of africans. this leads to the caribbean historians with they talk about of the take off of this system of capitalism that the african slave trade was the backbone of this system that is to say tremendous wealth was created. not only in terms of the africans but it led to the allied industry. because as i detail shortly you need insurance policies to compensate slave traders but to finance the african slave trade and and then the carolinas with a at the center the authorities found that they have to build infrastructure and roads and bridges to get demolition there the of course, building roads and bridges it is also for the takeoff. so we see the african slave trade forms the foundation for this system of capitalism and as a footnote with the reparations act so what i am talking about provides further roughen now -- rationale for the centuries of free labor. deal may question is for what it should be used for. so recapitulate but there is another consequence. and as you may know or confirm to be

adriane: african-american soldiers had a variety of experiences. there was roughly 385,000 african-americans in the wartime army. about 200,000 of them traveled overseas with the american expeditionary forces. of those 40,000 were combat troops, and another 160,000 did mainly labor. folks who wrote home about their spirits is from both the from combation, and units, talk about two things. they talk about the difficulty of fighting for democracy, sort to speak, in a jim crow army. and they talk about the investment of many of their fellow white soldiers in making sure that they do not have rising expectations for their own citizenship rights after world war i. aboutey also talked a lot how france has opened up the world for them in a variety of different ways. their experience with french people, fighting alongside , for al troops of color segment that was sort of given over to the french army for the duration of the war, fighting under commanders who don't have the same kind of investment and american white supremacy, often made them realize that t

were african-americans equal to non-african-americans? what did race mean, again, many universitieses and had race for ideologies. all of them debated and discussed these issues. as universities and colleges are part of the fabric of the country, slavery was a part of that as well. colleges reflected the society they were a part of. integral to those institutions. of course freedom is importing, the end of slavery. we have evidence that for colleges and universities, many of the families that worked on the campuses, they continue to work after the civil war. especially colleges in small towns. emory university in oxford, georgia, before they moved to atlanta, many descendents worked on the campus of rural georgia. university of virginia has a similar history where the families that had been enslaved before, their descendents continue to work on the campus. it would be interesting to do more work to see how families of laborers remain connected to these institutions. afterher major influence the war was the continuation of exclusion of peo

they are 30% african-american, and much better trained. and they are not shooting every innocent person. so, the army helped to calm things down somewhat. and then of course, the the communitye of leaders had been working for a while to get things calmed down. you had a convergence of the army and the respect for the army, and their ability to be well-trained, and takes coming down the street helps to get people off of the street when you see tamks coming down, and some community leaders began to help the focus the committee in a different direction. people should know that none of these things happen in a vacuum. uprisings, these rebellions, some people call them riots, they don't happen in a vacuum. there is decades of history. so, knowing about those five days is important, but knowing about the five decades that perceived those five days is even more important because knowing about the legacy of racism, and mistreatment, and economic inequality, knowing those things helps to understand better what happened in those five days, i can hel

other issues are on the table with the african-american community. discrimination had been a long going issue in the city of detroit. many of the people who were here were displaced from black bottom , the historic african-american neighborhood, and they were forced to move year after urban renewal happened and a freeway was built to destroy that neighborhood. so you had that issue. you had discrimination in job sites. discrimination in some of the shops and restaurants even. you had an ongoing issue of educational inequality. but the major issue that sparked it was, of course, police brutality and the issue of how police harass african-americans in the city of detroit. so the crowd began to recite some of these kinds of incidents that have been going on in detroit to the police. hey, you did not arrest the person who killed danny thomas, an african-american who was killed by a cop who lived in this neighborhood. so they were beginning to recite some of their grievances, and eventually someone in the crowd, williams scott iii, the son of the owner of

were african-americans equal to non-african-americans? mean, and many of our colleges and universities a race the ideologies. if you develop non-race ideologies debated those issues. as universities and colleges are part of the fabric of the country, slavery was a part of that as well. colleges reflect did the society they were a part of. slavery was in travolta those institutions. >> how did -- slavery was in guel to thosetri institutions. on themilies that worked campuses, sometimes they would continue to work after the civil war. especially colleges in small towns. before oxford moved to atlanta, many descendents worked on the campus of rural georgia. university of virginia has a similar relationship with us families that have in enslaved before. they need to work on the campus afterwards. it is interesting to see how families of labors become connected to the is the titian. -- institution. after the war it was the continuation of exclusion of people of african recs -- african descent. 1950's -- until the 1950's, that is when larger nu

