard-working black man who is also very religious, and he starts to identify with underdogs, even as a high school student. he goes to one of the best high schools in new york city. the civil rights organizer of the march on washington becomes one of stokely's mentors. he sees buyers speech, and someone tells him it is higher rustin -- it is rustin, and he says, that's who i want to be. tavis: when you have this kind of commitment in this era, in stokely's era, to say what he is saying, where does that brashness come from? private think it comes from his mother. he has a pan african sense of who he is. mccabeistening to muro -- mira mcaba. all those things come into fruition. somebodye he is, he is -- just who he is, he is somebody with a deep love of poor black pe

that that had fed into my interest of african-american history i think for two reasons. its dancers the fundamental questions. because what it means to be in american. >> with the civil-rights movement i consider myself the storyteller. i think it provides a of a dimension that i think is fascinating that i want to work with. >> host: setting is the interesting figuring do people ask you that? >> sometimes more as a writer but less as said teacher but with the strong african-american population i am curious or they are curious because they did not understand why would you want to teach that? it is not your history by explain it is everyone's history as america because we shape the world. i came at a at it from that brodeur narrative. it is not the only way to right history by any means it is just my way. >> host: with informing your perspective what would you recommend everyone reading that is truly provocative and memorable? >> guest: i can focus on the civil-rights but if you are interested in this narrative history was more expansive works there is a three volume hist

or the runaway slaves id you can follow people including african maroons were seven of them to follow them sometimes back to the plantation where they were captured bin to the woods where they would run away again with shackles of their legs for coal. then for example, there were trials of maroons and of the people who held them. but what i did not think of and the beginning was runaways. although there was the sister that was eight maroons living in the woods for years it had three children there. but 2300 but the personal things the intimate things that the relationship so by a combining them. >> host: but did jamaica the government were authorities was there anything like that in the united states. >> no. no treaties of that sort but committees going there was never that situation like in jamaica. >> host: what type of places did these maroons communities establish themselves? place is very far from the of plantation? what geographic area? >> i realized very early to explore and evidence king riots reflect then when i look at what is going on with a grand -- the ground the maroons