it was a majority african-american population, and their districts are majority african-american. so there is support for a black candidate. elliott is a wonderful orator, and he is one of those people who invented himself as he went along. you get the sense he was a true character. he had a great classical education. he came up after reconstruction. worked on a newspaper. he had a journalism background. many lives up to the state state assembly. he comes into the house for two terms in the early 1870's. he is one of the men who comes up to the floor and talks about the importance of passing the 1875 civil rights bill and give s some speeches that are picked up in the northern press. and they just swoon over him. in one of the speeches, he actually has a point counterpoint debate with alexander stevens, the former confederate vice president, who by that point had come back to the house. and elliott just blows him out of the water. he is so respected and such an ally of senator charles sumner, that when sumner passes, shortly before his bill moves through the house and senate, elli

what is african american religion? at leastn america the vast majority, were chattel to be bought and sold, exploited, and often cast aside when every ounce of value had been extracted an. but unlike the livestock listed alongside them at state inventories and at auction, this peculiar brand of property sought to preserve their humanity. in their relationships with each other, in the establishment and operation of their social institutions, and especially in their sacred beliefs. percentof african adopted a belief system that reflected their ethnic diversities and the experiences that shaped their time and labor. time and experience altered and redefined the practices familiar to ancestors. the dissonance of these men and women adopted new ways of looking at the world and their place in it. but like those before them, they embraced religion as a means to challenge as well as cope with the realities of their existence in america. religion,nalized represented by the black church, constituted the core of the african ameri

what is african american religion? and informative body of religion has been written about the difficult is in the study of religion, generally. aboutf the debates whether religion is reducible to some other more fundamental notion like the unconscious and the lot. our adjusting the complicated when we think about religion in tandem with race. more specifically, the issue becomes even messier when the modifier black or african-american describes religion. these adjectives bear the unusual burden of a difficult history that colors the way religion is practiced and understood in the united states. they register the horror of slavery and the terror of jim crow, as well as the richly textured experiences of a captured people, for whom sorrow stands alongside joy. it is in this context, one characterized by the ever-present need to account for world inence in the the face of white supremacy that african-american religion takes on such a distention. i want to make a distinction between african-american religion and african-a

who is the first african-american general for the air force. i'm standing next to our ruth baylor earle exhibit. she is a native of hattiesburg. she enlisted in the military. she was a nurse during world war ii. she was sent to care for german prisoners of war. she was not always treated kindly, but she was very determined how she was treated she would do her job and she would do it well. she took a photograph which is one of the reasons why we have her standing with her hands planted on her hips. she became the symbol of the african-american female, just females, period, that sayings do as you will but you will not break my spirit. the red ball express drove through the conflict. 75% were african-americans and they were charged with supplying troops on the front line. the red ball express ran through portions of france. they delivered over 400,000 tons of supplies, and it was a three-month operation but it was very effective. around the corner from our world war ii area we go into the korean war conflict where we tell the story of jesse leroy

to call himself an african-american, you are the textbook at that point, of african-american history. to call himself in african-american history was to concede that separation. nest,l himself a southern he belonged there. he belonged in that area of study and history, and he brought with him, his african-americanism to that study. and that was important. to our discredit, some of those in my generation, looking askance at that decision, was a lack of imagination about where his generation was coming from, and the different issues they were taking. >> i said what i have to say, but quickly, i think it points to the imperatives of a good scholar, which is to learn and change her mind. one of the best short essays any istorian can and should read in the newsmagazine perspectives on history, short piece on why every senior scholar should change his or her mind at least once. where franklin changed his mind was in the 1980's, when he became very angry. during the reagan administration, he decided he had been wrong about some things. that the types of accomplishments he was referring to, h

entirelywas african-american. i had the architect of the museum, i school superintendent and a famous civil rights lawyer. it was one of the toughest teaching moments of my life. said what should this be and why do you want to tell the story of the underground railroad and slavery -- to a person, they all talked about in one way or another how they wanted their children to walk out of the museum feeling better. they wanted a progressive vision. they didn't want the story of shame, they wanted progress. they wanted people to walk out and feel good. there was one person at my table who had not said a word and it was fred shuttlesworth. everybody knows who he was. he was living in cincinnati and was retired. he had not said a word and i think two hours. so i did my teacher really thing. reverend, what do you think? and he gave a one sentence answer and forgive me those of you who heard me use this before. he given one sentence answer and i've only used this twice. it like it wasll it can never be as it ought to momen

