african-american soldiers served in vietnam.ome willingly, some reluctantly come but they have pride in their service and did their country, aerve their tradition that had continued on from earlier wars in american history and since the vietnam era for top the vietnam tour jacket was a common memento acquired by soldiers on our and our in okinawa where they would have them embroidered with symbols of their service. in this particular instance, and african-american soldier not only had a tour jacket made to commemorate service in vietnam but had it warned with symbols hisack power, rep resenting commitment to the black power movement and his own service in the vietnam war. blackn this area on the power era is elements of rod concerns, basically a representation of the harlem renaissance of the 20th century, a concern with literature, culture, with representation. particularly the development of black women writers, black feminist, or teak of american society, the growth of surely chisholm, the first black woman to run for major p

and hear the history of african-americans after the civil war. >> after the end of the civil war, african americans released from their bondage immediately sought about creating their own lives with their own resources. one of the first things many of them tried to do was reconnect with family members who had been separated during slavery. they traveled the country looking for their relatives. they placed ads in newspapers, primarily church-related newspapers, seeking to find kinfolk. they wrote letters to the freedmen's bureau. they wanted to reconnect and build communities among themselves. one of the major elements of that process was creating all black towns. not welcome in the wider society, a number of african americans reconnected with their families and created towns where they built not only their homes, like this building out of maryland, which was then called jonesville, maryland, but also schools and churches in those communities. this particular building was built by john hall in 1874. it compares or contrasts rather with the slave cabin you have seen earlier by being a two-s

as enslaved africans. the ship crashed off the coast of south africa. we are fortunate to have organized with george washington university, the university of cape town, and partners in mozambique as we were able to identify the slave ship wreck on the ocean floor off the coast of south africa. one of the key markers to identify this as a slave ship wreck is some of the research there were 1400 ballast stones on the ship. to offset the human weight. we are excited to feature those in the middle space in middle passage. we do not have images in this space. we chose to allow the first-person voice to carry the space. we wanted those who went through the experience to speak for themselves. the human story extends to everybody. you will hear voices of those who were enslaved but you also hear voices of crew members. you hear voices of slaves ship surgeons. the horrors of the experience but also understand there is an important understanding of the resistance, resilience, and the survival. we think of human suff

there was roughly 385,000 african-americans in the wartime army. about 200,000 of them traveled overseas with the american expeditionary sources are it -- forces. 40,000 of those were combat troops and another 160,000 did mainly labor. the folks who roll home about their experiences from the labor battalion and from combat units talk about two things. the talk about the difficulty of fighting for democracy in a jim crow army. and they talk about the investments of many of their fellow white soldiers and making sure that they do not have rising expectations for their own citizenship rights after world war i. they also talk a lot about how france has opened up the world for them in a variety of different ways. their experience with french people fighting alongside the colonial troops of color, for a segment that was given over to the french army for this duration of the war, fighting under commanders who do not have the same kind of investment in american white supremacy, it often made them realize that the world could be, and in some places was very

well and there is option thousands of african-americans if not the majority of african-americans mighte to mexico. this is one of those alternative histories to really contemplate. >> it was a real enjoyable book about all these different points mexico, the united states, texas , on that point is there any other -- is this first chemicals to san antonio in texas, and there is other interest in texas characters out there? >> that is a great question. the funny part, i'm not from texas and i had actually, when i thought about texas history i thought about of course the alamo. i always thought, i'm not sure i really want to be a texas historian, but i shouldn't say that here, i'm sorry. [laughter]. but, there is a but here that is important to get across. so initially i was just trying to trace this character and i don't know where he was from. tracing him backwards, eventually i found myself in victoria, san antonio and victoria texas. and in retrospect of course this makes sense. where else would an african-american be from in the 19th century who would be really familiar with mexican c

