african-americans never knew what they would face. whether it was through segregation patterns, with laws that prohibited them from going to certain places of illness, whether it was trying to find something to eat while they were on the road and being denied service. if you were driving and your car been out of gas and you are in a community that was hostile towards african-americans, will you do? even as air travel becomes more popular, how would you be treated in an airport? what would this eating pattern be? they were seeing large groups. for african-americans, the open road was filled with a great deal of uncertainty. a place for african-americans were legally prohibited from being outside after dark. it was terrain that they had to navigate across america and in places around the world. >> it wasn't that long ago and it was very different. >> there are still challenges when african-americans are on the road, whether they will face harassment from the police or even a couple weeks ago and a doubletree hotel in portland, in africa

the gold sponsor, the hutchinson center for african and african-american research at harvard university over sponsored by alpha fraternity. there is a lot of talk about fraternities. we do except support from all members of the divine number nine. the host committee member and his company, professional management enterprises is a table number seven and finally the honorable senator elizabeth warren of massachusetts who sponsored a table for local veterans to attend as a salute to their service.[ applause ] >> we are delighted to have duke energy who has been a great supporter of the conference today as well. thank you for your service. table number six. >> absolutely. [ applause ] >> this afternoon we are very fortunate to have as rmc author and journalist a'lelia bundles. she grew up in indiana last indianapolis. she has written four books about her great, great grandmother madame cj walker. the hair carry hair care industry pioneer whose business was based in the city for many decades. the book on her own ground, the life and times of madame cj walker is in production for the eight pa

in 1992 i started studying african-american history and i received my phd in 1996 in african-american history. for more than 20 years i have been trying to make myself as best as i could to be an expert in the african-american military experience, not the american revolution, not the civil war, not the buffalo soldiers, not the golden 14, et cetera. but i've tried to make myself an expert in the entire experience. so for 20 years if you asked me if i believe in divine intervention, i would tell you yes because -- am i supposed to be flipping my slide? is it up? is it full screen? okay. now let me make sure. i think i got it. so divine intervention. so when i started to try to make myself an expert in the african-american military experience back in 1994, 95 and 96, who would have thought that what many of you have worked on for decades would come to fruition? so when i retired in 2010 i read an article and found out about this museum and went and introduced myself to rex and bill pritser. they looked at me kind of strange because i am outsider here. i don't work for the national park

anti-corruption year by the african leaders themselves so that made a difference. or a difference but it's a step in the right direction so what citizens on the ground are waiting to see is change which will translate into better access to services. you need to use for work and interpret your ship and all those in there we are still far from that kind of result are you still with hoping that things will change and keep on watching developments there thank you very much salman khan into trance president or national regional vice of west africa thanks for calm. whether in kenya uganda all senegal with absent platforms the followers of startups are looking for gaps in existing services where the state fails more and more freshly founded companies are helping out young africans are increasingly taking death into their own hands and so the financing for african startups as almost quadrupled in the past year. startup centers like this one in kenya's capital nairobi are attracting more and more young africans with ideas they develop products perhaps and services here solu

africa countries and alleging those people leave the place for african people is africans and not of the bottom of the me declared raney and see. italy's interior minister mikhail savina use social media to go after the french later on tuesday and the video that appeared on his facebook page he strongly criticized daniele micron's position on migrants. augment is not against the population the citizens of the workers but it is against micro who is all words and no action he lectures us about generosity goodness hospitality solidarity and then he rejects thousands of migrants at the italian border i hope the french will soon be able to get rid of a very bad president they have a chance to do that on the may twenty sixth when they can take the future back to their destiny and they have pride which are not well represented by a character like. fourteen countries in west africa still use a colonial era currency called the c.f.a. and this is part of the reason why some say these countries still pay a colonial tax see if they was first pegged to the french frank and now it's pegged to the

if we take out the african-american students from that group. >> african-american and all others andissioner sanchez: that's the reality of the situation. commissioner collins mentioned something about transfers. i'm very aware of the spring transfers that happened. they are disproportionately african-american students. what does happen on side note spring transfers student ghost to school that have room for them. i asked while back, we look at the spring transfers and what we can do. statistically we should know what the numbers are racially and how we can really support the students transferred mid-year. those students are the most in crises. >> there are two things i want to clarify. there's a spring transfer process. family is not happy with their school. they desire a different school. any family can walk into e.p.c. and request a transfer. they do not involve people services. they are not part of the safety transfer. that parent maybe requesting that transfer, it's just a regular spring transfer that any parent has right to request. i'm giving reason why. they are just going th