in order to enshrine african american literature in the academy. look, if you are from the whitest place in say, idaho and there are no black people around and you can't get black books in the bookstore, if you can get one anthology, there's no excuse not to teach african american literature. so you buy one book, you get a whole semester course. and i wanted to do this, as i'm sure ilan did, to make it possible for people to teach and to study african american literature and latino literature. and there's some overlap between african american and latino. >> hinojosa: and so is it the same thing for you, ilan? the sense that you just wanted anyone-- any part of the country or the world-- to be able to say, "i want to understand latino literature, therefore i have the anthology?" >> well, i wanted, first and foremost, to say, "we have arrived," and the norton anthology is a cultural moment. it's a statement: "we have made it; we have been both participants and witnesses of dramatic american history and we have something to show and we can put it all

the first african-american general in the army. benjaminave general davis, the first african-american general in the air force. rootsstanding next to our exhibit -- he was enlisted in the military. she was a nurse. she was sent to care for german prisoners of war. she determined that she would do her job well. her photograph, that is one of the reasons that we have her with her hands planted on her hips. she became the symbol of african-american females or just females, saying do as you will but you will not break my spirit. 75% of these drivers were african-american and they were charged with supplying troops on the front line with much-needed supplies. the route ran through portions of france. they delivered over 400,000 tons of supplies. it was very effective. around the corner from our world war ii area, we going to the korean war conflict, where we jesse leroyry of brown. he was born and raised in hattiesburg and he knew at a that he wanted to fly a plane. as you can imagine growing up in the 1930's, 1940's, it was not a reali

you have more leadership ,ositions for african-americans the first african-american and generalhe army, benjamin o davis junior, the first african-american general for the air force. i am standing next to our exhibit for ruth, the native of hattiesburg who enlisted in the military. she was a nurse during world war fornd was sent to care generals during the war. she was not always treated kindly but was determined that she would do her job and do it well. a photograph, one of the reasons we have her standing with her hands-on her hips. she became the symbol of the whocan-american females said, do as you will but you will not break my spirit. actually ran straight to enemy territory. african-american and were charged with supplying troops on the front line with much-needed supplies. the route ran through portions of france and delivered over 400,000 tons and supplies dared a three-month operation and it was very effective. around the corner from the world we tell the story of leroy brown, born and raised in hattiesburg. young age that he wanted to fly a plane. as you can imagine growing

african americans were aware of this kind of color. that's this kind of violence against people of color. movements arose to challenge these power structures. membership to the naacp increased. addie hutton went to work for the naacp. she reduced her time in the women's organization and the ywca. many joined the african blood brotherhood in the u.s. hutton and african-american women like her committed themselves to working nationally and internationally for more charity and justice. i chose garvin to compare to hutton, because she was a communist. she was a remarkable woman who was born in 1915. by the 1930's, her parents had moved from virginia to new york city. her father was a labor, a pastor. the unions were closed to him in new york. her mother found herself working day labor. she went to work after college for a labor organization. feelings of embarrassment in what she experienced in watching the exploitation of her family. as a labor organization that organizer, -- as a labor organizer, she joined the communist already and becam

from the beginning of this country's history women and africans, and then an african americans -- african-americans have always been limited in their mobility. war helped to change that. doorwayvery much a through which women ventured out of the home. where they had been. for african, it was a way to overcome the racism, at least temporarily. that,ot trying to suggest thank god there was a war because now african-americans and women have an opportunity to bust out and gain some equality. it was just the effects of war. it was a byproduct of war. mind, this idea of it is all about perfect. this idea that in order for us to truly understand world war ii, to truly understand the impact, the total war impact of the war, we have to look at individuals. we could spend the entire semester doing this. we could spend weeks and weeks talking about the impact of world war ii on japanese-americans. we could spend an entire semester talking about the impact of world war ii on african-americans, and certainly another semester talking about women. class oring to in a two, we will address the civil rights movement