hey you did not arrest the , person who killed danny thomas, an african-american who was killed by a cop in this neighborhood, said there were beginning to recite some of their grievances and eventually , someone in the crowd, williams iii, the son of the owner of the club, began to throw bricks and bottles at the police officers. the people began to join. as the police leave to take the to theople they arrested 10th precinct to put them in their cells and process them, the crowd is filling up -- they have a feeling of euphoria that they have chased the police away. when the police came back with reinforcements later, the people have reinforcements, too. and the police are forced to stand down. for the first time in a long time, the african-americans feel they have been relieved of -- from police repression or began brutality, and they first, some people in this community, particularly young men began to attack some of , these doors and restaurants that had been discriminatory towards them. and some people, when the police did not respond and stop them, they began to attack other clu

at the major issue that sparked it was the least brutality and how police harass african-americans in the city of detroit. said the crowd began to recite some of the incidents that have been going on to the police. a, you did not arrest the person who killed any thomas, an african-american who was killed by a cop in this neighborhood, said there were beginning to recite some of their grievances and eventually someone in the crowd, williams got the third, the son of the owner of the club began to throw bricks and bottles at the police officers. to join.police began as the police leave to take the less people they arrested the them incinct to put their cells and process them, -- theyd is filling up have a feeling of euphoria that they have chased the police away. when the race came back with reinforcements later, the people have reinforcements, too. and the police are forced to stand down. for the first time in a long time, the african-americans feel they have been relieved of police retell it he and he began first -- some people in his community -- particularly young man began to attac

what happened with african-american cooks?roosevelt administration there was more openness and a lot more camaraderie and openness between staff and the first family. it did not have that rigidity you saw not only in hoover but the coolidge administration. coolidge would come in the kitchen and critique what they were eating, seems like you are eating a lot of food here, he was very nosy which was not his persona. >> what about the wilson administration? he segregated the civil servants. >> during the wilson administration they still had segregation but wilson was a southerner. there are a lot of reports of him celebrating the southern food cooked by white house staff. i don't know about interaction between wilson and those others. there was more during the harding administration. >> the harding administration did what? >> there seemed to be a feeling of camaraderie and harding was really big on waffles. he loved waffles. the cook that would make these waffles was celebrated in newspaper articles. her name was alice howard. do

>> guest: africans themselves had slave societies and the first africans who were taken to the americas and to europe as well -- because they all -- some initially went to spain and portugal, to england, and to france and to other places in europe, places like norway and amsterdam and the dutch had them as well, so africans had slave societies just like everywhere else in the world. and these persons -- the first persons who we are tan were already enslaved in western central africa. and they were the first wounds that fed into the slave trade. did they know what was going on? some people did know who were african slaves. some of them themselves had been taken as slaves. examples of traders themselves who fall into their circumstances and become enslaved themselves so they were witnessed, but most people didn't know the extent of the brutality. that is what we believe. but slavery is a brutal institution no matter where you find it. people's lives and their desires for their lives are denied, control of their lives, their bodies, their labor capacity, it's not theirs anymore. so slavery

today, the largest block of states in any region is the african bloc.hat somebody should be tried in the continent where they actually committed the atrocities and victims and witnesses can all be brought, instead of hauling them all the way over to the hague. this is good. just to have a trial, i believe this is good. and i think it should be known firstly that icc does not even have jurisdiction over the habre case, because it occurred before the icc came into existence. but even there, we have applauded the efforts that have been made at the level of senegal, but also at the level of the african union that a head of state who has committed these atrocities over his people should no longer go. so you see that case of hissene habre, the former president of chad, is a good one. indeed. because you are the court of last resort, you always make that clear. nevertheless, i put to you that mark malloch brown, who was deputy secretary general under kofi annan, said a year ago, the icc has put itself on the wrong side of a pr and political campaign in africa.

african-american women in the south. many of you will know that in the earliest 20th century in particular, southern states begin to disenfranchise african-american men who have been voting in their states and serving in congress and serving in state legislatures and ruling cities. that begins in the 1890's. southern states began to disenfranchise and take votes away after the civil war. they were disfranchised by many means. one was by the poll tax. they tend to be poor. they have trouble getting up the money for poll taxes. there were unfair literacy tests. make sure everybody is clear on what those literacy tests were. they did not just ask you to read something. they go in and the voter registrar who was invariably white would say i would like you to read section three paragraph two of the mississippi constitution and you would read and now interpret that, what does that mean? no matter what you said the foot -- registrar has discussions to say maybe not, you will have to come back another time. you couldn't read tha