our gold sponsor, the hutchins center for african and african-american research at harvard university. our silver sponsor, alpha phi alpha fraternity, there's been a lot of talk about different fraternity stuff up here in the past couple of days. so we do accept support from all members of the divine nine. our host committee member mr. danny portee and his indianapolis-based company professional management enterprises. they're at table number seven. and finally the honorable senator elizabeth warren of massachusetts who sponsored a table for local veterans to attendant as a salute to their service. [ applause ] >> we are also delighted to have duke energy who has been a great supporter of this conference as well here today as well. thank you for your service at table number six. this afternoon -- yes, absolutely. [ applause ] >> this afternoon we are very fortunate to have as our emcee author and journalist a'lelia bundles. she grew up in indianapolis and for those of us who know her from d.c., we may not know that, and she has written four books about her great, great grandmother, ma

three weeks later, that african-american major alexander t. augusta, took up that newspaper's sarcastic challenge and went to the white house. dr. augusta was the director of the freedman's hospital. along with his assistant, surgeon, and protege, dr. anderson abbott, also black. he attended a white house reception where, according to a baltimore newspaper, they were kindly received. dr. abbott recalled that the commissioner of public buildings, benjamin brown french, greeted them. that is, he greeted him and dr. augusta, with all the urbanity imaginable, and conducted them to the president. upon catching sight of major augusta, lincoln grasped his hand. as they exchanged greetings, robert lincoln, who had been standing nearby, next to his mother, approached and as dr. abbott remembered, quote, asked a question very hastily, the purport of which i took to be, are you going to allow this invasion? referring, doubtless, to our presence there. robert was almost certainly acting at the behest of his mother. lincoln responded, why not? without a fu

so if african-americans are this harmonious, they may have to step aside.that was the argument he made to william munro trotter. let's not go too fast with this. let's ensure we can do right and we will do right for all. that requires an historical amnesia to what has gone on in washington before that, which was african-american participation. right after the civil war, into the wilson administration, there were black people in washington, assuming power. wilson says you don't have to do that. we can be reasonable, fair, harmonious without it. and that gives harding, coolidge, others cover to not worry to deal with, as you said, this pesky issue of race. african-americans are simply not fully realized people in the political imaginations of democrats or republicans by 1920. wilson supplies the vocabulary to make that happen. that's a part of his legacy. >> actually, i would agree with you on the failure of imagination. trade has a nice way of characterizing that in his book, too. devin? you want to talk about economic inequality? >> not really. [laughter] i

during that time, segregation ordinances revenge of african americans from entering -- prevented africanns from entering or exiting. tabernacle baptist church was built in the 1920's. the architect played a trick on city officials. there is an entrance on broad street, but the real entrance is on another avenue so it is called the church with two faces. this is where sncc began doing nonviolent resistance training for students and others interested in protesting for the right to vote. it did not just work out of tabernacle baptist. they move their operations over theirst baptist church, black first baptist church in selma, alabama, right down the street from where we are now. first baptist served as the headquarters for many meetings, including the one right before freedom day in 1963 where dorothy height was the speaker for that meeting and gave encouragement to those going to protest at the courthouse the next morning. selma was the logical place for the voting rights movement to have its push because of the fact that there were so many factors that made it a hotbed for this particular

african-american students. is,they asked me, in my op if there was a master plan to keep african-americans from going above 4%, and i remember my response was, i never thought of that. there might be one. i should investigate this. i did. i would put nothing past ut for maintaining a live like that, but then they started to launch all these investigations into why it does not go above 4% and i will not going to that, but i journal article for a on the 50th anniversary of brown versus the board. this conversations are still going on. do you envision this as a fewer boats and more bridges process of community deliberation? >> yes. it depends on your point of view. first of all, the communities .et together three of my daughters went to robert e. lee own entry school. they graduated and they said, how come we never protested the name of the school. getgrow up and you just acclimated to all of these robert e lee schools all over the south. i'm not from texas. i said, yeah, i don't know. it's really bad. theyr three