it -- how african-americans or people of african-american ancestry were really impacted before freedomummer. so, mississippi was chosen because of the dire need of kind of, you know the race relations in the state were not the best. which was the main umbrella organization of civil rights groups, you had various other organizations involved including the naacp, , snic, and core. these groups came together to brainstorm and to organize freedom summer, but really snic was the group that did most of the work. bob moses, or i still believe lives in jackson, was the one who organized this and got this going. really this was not a regional effort, this is not a local effort. this was a national effort to really do something very local. prior to freedom summer, which 1964, 12 weeksof during the summer of 1964, volunteers starting in february of 1964. sncc, the student nonviolent coordinating committee started advertising and getting people to volunteer to come to mississippi to set up freedom schools. to help to register african-americans to vote and to help with other initiatives to really g

through the eyes of women and african-americans. you semimply cannot understand e total war impact unless you do that. so what we're going to do today is sort of flesh that out a little bit. the greatest effect that war has on the people involved is change. in war time, change only curse, and that seems like a very simple statement, but it doesn't just occur on a global scale or a national scale. it changes us individually. it changes the wale. we see the world. it changes the way we'll are in the world. whether we're talking about world war ii or whether we're talking about van or whether we're talking about the war with iraq, people change as a result of war. and it's not just the people pointing guns at one another. people change as a result of war. one of the most incredible changes and one they've guerin teach you if you spend any time talking about or studying world war ii, i suspect this is not a change or piece it have that you've talked about but one of the most incredible changes is innoid, individual identity. the changes

steep follow-up from african-american unemployment 8.5%. as much progress as we have made, preliminaries and hispanics lag behind their white counterparts. 26% of african-americans live in poverty. unemployment for black workers is twice that of white workers. median income for white workers is nearly double that of black families. wealth for the typical white family is seven times that of the typical african-american family. i could go on and on, you all know it. inequities in income, wealth, they're rooted in inequities in opportunity, and they're rooted deeply in institutional racism most people don't even look at, don't even see. they don't even understand it exists. we can't pretend that children of different races who have the same, have the same opportunities right now in this country even when they have the same capabilities and same background. 40% of black children live in poverty, and over half of black children are born poor, stay poor. double the rate of white children born poor who stay poor. i'm not comparing apples and orang

the same was true of african-american men. african-american men joined in huge numbers. unfortunately however the segregation that was present in the unit states at the time -- united states at the time spilled over into military life. we did not want them in in combat -- in combat. they were often expected to do things like service duty, kitchen work, supply, maintenance, transportation. this was in the beginning of the war. many drove supplies during the day -- d day. how many of you have seen the movie "saving private ryan? i mentioned this before, but it is the perfect image. the first 30 minutes of "saving private ryan," horribly bloody, and as i understand, fairly accurate the trail -- the trail -- portrayal. there is a shot that is down the beach, there is no one talking. there are bodies littered everywhere. --red from blood. in the distance for a few seconds you could see hot air balloons. african-american men highlighted piloted hot-air balloons over those beaches on d day. i am not sure what end of the gun to hold, but i could shoot that down. as are incredibl

>> host: as an african-american? >> guest: this gentleman wants to know where i stand on, i guess -- and correct me if i'm wrong -- african-americans that don't identify with being african. that's an interesting question. once again, you know, we're making up these rules as we go along. and the difficulty with that is that there's no real right or wrong, because we're making it up. so african-american, that's a made-up word, you know? i've never been to africa. i don't know for a fact if my lineage is from africa, but that's manager, that's a term that we came up with i think for ease, you know? so it's hard to speak on something like that when, you know, there is no cemented answer. you know? i think the term comes from a time when black people needed to feel like a group, they needed to feel, we needed to feel unified. strong. powerful. so, you know, once again i get it, but, you know, when you're making things up as you go along, you start to run into some bumps in the road. ask you get people out there -- and you