>> guest: africans themselves had slave societies, and so the first africans who were taken to the americas and europe as well, because initially went to spain and portugal, to england and france and other places in europe as well, even places like norway and amsterdam, and the dutch had them as well. so africans had slave societies just like everywhere else in the world. these persons, the first persons who were taken as slaves were persons who are already enslaved in western and west central africa and they were the first ones who were fed into the slave trader did you know was going on? some people did know. some of them themselves had been taken as slaves. there are examples of traders themselves who fall into bad circumstances and become insulated themselves. so they were witnessed, but most people didn't know the extent of the brutality. that's what we believe, but slavery is a brutal institution no matter where you find it. peoples lives and their desire or their lies are denied, the control of their lives, their bodies, their labor capacity. it's not there's any more, so slavery is

we know how african sound when the speaking english but an african who learned english later. it's an accent that sounds very different than most of us because it's only been commonly heard in the united states for 40 years. if you think about it this person from nigeria doesn't sound anything like the black person from chicago. >> black america in my eyes they have been here songs the way people. so so different. i heard somebody from africa 20 years ago i can tell the difference immediately. he's african-american they were born here but then i have another thing to ask you. i can get rid of my accent quickly but if i talk on my phone with my chinese friends for a couple months -- [inaudible] that's always in your system. you can get rid of most but not all the time. >> no, you can't. as black americans for generations to have a slight different when they talk just slightly. >> the analogy is correct and that when the community is separate in that way some implants from the faraway place of the original home can process. in black english the vast majority of the difference is

is that for the benefit of the majority of africans? what is the perspective for people and for development? which means trade and economy is not equal to development. peter: this is the point that you were making at the top of the show in your quote. dagmar: i make another example that shows what i mean. in paris, we had an initiative for renewable energies which should be invested in africa. a free billion euro. now the government who gave 2 billion has no idea where the money goes. they just had to answer questions of the green party and they have no idea how the program works. that is exactly how it normally goes. you put something up. and yes, you always say private money needs to go in because there is not enough public money to change the course. of course that is true. and then the private money goes in or does not go in because the private companies don't feel safe. and as long as they don't feel safe because of institutional mess in many countries, they just don't go there. that means that only countries with some kind of inst

even if you were a middle-class african american in detroit or st. louis or los angeles, you could not get a loan to purchase , not in thriving areas in detroit. those were the conditions under which people -- conditions people were facing in the mid-1960's. none of that changed until people were able to get political power and positions on city councils and school boards and begin to affect the communities in which they lived rather than have that be controlled by people outside those communities. host: if you are interested in this topic, at noon eastern on atpan three, we look back the detroit riots on the 50th anniversary. can follow all of our programming online at c-span.org . brenda lawrence is a former mayor in michigan and joins us the sky. thank you for being with us. congresswoman lawrence, can you hear us? she cannot hear us. we will come back to her. let's go to michael joining us from minnesota. good morning. i am 65 years of age. my concern was i thought the youngion started when african american men returned home from vietnam and was

one positive thing for african-americans going to france. there are 400,000 african-american soldiers drafted into the army, or enlist and half go to france. and one of the advantages of being in the rear is many of the soldiers have opportunities to have contact with french civilians, and in this photograph this is a group of black soldiers who are helping some french's stabs rebuild their -- peasants rebuild their house and so while for many african-american soldiers there were a lot of discouraging parts of service. they were brought over as laborers, still under white command, there's tremendous racism. it's met gait by relationships they establish with french civilians and often those relationshippers are the first time they've actually had friendships or -- with white people. you come from jim crow south and you good to france and suddenly a frank family is inviting you to dinner. for many of these men this is just something that never had happened to them before. so they begin to have just an awareness in their day-to-day interactions

african american women were very much involved in trying to get funds into african american communities across the country. they are active on behalf of child labor laws across the street -- state. legislativeot of goals in common with white women. they also had goals that were peculiar to african-american women. came to the national scene in the early 1920's. lynching was one of the major concerns of african-american women in the 20th century. the most important and visible lynching crusader was ida wells who became ida wells barnett. she was a young journalist in memphis. articles publishing that tallied the numbers of lynching each year across the united states. mostly in the south were not explicitly and the south and she focused on the lie that people told to justify it lynching. it was usually said that there -- blacka black women men raping white women. i a study of light newspapers. she is using the white press she shows that she is documented when you look at the local paper. rape is not there. it is a cover. she is run out of memphis on a rail on threat of her life. she become