we've got economic forecasters say this is going to be a disaster for the south african economy.an unofficial unemployment rate of 50%. you are now supervising economic as well as political chaos. there is no political chaos. it is the wishes of others that seek to project a political chaos. and it is important that for everybody to come to the party, and to understand that it is important in the interest of all south africans and our national interest to come around what is important around our country. the state of the economy in relation to growth and employment creation has been a matter that has been receiving our attention since 1994. even the recession that we have come to witness has exacerbated the situation. in this particular instance, we are going to have to work, all of us together, to ensure that we get out of the quagmire ofjobless growth and an economy that has not been assisting us in terms of employment creation. some leaders of the south african economy have looked at this downgrade, which followed the political crisis, and they've said that "the people who wil

and this happens pervasively through african-american, in the african-american soldier community. and so, of course, these men come home with very different ideas about how the post-world war world might look. so as much as the american military is trying to keep american race relations stable by putting african-american soldiers in sort of work positions, these interactions that they have with the french begin to, in fact, change their minds about the possibility of civil rights in the united states. okay? now, back on the home front, just to kind of think a little bit more about conscription, we did see in 1917 this idea that maybe there was not 100% compliance. this became a little bit of a mania in 1918 where people began to become very paranoid about the notion that some men were slacking in their duties, that they were not actually stepping up and either registering or appearing for their physical exams or for induction. so we did have this phenomenon known as slacker raids in 1918, and slacker raids were, this is an example of a slacker raid here from maine, really groups o

african-american family history.ecause of this building, i was able to chronicle an enslaved little girl who came in at age eight. i was able to document her three which woulddest of have three wives and 32 children in total. it was so important that these records were here and that they literally helped me reframe my own family history and would lead to the creation of a very important society. as one of its founders, we look to people like harriet tubman, in the wider world issues, but we are also grounded in our own family stories. tubman, like the women of my family, three generations of which were enslaved and these records helped me to document their lives. tubman was direct and serious and is a national symbol for african-american women. people like me grew up hearing about her and passing it along. i remember reading stories like this down to my own daughter and granddaughter. harriet tubman, like a fellow marylander, frederick douglass, is regarded as a leader with enduring influence. her life has allowed he

there are lot of people who have said that blackening lisch is african -- black english is african with english word. i wish that were true. that would be anymore. there are languages like that, west indies or less known such as creole, which is what i studied, those languages -- this is -- it's generally speaking they're african englishes with english words in black english is influenced be african languages. not having r at the end of a cellular, so stow instead of store, and that's an african inheritance and the melody. part of what black black engliss the song, and no english sound that was not created by africans and their languages are tonal. theirs a continuum. the real african englishes are spoken in caribbean colonias, and nigerian pigeon is like that and then there's black english which is in between and it's part of the system. there's huge controversy over what the historical relationship what between gallon ula and black english, there are sides where they say that there's no relationship -- the canadians, i live them to pieces and some people say gulla was spoken all of th

. >> what do you think if you would give the african american men voting bloc 90% called calculating winning elections democrat where should the g.o.p. be spending its time? and of the majority of the african-american base is staunchly democrat bin had deal maker of argument to the republican party go to a voting bloc that is staunchly democrat?. >> for me personally i am not sure. i think the back republicans added said take on it but a strategy of what to do but i do think part of the message is not about a chicken mccollum but incredibly symbolic role and part of the argument becomes the cents the notion of diversity of that national norm. and that creative base where they are open to anyone and non-traditional audiences so that to some extent the record to reach the black voters reaches out to a new and different audience. and i like to joke that black republicans operate in the areas of the coal mine to be reflective of those broader terms from the black republicans of the '60s to today to the extent in the '60s that were ardent and vocal with civil rights activist for lack of a

we have had south african debt turned intojunk old have had south african debt turned into junk old statusd intojunk old status by snp. —— junk bond. you have an unofficial employment rate of 50%. you are now supervising economic as well as political chaos. there is no political chaos. there is no political chaos. there is no political chaos. it is the wishes of others that want this to be seen as that. it is important that everybody comes to the party, in the interests of all south africans and a national interest to career around what is important around our country. in relation to growth and employment creation has been a matter that has been receiving all attention since 1994. even the recession that we have come to whip those exacerbated the situation. in this particular instance, we are going to have to ensure we get out of the quagmire of jobless growth and an economy which has not been assisted in terms of employment creation. leaders have looked at this downgrade and said that people who will suffer... hang on... this is the words of the banking association of south africa, the pe