a disproportionately high number of african-americans. we expanded the earned income tax credit. 1.5 million black children out in poverty just by that one thing. >> the dodd frank everybody thinks that. thanks going on making sure it cannot be told the big to fail but we are also setting up the consumer finance protection agency to go after payday loans. i don't see a payday loan office in my neighborhood. >> i think the old neighborhoods that i work. there's a payday loan in every fifth corner. did one other thing. of i give myings for this he was the attorney general. a lot can come from the community. sorry, and ii'm said keep going. dollars of millions of of refunds. tens of billions of dollars. he focused on the fact that a lot of mortgages given to african-americans during this. fraudulent.ly with hbcus. i recently spoke with the commencement delaware state for the first time. we all know that hbc's are vital to helping young african americans reach the middle class and we know all the studies. you know all the studies about times

this is not about african-americans. this was a rally in los angeles that hillary clinton held on cinco de mayo that was met with bernie broism outside. protesters were screaming at the people who were exiting that hillary clinton rally and just the vitriol and anger you are seeing from the base of bernie sanders supporters, do you see that on the campaign trail in real time? >> i'm usually at the bernie sanders rallies, so it's kind of like a party, very celebratory. when i ask people about hillary clinton, whether they will support her, the first time you ask, usually people, maybe half the people say no. when i say will you support her if she's running against donald trump, 90% of the people say yes. i think while these people might be protesting outside, as soon as you start asking about donald trump they run over to hillary clinton's corner. i think some of this is also anger in the fact they are seeing their candidate go down. i was reporting all last week about how they were reassessing, cutting, laying off staff,

again the san francisco african american historical society is the standard bearers for african americans, as al indicated, it has held this position for 60 years. again we want to continue to be involved in this process and to identify for you other important constituents to be contacted. bee hope -- we hope our offer of help will be accepted. >> carl williams. >> good afternoon, commissioners. my name is carl will iams. i'm a member of the board of directors of the african american historical and cultural society and i suppose as a matter of disclosure, although my last name is williams i'm not related to the president. the society did submit a letter and comment and i ask that you have your staff give careful consideration to the comments in particular that we had made for this reason: miss parks in her remarks to you indicated that this document, which we believe is a great document, she indicated that they were not involved in narrative history in connecting the african american experience to buildings and sites. i differ with that because you can't tell the history of african americ

eastern and all day conference with talks on african american religion and politics and culture and african american history as american history. >> i couldn't get that out of my mind that my students were thinking that somehow this african american history wasn't real because it -- there was no textbook textbook as there was in all of the american history courses taught in the department of history. and so i decided to write a real textbook. >> go to cspan.org. >> during world war ii they produced hundreds of document tears training films and news reels for the war department. among these were 200 film bulletins created to inform officers and enlisted men about military developments during the war. next on real america from 1945 evacuation of civilians, a 14 minute bulletin detailing the procedure for moving rev queue gees and displaced persons out of harms way by relocating them to temporary housing until it's safe for them to return home. >> no school today it says. no, no school. >> tomorrow or next week or next month or for a long time to come. >> no school in france or holland or ital

you see a number of african-american faces there, three african-americans, three white officers. is it also a conversation and many of the things that you've noted about baltimore and the people that are often dehumanized or viewed as underclass, that is obviously an important conversation. is this, though, also about police culture where you can have an african-american officer also be charged in connection with the death of a black person? >> well, i mean here's what you have to understand about baltimore in terms of police culture. nearly 90% of our officers do not live in baltimore city. so you're having suburban values that influence the policing strategy of nearly 90% of the police force. african-american or white. our police officers don't live in our communities. they don't live in freddie gray's community. so there's no way that their culture is going to be congruent. >> but that is a conversation that is being had around this country. >> yes. >> that is not an exclusive issue facing baltimore. >> but that is a part of police culture. there's no way -- for instance, if y

to 8.8%.ent fell african-americans are still way behind their white counterparts. 36% of african-americans still of an property. the median household income for white families is double that of black families. whitealth of a typical family is seven times that of a typical african-american family. i could go on and on and you all know it. this is all rooted in opportunity and they are rooted deeply in the institution. people don't even understand this exists. these people have the same capabilities. 40% of black children live in poverty and over half are born poor and stay poor. that is double the rate of white children who are born poor and stay poor. with are not comparing apples and oranges, but comparing apples and apples. the institutional racism is in existence today. we are only slowly beginning to acknowledge it. beyond, will beyond what happens in terms of enforcement. let me give you a few examples. look at what has happened since the supreme court ruled on the voting rights act. thesupreme court gutted voting rights act. the right to vote is the most basic of our civil rights. th