african-american students. they asked me, in my office, if there was a master plan to keep african-americans from going above 4%. my response was i never thought of that. there might be one. i should investigate this. i did. i would put nothing past ut for maintaining a lid like that, but then they started to launch all these investigations into why it does not go above 4% and i will not going to that, but i wrote an article for a journal on the 50th anniversary of brown versus board. it was an essay. they wanted people to reflect on this. they were basically saying it was a pipeline issue. those controversies are certainly still ongoing at ut. could he say something about what you envisioned? fewer moats and more bridges processes and community deliberations. >> it depends on your point of view. first of all, the communities get together. they meet at the school auditorium. my daughters, all three of my to robert went e. lee elementary school. they graduated and they said, how come we never protested the name

and all of whom are african american. and i'm so grateful for this work because one of the things that you pointed out were the need to recognize parents as their students first teacher, and that's so critical. but for a small subset of us families in the district, us parents can't always teach our children everything they need. we don't have the same historical experience that our children have lived and are living, and my second daughter is now a freshman at mission, and she's currently taking an african american women's heritage course. just in the course of one semester, i've watched her blossom from a very shy incoming freshman to a blossoming, confident young woman. the fact that she struggled in her first semester, she's got a 3.8 g.p.a., i think you can directly tie that to what she's learning in ethnic studies and women's empowerment. i'm so grateful for this work and it's helped her become what i'm sure is going to be an amazing young kick-ass woman. so thank you for this work, thank you for the resolution that

you use again from international african leaders about what to do about controversial african elections this is nothing new it happens pretty much all the time on this continent the key thing of course is how will the people handle this process and would the extent the final result remains to be seen things that are. finally to los angeles california where thousands of teachers are striking for an increase in pay and better work conditions al-jazeera correspondent rob reynolds filed this report from l.a. . tens of thousands of teachers and their supporters rallied in front of l.a. city hall california is among the richest of the fifty us states but ranks forty third in terms of the amount of public funds spent per student half as much as new york not only was the school board says it can't afford all the union's demands in part due to the heavy cost of pension and health benefits the l.a. strike is part of a growing movement teachers in several u.s. states who walked out last year and won higher pay and other concessions how long the l.a. strike will last no one knows with these childre

hurtood that was taken african-americans as well. babies died. there was a horrible incident at ebenezer creek at of savannah where one of sherman's upordinate commanders pulled pontoon bridges after the army crossed a swamp, leaving african-americans trapped between this deep swap and confederate -- swamp and confederal -- confederate cavalry, and hundreds drowned trying to get across. that is one issue. the next issue as sherman and his men are marching across is how much devastation did they really cause? sherman estimated about $100 million worth of damage -- those would be $1864 -- in georgia alone. be in 1864uld dollars -- in georgia alone. we had a gay all caps a, -- campaign, burned their railroads, and raised held generally. boilinge stories of men their coffee over fires made of confederate money. they had a mock legislation georgiahere they had rejoin the union and then they stall. -- stole. civilians' struck at sense of safety, sense of protection. the other big problem, the essential problem was the on authorized, they were known as

but african americans was -- but the african-american statue was actually sculpted based on the sitting of an african-american soldier and so was the white dude, but the latino is kind of a composite. i do not know how they figured that was a latino because i grew i never thought of that as latino. i should be happy now, i guess. but if you are going to be diversity, maybe there should be more than three people up there. where are the women too? they were also part of that. >> ok, great. >> very quickly i wanted to highlight a positive thing that is going on at the university of utah, and that is the northwest band of the shoshone nation has purchased the bear river massacre site and is in the process -- i am not the best person in the room to talk about it. the chair is right there, of the tribe, but they are in the developing their own commemorative and interpretive center for the roadside, and that it an amazing step forward, when native people will interpret this themselves. and many of you know there has been a lot written about the monuments that are there already, that are essent

a true legend of african music oliver was a musician known around the world for his hit song. singing in zimbabwe's dominant shona language and english he blended musical traditions developing a distinctive style known to fans as. music that carried messages of hope and messages in clung to during hard times. into could also help to promote human rights across the continent. and set up a music academy hoping to encourage more children to follow in his footsteps we have different. we will teach you but we don't say that we. can learn from you. as tributes. some fans say he made them proud to be. others according to him to receive. one way to thank him for the music. al-jazeera. this is these are the top stories as well as president nicolas maduro is breaking off ties with the united states after president trump indorsed the opposition national assembly. declared himself interim president as hundreds of thousands of people rallied across the country eleven latin american countries have offered him support. also there are many more than that plan not performed we come from the st