being of african descent. what else is unique about slavery nightsticks is that we come from a larger institution of slavery in the americas. latin america, the caribbean in particular. but in no place or no time with informing slaves on the ground as it was in the united states. so these are the kinds of things that make the institution of slavery in the united states unique. >> why africa? >> will begin in the americas. at the time of discovery really. i have this on the west coast of africa in 1450 or so and beginning trade relations was africans were already organizing their own society, their agreement, their own training system. and so think that they would trade actually were not slaves for the most part. what they were looking for mostly were witches and things that were exotic. ivory, gold, spices. those were the kind of things that were initially traded between europe and africa. as you also at the same moment began to quote - unquote discover the americas and to decide the wealth of the north americ

herself was ans african pygmy alien -- py gmalion. someone who would been transformed by her experience. but, the transformation it seemed, was more beneficial perhaps to those who had transformed her, then it was to her herself. that got me to thinking more about phillis wheatley. we have a building named the wheatley building. also, thinking about boston and the flickering history it has had. it has had this history where, at some point, its connection to african-american history has seemed positive, and other times where it does not seem quite so positive. that flickering change in character fascinated me. it invited me to look more deeply at the history of phillis wheatley. i must confess, maybe it is even an addiction to history. i love history, it fascinates me. i like reading about it, thinking about it, i like treating it like water, through which i swim. this, to me, this historical look at phillis wheatley, represents a subject that has lots to show us. i hope i can be someone who brings that perspective to bear this evening

berlin has also announced a plan for african companies in april african program. -- and a pro-african program. ghana has artie started shipping gold and oil to germany. the country is still in dire need of fresh capital. christoph: for more i'm joined by the director of one germany, a lobbying campaign organization fighting extreme poverty and hunger in africa. germany has put growth and development in africa high up on the g 20. do you feel a country set india, own -- india and indonesia feel equally concerned? stefan: especially india has a long-standing relationship with states in africa so i do think they are very interested in this. argentina and maybe some others, not as much. but i think the whole world has understood that we need to work with african states in order to secure our global stability. christoph: in wake of this g 20 presidency, germany has launched room -- numerous initiatives when it comes to africa, the biggest being compact with africa. this initiative focuses on increasing private investment in african countries. is that right? stefan: it

connect isn dream -- never doubt with african-americans. your take is these new immigrants you talked about have jumped the line ahead of african-americans? caller: what i'm saying is there volunteer immigrants. they came on their own. they don't have the legacy of all of the hundreds of years of slavery and jim crow and all of this. you follow what i'm saying? that was not the case for black americans. still, we don't deal with this. unique-americans are a group within the context of the united states. host: mona charen? guest: i agree with the comment that african-americans are unique and i think their suffering has been unique. i think when other groups try to grab the moral mantle of "we're just like african-americans," no other group has suffered as black americans did. having said that, i think the lighting the degree to which this country deserves credit for truly gro grappling with great effort and expense, huge affirmative action plans that have been in existence since the 1960's and that still exist, and if you again, the problems

i don't mean an african has grown up with english but an african who learned english later. it's an accident that sounds very different to most of us because it's only been commonly heard in the united states for 40 years. if you think about it, this person from nigeria doesn't sound anything like the black person from chicago. >> black americans, in my eyes, black americans are true americans because they have been here as long as white people. so, yes, it's so different and if i heard somebody from africa like 20, ten years ago i can tell the difference immediately. he's not american, he's african-american. the black american because they were born here and have been here for generations already but i have another thing to ask you. when i keep talking english with everybody here i can get rid of my accent quickly but if i switch back -- my talk on the phone with my chinese friend for a couple months my english is not as fluent as i can be. i think that is part of a theory to become i talked better and talk with english. it's always in your system but you can get rid of mos

the hispanic, the african-american, the inner cities, so now it just came out, african-americans and teenagers are enjoying their lowest unemployment since just after the turn of the millennium. that's pretty good, right?