the wellspring for everything african and spicy.st sway and move constantly. it's a place where everybody is sexy. where even the ugly people are hot. unsurprisingly, this is where artists come from. african spiritualism, occult magic, candomblÉ, capoeira. caipirinha? and caipirinhas. did i mention caipirinhas? they do those here too. i like them. i like them a lot. what's magical about this cocktail is the first taste. it's like, i don't know man. it's a little too something. and then like that second sip, it's like, aw, that's kinda good. then the third sip, it's -- where are my pants? fortunately food in these parts tends to be, shall we say, hearty. for instance, a delightful meal of fried meat with plenty of absorbent starch product, like farofa. the perfect accompaniment to many, many caipirinhas. oh, excellent. obrigado. now we're talking. it's a tough town for vegetarians. oh, chorizo, good. and i'll have six more of these please. people are staring at me. they're saying, "look at that -- heathen hump of an american, how muc

they south to simply include african-americans in its promise. they critiqued the slave-holding public and constructed a counternarrative that high lighted origins in the slave trade and slavery. so most historians except that white abolitionists -- at lease now they do -- that white abolitionist got their anticolonyization program from african-americans. this was a program to colonialize all free blacks back to africa and found favor with the founding fathers, thomas jefferson, james madison, and with prominent politicians, right down to the civil war. but i found that black abolitionists' influence to be ongoing in the movement, beyond shrimp the rejection of colonization. so one of my biggs awe -- all how moments was to discovered that william lloyd garrison got his famous condemnation of the u.s. constitution as, quote, covenant with death and an agreement with hell from the black abolitionist minister, pennington. it made sense to me because garrison was not much of a scholar of the bible, and pennington was a theologian. that he would actua

this is the first time in african leader has faced african judgeses. it has been created by senegal. we so far, the sections of the trial will determine if more trials like this will happen, but on that it is really a great judge that has been behind the pinochet trial in spain, that is here, and that been a historical moment for international justice. genie: we just heard that hissene habre has been convicted of rape. talk us through what has been the key charge in the trial in which way it might go. he has been accused of torture and of killings, mostly opponents.itical but he has also been accused of sexual violence and torture, which remains one of the main reasons why he was arrested. many groups in chad -- he is accused of having a system of repercussion against opponents, and the judge is clear about reminder to people that he targeted some people in chad. genie: thank you so much for that. marc andre reporting from the trial, former chadian dictator hissene habre. let's look at our other new stories on "france 24." iran says its pilgrims this y

talk about the african union. does the african union address the issue of terrorism on the continent? did have a game plan to deal with terrorism? >> we are working closely with the african union on terrorism, on the continent. it is high on their agenda. in the case of nigeria, they have been very much a part of the creation of a multinational joint task force in chat and we provided them some fund and some assistance. in their efforts. it is the mission in somalia is an au mission and it is the largest au mission on the continent of africa with troop contributing countries from the region. so it is high on their agenda. we are partnering with them along with our european colleagues to make sure that they have the capacity and the funding to address what has been a very challenging and difficult threat for them as well as those on the continent. >> i know we use human rights issues and labor issues in the approval and participation of ago with -- i was in the au three years ago when we chastised swaziland for the

sense-in and a demonstration, because there was not african-american history. we had something going on, a motivation. we had a movement in many ways behind this. i would like for you to just say something to the generation of people who are sitting here, some who have finished their degrees and they don't have a job. [applause] [laughter] going?did they keep on and also, what jaclyn said, are graduatingo thereve their degree, yet is somebody out there sitting on their interview panel saying, you are too politically correct. it does not matter if you are politically incorrect or correct, you know what they are saying. way, oring, is there a do you have one word, to say to the generation that is here, people going into the field, about why they should stay? why should they do the work we do? [applause] we are going to limit it to a word or two. >> yes, quickly, go to our website. the aha is trying to suggest that phd historians are useful in many places in our economy and society. there are many ways to be an historian. this is a deep cultural change that needs