theo with the promise of rewarding reform with investment we are asking is that the relationship africans want with europe. i'm christine window welcome to africa i'm glad you're cheating did well taking off in gone it's a day a small town called book or known for its tough streets so what makes it special while this town in the capital accra has produced some of africa's gracious boxes guys like richie cole me. like. and joshua these are just three of the five world boxing champions that hail from tangled anyways and it's no surprise that most of dawn is national champions off from their so my colleague forester cora visited where she met an aspiring boxer well while champion dreams. the more new routine of a champion. gets ready for his first run of the day right here in book most grind out a living from the fishing treat but fenech says it's not much of a life he has dreams and boxing could be his escape routes. as a fisherman. gets enough money. to take care of. the show corey i see your work you have to work. hard and these streets have turned out some of the best fighters in africa.

of the causes of the lack of development in african countries. because instead of helping them in africa we must leave them in peace. ok just so we're hearing the italian deputy prime minister saying you know france is involvement in in parts of west africa is essentially impoverishing these countries and and causing people to me to to to countries like europe or continents like you have i wanted to get your reaction to that. first of all let me say it i look i've been i've been involved in mid-season. regional it was across the continent from do not see the southeast where also the diaspora traveled across towards speaking of africa are missing a few thousand and one thing definitely comes across there is a sense of neocolonial easy to do very much in africa hundred biggest representation of new communities him in africa life for us so we know that there is nothing new that can be said by the italian prime minister maybe doing new things that this is coming from each of you from the prime minister you can you maybe he for reasons looking into th

of the causes of the lack of development in african countries . instead of helping them in africa we must leave them in peace. ok just so we're hearing the italian deputy prime minister saying you know france is involvement in in parts of west africa is essentially impoverishing these countries and and causing people to flee to to countries like europe or continents like europe i wanted to get your reaction to that. first of all let me say that look i've been i've been involved. the region i live was across the continent from the north to the south east and west also the diaspora i would offer as the world speaking on africa it's enough because in diaspora on one thing different you comes across there's. two two very much in africa and the biggest representation of new economy on these in africa is friends so we no doubt there is nothing new to be said by the italian prime minister maybe the only new thing is that this is coming from the from the prime minister of you can you may be for us as is looking into the middle it's also quite interesting

i stood on the african-american parent advisory council.e presentation is that, we still see that at an alarming rate that the staff is signing up for deescalation versus other training listed. there were no numbers or statistics in regards to which schools were being using that and how they're using it, how it was being implemented at the school sites. other thing is for our bright spot schools i'm so happy they're doing great things for schools exhibiting the same behavior and using the same ideas. what's being offered to them? how are we looking at the system and going back and seeing if there's something that can be done different or what need is not being served. other thing is for the decrease that marina had the 3% of suspension, i'm curious how many were black and brown students of the three. i think that's all the questions and answers that i had. thank you. thank you for all your questions. i will turn it over to questionser from commissioners. >> commissioner lopez: you mentioned there were multiple tunnel it is games to engage.

that's a very big question and that's what we love african football fans want answers to because for a country that concerns things there are a lot of string and some of the concerns about staging local games the fans are really really asking questions now whether indeed the ability to stage a tournament of this magnitude remember they've always the fear is that the national team at big stadiums in cairo so the relatively confident that they can bring the funds to come and watch the tournament so it's a big question that egypt will have to answer in the next five months it's always difficult to separate sports and politics how much of a political coup is this for egypt's president of the c.c. i think a very huge you and i have been concerned about are. we all the problems begin the contras in terms of security in the last five months will be able to actually pull this off wiping for the government south african actually came out to see it's more of a political decision in you know not leaning in there not getting the right for egypt to get it they believe it was more the political de

is somehow biased against africans right and simply goes after after you know fallen african leaders i think this is actually quite a difficult argument to sustain when you have acquittals of high level government officials who have fallen out of power or who are in power on the african continent and again you mentioned kenyatta ruto and now lauren by bo and charles blow a good day it's hard to sustain the argument that the i.c.c. is somehow biased against african leaders when they are acquitted and ordered to be released or cases collapse i think that's a that's that's perhaps a silver lining in the wider conversation about the i.c.c. these legitimacy but just to reiterate i think what jim said you know what you want from a court like this that that has. that has a very difficult mandate in a very difficult mission given all of the crimes that are occurring in the world what you want is a court that learns from these types of mistakes that looks at what happened and changes or adapt itself to be able to better investigate the right types of cases with the right types of evidence so