african-american republicans have made already? probably in this won't be a surprise to the panel as were in states. you read florida, ohio, pennsylvania and europe black republican, one way to think about it is exploring multiple options. the leadership within those parties, within those states would create more opportunities for a wider range of voices among african-american republicans. if you can pick up a thousand votes by knocking on people doors in same it's good for you to be pro-black and prorepublican. it's worth it in somewhere like florida or ohio. there is a feeling that the average efforts for fee for us. it's not a creation of the media. i think it's also important to note that simultaneously the very party is doing relatively robust and strong outreach effort. it is sort of strongly correlated with the same faith is where their strong perceptions of voter i.d., efforts that lift up african-american voting. it's a complicated answer in that it sort of depends on where you live, your experience at the party. >> i am f

left, just ao her lot of african symbolism in that picture.ppomattoxm the court house, of the story of a woman who may have been one of the last people killed in the civil war. as you look after this map, i want to mention hannah rendell. -- reynolds. she was the wrong place at the wrong time on the doorstep of freedom. 24 hours of the last a day of the civil war and she is killed in virginia. we cannot say she was the last casualty, but she was one of the last. people there are many who do not know what some of the colored women did during the war. there were hundreds who assisted at the union soldiers by hiding them in helping them. many were punished for taking food to the prison stockades. when i went to savannah, i was told one of these stockades which was in the suburbs of the city and they said it was an awful place. the sunany shelter from or storms and the colored women would take food at night and pass it to them. today, we have talked about quite a few noble women and i hope you will keep them in your hearts and minds and for a prec

i don't mean an african who has grownp with english but an african who learned english later. it is an accent that sounds very different to most of us but only commonly heard in the united states for about 40 years and if you this about it, this person from nigeria doesn't sound anything like the black person from chicago. >> that is you true. in my idea, black americans are you true american, they have been here as long as white people, right? >> uh-huh. >> so it is so different, if i heard somebody from africa, like 20 years ago, 10 years ago i can tell difference immediately. i don't know why i can tell. this is not black american. it is, he is not american. he is african-american in my eyes. and black americans they were born here, they have been here for generation already. but then i have another thing to ask you. when i keep talking english with everybody here, we have americans here i can get rid of my accent quickly but if i switch back to, if i talk on the phone with my chinese friends on social network for couple months my english is not as fluent as i can be. i thi

one positive things for african-americans in terms of going over to france. overall there are 400,000 african-american soldiers who are drafted into the army or enlist. and about half of those go to france. one of the advantages of being in the rear is that some sold area -- soldiers have contact with french civilians. the idea they have been brought over as labors, under white command, tremendous racism in the american military is mitigated by the relationships they establish with french civilians and this is the first time they have had friendships with white people. if you come from jim crow south and a french family is inviting you to dinner. for many of these men this is something that never happened before. these men come home with different ideas about how the post world war might look. as much as the american military people are trying to keep american race relations stable by putting american african-american soldiers in the positions. we did see this idea of maybe not compliance. this became an issue in 1918 when people became paranoid about some me

this is an opportunity to commemorate the contributions of african-americans in our country. while that chapter in our history is a painful one, but this is to recognize how our nation would be unrecognizable without the contributions of african-americans. they will coordinate the public education. the commission wish funded by private donations, not taxpayer dollars and will terminate shortly after the anniversary activities conclude. the bill authorizes the commission to provide grants to further the historical and cultural activities carried out in commemoration of the anniversary. the committee on oversight and government reform approved this bill. i thank congressman scott for his leadership on this leadership. i urge my colleagues to support this bill. and i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman reserves the balance of his time. the gentleman from virginia is recognized. mr. connolly: i yield myself such time as i may consume. i rise in strong support of the 400 years of african-american history commission act which was introduced by bob