i just found african masks and, you know, ritual -- african ritual objects, which at the time i felt no connection to my modern african life. narrator: challenged by his teacher about why he wasn't producing art that looked african, yinka found inspiration in brixton london. ,yinka: i went to brixton market and found some fabrics there. rose: when you come here, you get everything you want. my favorite one is this one. i like these colors very much. we call it obaapa. obaapa means "good woman." we use it for dresses. menus it for shades. -- men use it for shades. this one is two for 40 pounds. yinka: i always imagined the fabrics were authentically african, and i was told the fabrics are engineered fabrics, produced by the dutch, but i like to that history of the fabric, and i like the global connections of the fabric and the trade routes of the fabric. the fabrics are a very good metaphor for a contemporary african existence, if you like. that is how i started to incorporate the fabrics into my work, and "double dutch" was one of the first pieces i made on fabrics. narrator: created

with that said, there is evidence that some african recruitment among africans into isil and isil's propaganda is a very shrewd in identifying and using recruits who come from particular reasons and appealing to those individuals to join the caliphate. or come to iraq and syria. of course isil has been it tempting to infiltrate into other areas of the continent, it continent, it in particular in somalia. there is evidence that there is a struggle and conflict internally between al shabab and elements that have sought to adhere or affiliate with isil. they have not seem to have success there but it does identify that this is an ongoing concern that we have to watch very closely. >> is the cost getting to syria to iraq part of the challenge? or is it the messaging that's the issue? >> i think there are a lot of factors, that would be one. one is the things that have made this conflict in iraq and syria such a threat to all of us is the relative accessibility of the conflict for the people in europe or turkey for example you can get it to syria quite easily. i think it is harder for the people in

a lot of african-americans supported this initiative.hey felt at the time, there was no way to get equal rights in the united states. and this was across the country, not just in mississippi. they thought this was their only way to find land and create something for themselves. as part of the greater liberia act, which we have a copy of, the u.s. government would invest $15 million to secure land and transportation for anyone that wanted to move to liberia. this was 1939. with world war ii in play, this was put on hold and forgotten. it shows just one of the ways in which bilbo tried to segregate the country. not only was he anti-african america,n but he did not care for italians, jewish, hispanic , or hawaiians it would seem. and it just says "hawaii" on it. it has thoughts from various people on making hawaii a state. this particular letter is written by a gentleman from west virginia. this collection has a lot of mississippi stuff, but his reach was national because he was such an outspoken person. this person writes, "how would you f

joe, what does that have to do with african-americans? guess what, guys, any of you from an age 45 to my age, 107 -- [laughter] by the way, one of my favorite athletes is satchel paige and one of the reasons why, he didn't get to the majors because of jim crow, he didn't get to the majors until he was 45. pitched a win when he was 47. sports writers came in and said, sach, 47, no one has ever pitched to win at that -- pitched a win at that age. how do you feel, a win on your birthday? he said, that's not how i like at age. how do you look at age? he said, i look at it this way. how old would you be if you didn't know how old you are. i'm 42. here's the point. we talked about in undergraduate school and graduate school and a lot of you studied about urban sprawl. remember? guess what. the millenials are moving back to cities faster than any time in modern history. but here's what we have now. we have jobs -- job sprawl. so the jobs are in the counties. our folks are in the cities. you have a disproportionate share of african-americans livi

in 2012, newly two and three americans, african-americans, turned out. in 2014, only two and five turned out. you do not think that made the difference in terms of the congress i have got to deal with? [laughter] and people wonder, how come obama has not gone this or that done? you do not think that made a difference? what would have happened if you turned out at 50%, 60%, 70% all across this country? people try to make this political thing really complicated. oh, what kind of reforms doing need and how do we have to do that? you know what? just vote. [laughter] it is math. if you had more votes than the other guy, you get to do what you want. [laughter] [applause] it is not that complicated. and you do not have excuses. you did not have to guess the number of jellybeans in the jar, bubbles on the bar of soap to register to vote. you do not have to risk your own like to cast a ballot. other people already did that for you. [applause] your grandparents, your great-grandparents. what is your excuse? when we do not votes, we give away our power, disenfranch