so what happened with african-americans?. >> a great question so there is more openness and a lot more camaraderie. so it didn't seem to have that the rigidity also with the coolidge administration he would actually cut into the kitchen to say you are eating a lot of food. he was very nosy. >> they still have the segregation that he was a southerner. for him celebrating the southern food cooked by the white house staff. i don't know about the interaction but he loves their food. but the harding administration there was camaraderie there also big on waffles. intercable is alice how word. >> so did mrs. nesbitt than bonner ever meet? and if that dismissal i don't know if we actually met. it was over something very silly because mrs. truman wanted a stick of butter and mrs. nesbitt refused to give it to her. [laughter] that was just the final blow and was gone a short time after that. >> that is a great question because after that to become maitre d and another guy who serves to get prominences the white house and then becomes o

you have the head of the trial division, who's also african-american, and the civil division, african-american the court has changed considerably when there were opportunities denied to us. this is an opportunity that essentially was given to a highly qualified individual, and so i think they made the right choice. >> matt, she apparently -- hodge is apparently extremely supremely qualified for this position. that's good. that's all that should matter here, not -- i know we're talking about glass ceilings. well, lynne abraham broke a glass ceiling by becoming the first female district attorney in the city of philadelphia. but that never mattered. people never looked at her as a woman. she was a tough cookie, but she wasn't a female. she was a tough person. i was actually -- and, you know, this is water under the bridge now, and it's moot because she's not the nominee -- but when the naacp came out, when rodney muhammad came out and attacked one particular candidate, lynne abraham, basically on the basis of race, and they hadn't come out and attacked seth williams for his unethical practices in

the presence of a largest segment of a solid african-american middle-class. wendell cox, dr. bell. detroit was very much in the forefront of a real economically significant african-american community. sidney bardwell owned 10 or 15 drugstores throughout the city. there were people of economic consequence, social prominence that, that seemed to be in the right place at the right time. the labor union was becoming more diverse. the political community leadership in detroit was becoming more diverse. people were thinking boy, oh, boy, this could really be an opportunity for us because we get actually pull this off. we could make this better. we can distinguish ourselves. we can not have what they had in los angeles. people were very aware of the 1965 devastation in los angeles. and wanted deeply to avoid that. the monday after the riot, jerry cavanaugh was supposed to be on the cover of newsweek as the mayor of america. the mayor who had avoided a riot and what the article was was a discussion of some of the things that i just shared with you. forward progress in the uaw, the very div

africans and african american were invalid people, adverse to labor. when emancipated they would starve or plunder. even if a plan of emancipation were enacted to rub the country, smith said racist would still remain distinct. while the petitioner argued that nature had made all men equal, here i am quoting jackson loading his interpretation of the petitioner. nature that color should not place negros on quality of whites -- labeling the petitioners as hypocrites "the warmest friends of the blacks kept them at a distance." the inferiority of black slaves was not only an absolute feature of nation, but inescapable social reality that would nullify any attempt to make persons free and equal. two of the anti-slavery petitioners'most vocal opponents of vocal those human bondage, but did so in ways that at first glance seems unthreatening to the institution of slavery. both of them from states with antislavery constituencies adopted a way of speaking against slavery that defined bondage as wholly out of place within the u.s., even as they conceded that the

museum of american history doing one at the african american history museum. the national museum of women and the arts. public welfare foundation so we move around town. >> that adds to the excitement doesn't it? >> it does. >> jackie, you have been a participant in previous years. what it's like taking part in this festival? you have deep roots in this community. you have been a producer on the radio for many years. many are familiar with your voice and your work and you have an interest in history. what's it like to participate. >> it's been a wonderful experience working with the march on washington film festival as a moderator. last year they gave me an excellent opportunity to host a panel with the freedom singers. the singers who really were the inspiration musically behind the civil rights movement and show case work that i did, documentary work on the history of black radio and that's interesting for a film festival. i was able to participate on the screening of the documentary on may vis staples and then afterwards we had a panel looking at music and

and african-american research, received a $10 million grant its name sake foundation. the research project that will fund is a longitudinal graphic he big data study of what calls multidimensional inequality. the neighborhood subjected to racial and economic hardships. livesl dig deep into the of poor residents, to better understand the interconnecting perpetuatess that poverty. the ultimate goal is to collect data to generate insights that will influence public policy. harvard gazette in march 2016, wilson said here's my problem. do i fight pessimism. i fight it all the time. eventually we'll come around to our problems. is that pessimism going? it's been a tough day. about to find out. 2017s and gentlemen our award winner, william julius wilson. [applause] quite anas introduction. real honor to a center and deliver this lecture. especially pleased as sarah is in the audience. frustrating period in our history. i thought that it would be good to take this opportunity to the issuessome of thatding race in america mind.ry much on my in november shortly before the presid

and oppressze african american people, destroy african-american communities even. that was the buildup to what happened in 1967. the flashpoint was packed specifically against a police of aggression and police brutality. you also had a lot of other kinds of pushback. people in the streets looting stores were pushing back against the economic depression. they were pushing back against the housing discrimination. and uprising really captures all of that in a way -- one of the things that is true is language has real power in our culture and the word "riot" was used to dismiss all of those things after what happened happened. it was used to say ignore this, don't worry about the things that are behind this. we have taken care of it with police response and we will move on. what else was going on in 1967, particularly as other areas in the nation were struggling with uprisings. >> there are common themes in the cities. newark was 11 days before detroit. los angeles was a few weeks later. you have this moment partially fueled by the questions asked by the civil rights m