and the african culture is thriving. it's becoming a popular destination for african americans looking to connect with their roots. our correspondent, leone lakhani, takes us inside roma negra or "black rome." leone: it's game day. dance, music, and celebration. a way of life for brazilians. locals line the streets of salvador in the northeastern state of bahia to support the country's soccer heroes. many of the locals here are actually american. like renee adolphe, born in brooklyn, now a resident in salvador since 2011. renee: i had a friend of mine who was american. she would come here every year for 10 years. she was coming to salvador and so she said to me, "renee, you have to come to salvador." when she told me she was coming here, i thought i had to come and see what it was like and why she keeps coming back. and instantly, i fell in love with salvador. it was supposed to be two weeks. she left and i stayed. leone: renee's not the only one. renee: when i was there at olodum, i met some sisters from the u.s. you kn

my african-american colleague burst out laughing. he kept laughing until he saw the horrified look on my face and realizing that i did not quite get with the picture. i guess to sort of calm the moment he said, i'm from harlem. when he said that i understood literally that harlem with an african market neighborhood in manhattan but i also understood that that was a much deeper statement to me. his upbringing in my upbringing and certainly his look at african market history in my look at it would be fundamentally different. as i wrote to open the book, that was the moment that started this project. this is my answer to that conversation with him. >> so where did that conversation go? i don't culminated in this book that we folks to buy into read and contemplate how to that conversation continue? >> i joke because that was the end of the dog -- dialogue. i decided what i to do was educate myself. at beredkeley nei took a lot o black studies class in african market history classes. i began looking at american jewish history into my grad

theodore roosevelt was racist, harding had no interest in african americans. wilson's contribution was to make racialized issues not about african-americans in the same way the dire bill becomes about dire and not the black women in washington, d.c. standing outside his congressional door every day demanding he do something about this. they know he's wonderful. they know there are politics back home. they pick him. we don't know why they have the access they do. they come to washington for the federal jobs. they have access to dire and they can twist dire in ways that are powerful and important. unless, of course, the president says i'm not interested in that. i have to stand by my base. >> we'll get to you folks in just a second. i wondered if katie or david would like to have any final words. >> the thing that strikes me about these conversations is if you step back and think woodrow hadon died before we talking movies, before we had ballpoint pens, before we had scotch tape. ago was a long time, it's impossible for me to imagine what people will be talking

the local democratic party so that it was led by african-americans. but it was all male, and she worked very closely with women not only in the local democratic party clubs, but in the social clubs, in the immigrant organizations, in the church organizations. she knew central brooklyn like the back of her hand and had the support of the women. so in 1960 she gets elected and goes to albany, and she's a very effective legislator. the legislation she is most proud of is called the s.e.e.k. program, seek, education, empowerment and knowledge. and this provided resources for high school students going to the city university of new york so that they could attend college and get the resources needed to stay in college and to graduate. and that transformed the city university of new york, the various colleges, including her alma mater brooklyn college, from basically being all white to resembling more of the diversity of new york city. it was a fantastic accomplishment. >> did she grow up in brooklyn? >> she spent seven formative years on the island of barba

we hold accountable all stakeholders that influence black and african american achievement. it takes a village, therefore, we must partner and collaborate with stakeholders throughout the district and city to deliver a high quality educational experience for african american students. these values and the experience represented within them drives or efforts to support our students and families within this district. in honor of our value to be student centered, we've lifted up some of the voices of our young scholars to share with the community. as you can see from the students represented here, they are motivated and driven to explore career options, to attend four-year academic institutions, to master s.t.e.m., to learn about their identity and gain understanding of how american society has shaped their identity. as the team in the district right lanes programming, we believe we have to actively and unapologizicly keeps in place these conditions to allow our brilliant scholars to succeed. as we've recognized in the past. we know this stands on the shoulders of several previ