this is the first time the leader of one african country has been prosecuted in another african country's domestic court system for human rights abuses. we will go to senegal to speak with human rights watch's reed brody after the headlines. democratic presidential candidates bernie sanders and hillary clinton are both campaigning in california ahead of the june 7 primary where , polls are showing the two in a dead heat. clinton was in her home town of chappaqua, new york, this weekend, but has canceled some campaign stops in new jersey to add more stops in california. she spoke at a small community meeting in oakland on friday. >> i really think one of the best ways that i can be a good partner is to lift up what is working and lift up people who are trying to work together, and using the white house -- i like to say, yes, we can use the white house as a bully pulpit. we don't want a bully in the white house, but we can use the bully pulpit to talk about issues. amy: senator sanders has focused his campaign energy into the california primary in recent weeks. he spoke at a rally in san pe

slavery being identified with african, etc. fortunately, there have been many protests against this outrage. not only protests at the d.r.'s legation at the embassy in d.c. and the consulate, but also the writer junot diaz, as i understand it, has been protesting along, of course, with a number of writers of haitian origin as well. so i'm reasonably confident that sufficient pressure will be placed upon the d.r. government in order to insure that this human rights outreach is ended sooner rather than later. >> we'll take two more questions if you've got them. >> thanks for the talk. it's really, really excellent. i wonder if you can situate your book on haiti in the context of what seems to be a kind of reemergence, resurgence of interest in haiti and the haitian revolution over the last ten years or so? fifteen years? i'm wondering if you can situate your book. do you see it as intervene anything that resurgence of interest in haiti and also the classic text by c.l.r. james. >> well, the last point first. the questioner is ref

this is the first time the leader of one african country has been prosecuted in another african country's domestic court system for human rights abuses. after the verdict was read, survivors of habre's regime embraced each other in the courtroom. this is souleymane guengueng, founder of the chadian association of victims. >> honestly, i am very satisfied. be the name of god alone glorified. it hurts me that many of my colleagues died along the way. they could not be here to see the result, which is why i was moved and brought to tears. it is still a truly happy moment. i have to say it, but cannot say that enough, hissene habre was sentenced to life in prison. that is all we wanted. i hope this serves as a lesson to all of the other dictators out there. amy: hissene habre is a former u.s. ally who has been described as "africa's pinochet." he came to power with the help of the reagan administration in 1982. the u.s. provided habre with millions of dollars in annual military aid and trained his secret police, known as the dds. after habre's sentencing, human rights watch's reed brody tweet

he was very aware that's he was an african-american and the only african-american on the court. groups families, tour rest would come to the supreme court and there get on the elevator and thurgood marshall would be on the elevator, tall, black man not wearing his robe. family would turn to him and say, fifth floor, please and thurgood marshall would say with-- fifth floor, okay and he would hit the button and the later they would walk into the chambers into the court itself and they would see a black man who they thought was the elevator operator and if they would see him in his robes now. to be thurgood marshall and to not be bitter you had to have a great sense of humor. thurgood marshall would tell that story with a great sense of humor. host: neville in cleveland. go had, neville. caller: i would like to mention that there were four african-americans about whom the author wrote and that they had biographies written about them before hand. i wonder, did mr. hagood find anything that was missing from those biographies that made him take them on as subjects and if he did find

-- african and african-american research at harvard university. that's right. she's at the big h, right? [laughter] he bringing hip-hop and she's an author of many works in those fields. her books include the real hip-hop, battling for knowledge, power and respect in the underground, and speech communities that was published in 2014 by cambridge university press. is she's currently launching projects for the hip-hop archive web site and harvard's lowe music library on the classic crates: archive of 200 of the most influential hip-hop albums. man, 200, huh? yeah, we going to have to talk about that today to see what's up on that list. see what they got up in there. did future make it, or is kendrick lamar dominant? we gotta find out. i want to understand what's happening in hip-hop culture now with the kind of dissonance, the kind of blues aesthetic -- blues aesthetic that is pervasive. the kind of inspired, nas-embraced, monotone expression. but i want the find out what that's about. and finally, dr. james pettersson. certainly one of the most bri