, and there were two african-american divisions in the war, 92nd and 93rd. both of them were segregated from the rest of the army. most of the soldiers, of course, were african-americans and most of the officers were caucasians. even though they fought alongside their compatriots in the war and fought along -- especially along with the french during the war, they were segregated and were not treated very well throughout the course of the war. as we progress through the museum into the rest of the american section, we're going to look at a special exhibition dealing with american women service in the war and showing some of their uniforms that they wore. a lot of people don't realize that american women were in uniform during world war i, and so we'll go over and take a look at those. i am now in front of an exhibition case that shows many of the uniforms in our collection from american women's service during the war. one in particular that i would point out is the recent acquisition to the museum. this is from a woman who was in the united states signal corp

the crime bill and welfare reform will impact low income african-american communities.trying to do this? no. it was politically expedient and helps him win re-election. >> we have committed this night to continuing our dojourney to give young people here and all across america the america they deserve. what cou ng y bett ue avinge at blue apron, we work directly with more than a hundred family farms. so instead of spending on costly middlemen and supermarkets, we can invest in the things that matter most: making farmland healthier. cutting down on food waste. and bringing you higher quality, fresher ingredients for less than you pay at the store. because food is better when you start from scratch. get $30 off at blueapron.com/cook you won't see these folks they have businesses to run. they have passions to pursue. how do they avoid trips to the post office? stamps.com mail letters, ship packages, all the services of the post office right on your computer. get a 4 week trial, plus $100 in extras including postage and a digital scale. go to stamps.com/tv and never go to t

there are things we can do to help african-americans have better outcomes.you know, reverend, president trump is not about those methods. he's about stop and frisk which we know doesn't work. >> well, that's why we're going to have to keep the pressure on not because we just like keeping pressure on but because our communities cannot continue to operate like this had. thank you so much, paul. great book, by the way. i don't endorse books but it's a great book. the book is "chokehold" by paul butler. >>> coming up, outspoken marp of new orleans, mitch landrieu. his thoughts on why the new health care plan is bad for the poor and how to improve race relations in this country, mayor landrieu with al sharpton. ♪ hey, bud. you need some help? no, i'm good. come on, moe. i have to go. (vo) we always trusted our subaru impreza would be there for him someday. ok. that's it. (vo) we just didn't think someday would come so fast. see ya later, moe. (vo) introducing the subaru impreza. the longest-lasting vehicle in its class. more than a car, it's a subaru. having mpla

and then dealing with an african-american experience and from the french and the british soldier joy me in welcoming dr. jennifer keene to norwich university. [applause] >> thanks for coming out to talk about "world war i" and you can see from the title to begin with the idea in through the american is soldiers experience when wilson declares war what does that mean for the majority of the american and especially of military age? so i was going to begin with a poster that is ubiquitous but in many respects it encapsulates the first big challenge the united states has after wilson makes the decision to bring america into the war united states has been debating and we made very few a cocky -- concrete preparations to understand what would require a total mobilization of the home front. you can make the argument in 1940 nobody knew if there were getting themselves into. and negotiating peace is over quickly but then there is no more illusions then we understood and so we know we have to raise the vast army quickly. interestingly we only have the armed forces and that is your mandate --

eight african—american women in six to seven years. “— african—american women in six to seven years.rs. -- 67 years. there are situations where you feel genuinely uncomfortable and you feel you need to get out of that situation. people staring at you, wondering whether you work there come a not golfing in the adjournment, or asking where you are from. i get the occasional, "are you tiger woods' nice?" it's not that they don't mean to be discriminating or rude or anything, but sometimes people will thinkjust because you are african—american... but thankfully i am in a generation where it is not too horrible as to what renee had to go through all those years ago. it makes me stride. i believe it has a long way to go, because still i go into a store and i have a golf outfit on, and you meet people that say," i didn't know that minorities play golf. you look like you don't play golf." well, what is the look of golf? you're right, it is a male, caucasian dominated sport. and i think that right now it is getting better, which is inclusion. that's the big thing. inclusion and having access