thomas episcopal african-american church held raise money for african-american soldiers at summit house hospital in philadelphia. less are hospital contained 522 beds and it seems that you beds you seem to be greater hospital back then but lack and white soldiers were treated in separate wards. but here we've had black women of courage section and suffering, of the price of battle. hopefully you may be familiar with elizabeth greenfield. is going to inspire the first black record company black swan e called records. she performed in europe and the the d states during american civil war. f you don't know her, here you can learn a little more about the great black swan. elizabeth taylor greenfield black swan as the or her peculiar singing capability. her voice is one of those voices if you tphrachelle had ctave range. o'clock neighborhood.at what she could do with their oice with make people's hearts crack open like they were eggs. that is why she became so sought after. she performed even in d.c. in highlight of he the social season, a woman who ad done all of these things in the united

and african americans. the west african countries from which american slaves originated followed a despotic and tyrannical social model, in which a king had absolute authority over those in his dominion, according to jackson. thus, africans were habituated from their earlier experiences from what jackson considered .arbaric africa to further augment his justification for slavery, jackson turned to the prospect of emancipation. if the slaves were freed, what next? jackson pointed out that thomas jefferson kurt already examined the question of slavery's abolition and concluded that should slaves be liberated within greater american society prejudice heldd by the whites, long-held animosity by the blacks, and the real distinction nature has made would result in a race war. jackson concurred with jefferson that unavoidable racial polarization precluded any prospect of an america where whites and blacks could then live side by side. moreover, jackson added there was a great distinction between the subjects of li

and african americans. the west african countries from which american slaves originated followed a despotic social model, in which a king had absolute authority over those in his dominion, according to jackson. thus, africa's were habituated from their earliest experiences in what jackson considered barbaric africa month in a universally -- even in their mothers milk, their disposition to serve as slaves. jackson also turned to the prospect of emancipation. if the slaves were freed, what next? jackson pointed out that thomas jefferson in his notes had already examined the question of slavery's abolition and concluded that should slaves be liberated, deep-rooted prejudice entertained by whites, long-held animosities harbored by blacks, the physical and moral differences between the two groups and the "real distinctions nature has made" would result in a race for appeared jackson concurred with jefferson that unavoidable racial polarization included any prospect of an america where white and blacks freely liv

growing african-american community. growing asian community, urban community. people living in cities rather than rural areas. all of these things are associated with support for gun control. not gun rights, the nra has to make a big effort to try to appeal to people from different demographics than has traditionally been the case, that's a real challenge for the nra. you still see racist literature, white hate literature. they're making a big effort, maybe i wonder with black lives matter, if they're not leaving some challenges, some opportunities on the table. there's a lot of african-americans who feel the need to defend themselves against police. >> a great wrapper named killer mike who's on this program and elsewhere, he's reminding black people, you are a fool if you give up -- and i'm cleaning it up, you are a fool if you give up your gun. he's always preaching to black people, do not give up your gun. that's exactly what they want. which leads me to ask whether or not if for no other reason than self-preservation, the nra may have to start changing its

do white south africans like this rubbish that you are creating?resents so much of the white south african prejudice and fear. she is — evita — she is the queen mother, who is suddenly now speaking xhosa with her grandchildren. and she says, "they're not black, they're not white — they're a barack obama beige." laughter and she says they've challenged her. what is she going to do protect democracy? well, let's look at modern—day evita then. oh, yes. we've got a rather wonderful clip here of evita's free speech. she does a thing every sunday — she addresses the nation having read the sunday papers. this one, she is actually considering the mindset of afrikaner whites in south africa today, so let's have a listen... are we whites never going to realise that we actually got away with apartheid? nothing happened to us! there was no nuremberg trial, none of us was hung like saddam hussein for crimes against humanity, nelson rolihlahla mandela came out of 27 years in darkness and gave us light, and eskom gave up. so enough of this white noise. i mean it