>> yes, that i saw offended were african-americans. >> most? >> well, wait a minute. excuse me.'t have any problem using that word. i mean, are you kidding me? are you saying that -- you are sawing that they can't use it freely, but they use it when they lynch you or when they want to be derogatory, and let me explain to you historically, and the reason i bring up the k-word is because jewish people said never again. they understood what it did culturally to them, and how the culture led to certain actions. you do not -- >> agreed and i know my history mr. madison, and so -- >> well, this word -- >> well, you are being condescending, and you won't be condescending to me, and i know my history. >> and well, i have been all over thele world, and let me tell you that this word is used globally to be demeaning and everybody in their right mind kn knows it, and you can go anywhere on the planet and this word is culturally the derogatory, and just because we have decided to change it and make it a term of endearment, t the reality is that it is not a term of endearment, and -- >> acco

, west african flavors?, it worked. people were receptive to that. >> pierre: absolutely, yeah, yeah. ♪ oh, wow. >> anthony: tonight we're having yassa made with the local fish called thiof. cooked simply, on the bone, wrapped in foil, and steamed over the fire, served with a mignonette-type sauce of onions. grilled mussels. sea urchin. >> anthony: mm, grilled mussels, cool. >> pierre: yeah. >> anthony: oh, that was good. mm, starving. i mean, i'm really hungry. so, what distinguishes senegalese cuisine from the neighbors? >> pierre: i think we have the best food in the continent. >> anthony: have you, you've traveled in the american south? >> pierre: yeah, yeah. >> anthony: um, i mean, do you notice some things about the food? >> pierre: it's familiar. [ laughter ] it's so familiar. >> anthony: it's, i mean, look, like, shrimp and grits. >> pierre: mhm. >> anthony: okay? i mean, i've eaten shrimp and grits in africa many times. i mean, they call it something else. >> pierre: exactly. i think the most intere

that said, there is evidence of some african recruitment among africans into isil and isil's propaganda is very shrewd in identifying and using recruits who have come from particular regions and appealing to those individuals to join the caliphate or come to iraq and syria. of course, isil has been attempting to infiltrate into other areas of the count nevin in particular in somalia, and there is evidence of a struggle and basically a conflict internally westbound al shabaab and elements that had sought to adhere or to affiliate with isil. they haven't seems to have the success there, but it does identify this is an ongoing concern we have to watch closely. >> is the cost of getting to syria, to iraq part of the challenge with recruitment? or statistic other -- is it the messaging that's the issue? >> i think there are probably a lot of factors. that would be one. one of the things that has made this conflict in iraq and syria such a threat to all of us is the relative accessibility posit conflict to people in europe or in north africa. to fly to turkey, for example, you can get into sy

he was very aware that he was an african-american and the only african-american on the court when heometimes groups, you know, small groups, a family, tourists would come to the supreme court, and they would get on the elevator. and thurgood marshall would be on the elevator; tall, black man not wearing his robe.. and the family would turn to him and say, fifth floor, please. and thurgood marshall would say, fifth floor, okay.fl and he would hit the button. and later they would walk into the chambers, into the court itself, and they would see the black man who they thought was the elevator operator, they would see him in his robe now. to be thurgood marshall and to not be bitter, you had to have a great sense of humor. and thurgood marshall would tell that story with a great sense ot humor. >> host: neville is in cleveland. go ahead, neville. >> caller: i'd like to mention that there were foururcaller: african-americans about whom the author wrote, and they had biographies written about them beforehand.ha and i wonder, did mr. haygood find anything that was missing from those biograp

they cited with london and its attempt to crush the slaveholders rebellion just like the africans did not accept the establishment of the new state of rhodesia in 1965. when you fight a war and lose, you can expect to be penalized and pulverized for evermore and less, and until you are able to turn the tables against your oppressors, one of the ways that we were able to turn the tables against her oppressors was through the haitian revolution, 1791-18 oh four. that follows quickly upon the footsteps of the formation of the u.s. constitution and the first convening of congress. in some ways it was a rebuke and a reputation of this new slaveholding republic which is why i start the book with u.s. president george washington expressing reservation about the haitian revolution and what was come to be known as the haitian revolution. in any case, what happens is the africans in the island at known as hispaniola were able to succeed against the french military, one of the most powerful examples of valor and fortitude known to history to this point and establish this independent, black repub