for a ship of african multilateral institutions undergo its conflict which is an african conflict and disclaim has been successful do you have the ear of when did give stigler the exact into consideration because it includes countries like angola who saved his regime at several occasions. they are required isolated from the european and western influences but the african institutions are very very present very have access directly took the bill and that's important thing it's development progress yeah it's going to say as well to look they say we've got the constitutional court in the d r c q two will on this case board about the other opposition leader a muscle feelings requested a recount how much faith do you have in the constitutional court process. well to be honest the bill has organized the elections in order to win them and has done that under as much control as possible including the entire control of this actual commission and the control of the constitutional court you cannot consider that as an autonomy as an independent body it is not ok chris about thanks very much for t

sizable african-american population there. we also have to consider though that the way the primaries are set up, california has moved up u. texas has moved u. it's repositioned california. so you have somebody like eric gar sety getting in, it's going to be a battle and it's a very expensive primary, so you're talking baseline $5 million to be competitive there. i've got say, i think senator harris, her sister st maya. very recognizable in political circles. she's married to tony west. executive at uber. god father reggie hudland, talent executive and director. oscar nominated in hollywood. i think he can shore up some hollywood money. so i think she's going to be quite the force to be reckoned with. >> that's senator kamala harris. what about bernie sanders? because we just heard, we played the clip where senator b sanders calls president trump racist. at this event in south carolina. we certainly, we know why senator sanders would want to be in south carolina, but my question to you is if he wereto do this again, what woul

they were, without knowing it, digging on the site of the first african -- one of the first africans in english america. there is a story that continues from angela 1619 through to the lacks --, when free blacks went on to these early pioneers of archaeology. they were documenting all of that. we're going to be very interested in working with the to get a wider audience. this is what we have done so far. there is nothing here that necessarily jumps out at you, but this is the first time it has ever been done at jamestown. we are attracting large crowds of people who want to know more about angela, want to know her story from what we are finding in the ground. all we know about angela is her name and that she lived at this site in 1625. we do not know whether she survived for long. we do not know her age, and apart from general documentation , which tells us where she is from, that is it. if we are to find out something about her, how she lived, what she would have seen, the landscape still intact in jamestown, this is the only way that we can do it, through archaeology. very quickly,

well the constitutional courts might not care about what the african union does or what the african unioncalls for africa the constitutional court you know will most probably you know act in insulation or isolation from regional factors and we know that these eight judges on that court and that that the court you know has no history or track record of being independent and that really is the concern the independence of those judges on the constitutional court who were all appointed by president kabila and you know they seem to be his alter boys well if that is the case then where does that really leave the electorate across the d r c over a million the were excluded from the boat from the vote to the east of the country because of the bowl of virus an area that scott still ongoing and many now on the streets waiting now for weeks to for a result the result that they hoped that would see their candidate take the top job it's sort of a limbo is it not for a country that needs stability and needs it no. it certainly is a limbo and it's very difficult right now to predict a positive outcome i

the findings and interpretations made by the african partners of them. will be incorporated into the tanzania collection. for. my. going to. just. going to his to the. for the. last it would be extremely disturbed when all of that is nothing about it but you have a sentry interpretation. does the humbled foreignness completion curage is a thinking about how to best showcase the many exhibits we met director. for a tour of what's still very much a work in progress. germany's most prominent construction site is approaching the finish line for six and a half years workers have been busy here day and night one hundred thousand square meters and six hundred million euros of construction costs all according to plan they say. it's still hard to believe that by the end of twenty nineteen berlin will finally be rid of the scaffolding. to burrow for side is almost completely reconstructed just like the modern east wing. the famous true toll of courtyard is still surrounded by scaffolding and it looks like a building site on the inside to. here in the main entrance

also want to show how african organizations are providing solutions for the growing population in their continent and to meet the lion share project that brings companies together to help the environment without losing business. welcome to this special edition of d w business time how you know i guess the german chancellor came to davos this wednesday and addressed the public reminding them of the importance of germany in europe and the world but her speech comes at a pivotal time for the old continent and as you can hear from members of her own cabinet the german government is preparing for uncertain times. what will the german chancellor have to say about breaks it that question raised a lot of interest in davos instead she just shook hands with the founder of the world economic forum klaus schwab and went into the congress hall. i admired the german minister of economics and technology was more willing to provide his point of view. the german economy is turning well we had economic growth last year and we'll have more economic growth this year but of course praxedis. fundamental fund