that you are an african-american leader. >> i am an african-american. and you're right that i lead an organization that is looking after the interest, trying to protect the interest of african-americans. but also something else. i cannot do it by myself without other communities in this country buying into that notion. white america, you know, latino america, asian america. at ldf our cases not only impact on african-americans, they help white america. i'll give you example after example. white americans, latinos, asians because it is the law. and once you change an impact in the law, it impacts on all of us. and the diversity. i mean, it is our board, our staff. we are completely diverse. our affirmative action program to make sure i have white lawyers on my staff. because i have to, you know -- i don't have to have white lawyers on my staff, but they bring something to ldf that's valuable. and so you look at our staff and you're going to see that mix. the issues. i will take a case -- we took one to the supreme court -- involving the rights of a 62-ye

it was there from the first time we measured with african-americans held firmly at the bottom. and here was the deal. america was so commit the just for the basic notion of opportunity, that we made changes and in 1960's and 1970's, the black-white wealth gap shrank by 30% in about a 15-year period. so, we weren't there, not by any stretch, but we were on a road and then we hit 1980. ronald reagan trickle down economics, deregulate. turn the banks loose to do whenever they want to do. stop enforcing or cut down on the anti-trust laws. oh, the taxes. cut taxes for those at the top and when you cut taxes for those at the top, all of those investments in education, infrastructure and research start shrinking up and that's what we did. and here is the deal. gdp goes up across both time periods. gdp keeps going up, so how did the 90% do? from 1980 to 2016 the answer is the 90%, everybody outside the top 10% got nothing. none of the new income growth, zip. nearly 100% of the new income growth in america from 1980 to 2016 has gone to the top 10% in this country. think about that. and

all about african magic in voodoo. they believed if they were this and that it would be, protect them from bullets. generally but naked. we know how to do war in liberia. we do really interesting. general but naked brigade. they believe they will if they were naked they wouldn't get, a bullet wouldn't penetrate the body. it was all that kind of stuff. these women's with the ones who kept the economy, what economy there was, functioning and moving, and kept people fed and they kept, there protected their children the best that they could. the rate percentage was like 70% and they had the children of the rate this in the force. they put those children on the backs and went back to make the market. these are the women who sort of brought in many ways and into the war when they started demanding peace and praying and all of that. these of the women that galvanized behind ellen johnson sirleaf. they were her base, they counter elected. so many men, she was running against a football player. >> host: who is still running. >>

so there was a surprising numben of knowledge about this within the party let alone african-americans said the party might be tryin chugging as a reg out and creating more. this wasn't a frustration that i got impressed with the people i spoke to during my research so they would constantly report back they don't get it because they don't want to. they won't listen to us.te there's a lot of potential already within the party and the thinking through what messaging network. they are symbolic. it's going to be a challenge. it was surprising how little party officials knew who often? times what did you find out and can we get a look at your nose, no wait i'm here to interview you for information. >> host: hampton virginia please go ahead with your question or comment. >> caller: i want to make a comment. [inaudible] vendetta against the obama administration because of the policies. [inaudible] they started protesting to get out of nigeria and obama the supporter. t >> host: i think we got the idea and we can get an answer particularly if you would answer his question as well first generat

he was an african player.that's where a lot of this popularity comes from. >> host: he was a celebrity. and you didn't warrant the liberian people about celebrities. the african woman -- women in the chapter is called the oracle what happened with that? they asked her, because they were so excited and that was before president bonda. >> guest: where was it related? it was around the same time. i was there for that meeting. i was in the room. i took off to research for the book. i followed her around like a fly on the wall. i was with them for an hour and a half as they were waiting for her to come. they were very quiet. >> host: who were they? >> guest: they were awe-inspiring african women in politics. a couple of them were in office but a lot of them wanted to go into office that they wanted to know how she did it so they could take it back to their own countries and organize their own grass movement. these beautiful women in their outfits. they were also nervous. it was very quiet in the room sitting in the

he went on to become the first african-american supreme court justice. his trajectory came from his time when he was known as mr. civil rights until he became a supreme court justice. nermeen: gilbert king, what do you think the significance is? the grovelandead, four are dead. what is the significance of florida now issuing an apology? >> i think what is really significant is for the longest time, stories like this lingered from the point of view of the sheriff. if you look at what the version that stuck in florida was that these were the rapist, convicted in court, and they attacked the sheriff and tried to escape that night. that was the version that lingered. the families have lived under the stigma you heard carol greenlee speak about. they were associated with a rapist. it means the world to them to just have some official apology to clear their names. i think it is -- we as a country have not really addressed these kinds of issues. go the longest time, if you into a community in the south, especially, stories like this are very common, but they di

was going to be to sell to the african-american community, expected to sell to the african-american community that he needed 50% to comply and you know what they said in this, you should read it and laugh and it's not possible because the people would know that there isn't a reason why this has to go above 50% to comply in the voting rights act. the trial court also found as my good friend suggested it was offered he only turned off race and used partisanship. that whole analysis the district court didn't credit. it wasn't believable. >> can i go back to the testimony you refer to something that was highlighted in the brief. the congressman said somebody told him that somebody else told him something and nobody is the person drew the map and i don't even know whether any of that is visible to approve the choice of the matter. >> it was admitted into this evidence that the trial court in reviewing the witnesses and weighing out all of the evidence was credited as important evidence. so i understand obviously the supreme court can do whatever you want but i think the role of the appel

caller: i want to talk about indians and african-americans. wealth is not distributed in the african-american communities . one thing that really bothers me is that all the wealth we created in this country on the backs of our slave people, we the problems great we can $40 billion to israel. our cities are crumbling, and there are no jobs, no too much hope, and that is one thing that really bothers me. the only wealth we created was in the backs of slaves, but they can build the african museum for slaves and things like that, but ist is ok, but the wealth not distributed between african-americans and native americans. i don't know why the issue hasn't been addressed and they don't want to talk about it, but i know it will never happen because of race. they always want to say, pull yourself up by your boots. how did a caucasian american pull himself up? how did donald trump will himself up? he got $2 million from his father. wealth is passed from generation ,o generation for white people but all the wealth we create for this country and we can

, west african flavors?it, it worked. people were receptive to that. >> pierre: absolutely, yeah, yeah. ♪ oh, wow. >> anthony: tonight we're having yassa made with the local fish called thiof. cooked simply, on the bone, wrapped in foil, and steamed over the fire, served with a mignonette-type sauce of onions. grilled mussels. sea urchin. >> anthony: mm, grilled mussels, cool. >> pierre: yeah. >> anthony: oh, that was good. mm, starving. i mean, i'm really hungry. so, what distinguishes senegalese cuisine from the neighbors? >> pierre: i think we have the best food in the continent. >> anthony: have you, you've traveled in the american south? >> pierre: yeah, yeah. >> anthony: um, i mean, do you notice some things about the food? >> pierre: it's familiar. it's so familiar. >> anthony: it's, i mean, look, like, shrimp and grits. >> pierre: mhm. >> anthony: okay? i mean, i've eaten shrimp and grits in africa many times. i mean, they call it something else. >> pierre: exactly. i think the most interesting part

as i travel throughout many african country is always see the market women. they ubiquitous. so knowing how they deliberately organized -- there's one partner book where they're organizing separate from johnson sirleaf. she is doing a traditional campaign, and they're doing their own separate organizing, and then they essentially kind of confront her at one point in the capital, in a positive way, and she becomes very emotional, and i just wonder, what you thought about that. why didn't she recognize them in the beginning? was it that she didn't want to be the woman president? she didn't want to be associated with the working women? what was the reason they organized separately? >> guest: i don't think she didn't want to be the woman president but i think there's some technocratic parts of her personality that kind of -- they don't rule her but this woman is in her heart a global bureaucrat who is -- she looks at things, she breaks down problems technocrat include, not overly emotional. she can be when -- there are times but she comes at things in a very bureaucratic way so w

that existed between the asian community and the african-american community? >> there was a lot of attention going on between korean americans and african-americans specifically. i remember going to meetings and to the communities where the rage that african-americans felt about being dispossessed. not having things like owning stores in the community, and the immigrants felt targeted. but the rodney king incident, and the condoning of police misconduct is what happened, for me, as a member of the city council made me realize that people have to speak up and make a difference. >> john macky, you were here in 1965? >> no, i was not. >> i asked that because he was here, a kid, very young, but if you were here as well. i didn't know when you came because i wanted to get a sense of what we see in retrospect about what happened when it happened in 65 and when it burned 25 years ago. >> i'll give you my take. in the first incident, there was an immediate police response. a brutal police response. now fastforward to the ryons that took place after rodney king, and th

we thought about african-americans. okay, 300 some odd years of slavery for an african-american. how can we count on this person to fight for america? a person that has been told their whole life what to do? they can't think for themselves. what if they get into a situation where their leaders are dead? hypenated americans. some 20% of the american expeditionary force, they're immigrants. what if we put these people in a line, are they going to be loyal to america or germany? what if they're irish? are they going to be fighting for the british? well, thankfully, everyone of these prejudices were smashed by the war. sure, it is going to be a long road to civil rights but women acquit themselves well in world war i. african-americans, when given chances and many of them are, many of them will be in labor positions there, acquit themselves wonderfully. when you take two million some odd people, army all-in, armed services were about four million people, if you were mobilized, but we get two million over there and change when you count the american red cross and all volunteer organiz

african americans with the power that we have was concentrated locally. it did not control congress. so i say that african-americans and their officials have in all of the above strategy to try to fight crime and violence. they wanted to throw everything at the problem. they wanted all of the above but they got from the larger society one of the above. they got law enforcement. now you might be wondering and i think it's natural as we say here in 2017 to think they must had known what they were doing they must have understood the consequences of doubling and tripling and quadrupling down on law enforcement. but a big argument of my book is that in many ways they didn't. there was a moment where there was an up or down vote on mass incarceration. nobody ever said. should the largest prison population in the world. instead what happened was a lot of people acting in different spaces in the system police officers arresting. legislatures passing laws. they were supervising people on parole. all of those actors all became somewhat more punitive ever but he got

the first africans arrived in august. three years -- two years from now, we will be celebrating the 400th anniversary of that moment tips if it that momentous event. they basically arrived as indentured servants. slavery in america was still developed one law at a time in the virginia slave code. now many decades, centuries later, we dramatize that history and get people to understand what happened, how america came to be, and how we can move beyond the legacy of slavery. , wehis part of virginia have the underground railroad that was very active here. we had the revolutionary war battle. that history needs to be dramatized, so we take -- host: how does this relate to the current jobs number? caller: we are creating by having people be able to interpret history, and tourism will allow us to increase these good paying jobs, paying people in a variety of skills. said earlier that he is looking to make sure we train employees, and this is one of the ways we can do that. it is about creating jobs. the african-american unemplo

collectively, we have $1.3 trillion expendable income in the african-american community. and if we invest just 1/10 of 1% of those dollars, we can realize the goal of having a $1 billion sustainable endowment fund so that we can begin to invest in the tremendous institutions that yes, as with others and as your opening remarks suggest, they have some challenges. but the remarkable outputs that they are having even though the investment are not commiserate with return on investment, suggest that if we invest more in the endowments we can move them forward. during question and answers i'll talk to you about some of the things we're doing at the federal level, at congress and with state legislators. thank you so very much for this opportunity. [applause] >> i mention introducing present baskerville that she spent a part of her career in the legal profession. she's also a howard university graduate in keeping with the vision i hear a clip on the site, so there's another hbcu person in the room. we are now going to turn to the president and ceo of the thurgood marshall college

i want to ask about african grammatical retention. i know more like in may grandmother's generation people from the west andes and the south and africans i met now sound the same. also, i am really proud of our great oral tradition as african people. >> you know, it is one of those things. there are a lot of people who said black english and ebon some of the ones less known. black english has so much more english influence you can't say that. the sound system is definitely influenced by african language. so, for example, not having r at the end of the syllable. mow instead of more. that is certainly an african-american inheritance and definitely the melody. there is black english that is part of the general system. there is controversy over what is the historical relationship between gulla and black english. you know, there are sides where, you know, they say that there is more relationships. a lot of them for some reason can canadian and i love them to pieces if any are watching. some people say bella used to be spoken all over the u