agriculture. when congress enacted the farm on act in 1916 credit was not always available and affordable in some rural areas. many lenders avoided pharmaceutically inherent production and price risk of agriculture. the foundation of the farm credit system is a corporate structure. agriculture is change many ways and will continue to change that the guiding principles of the cooperative model continue to stand the test of time. member ownership and governance are key ingredients of the system's success. as chairman scrivener ported the farm credit system is safe and sound. the system today is due in no small part to the actions of this committee. during agriculture credit crisis of the 1980s commerce made very important changes to the farm credit system that gave us the opportunity to emerge stronger and better pull the server america and its mission. as you well know farming comes comes -- is projected to climb virtually all sectors of commodity prices are lower than anytime in the past five year

agriculture. the economy has been weakened in recent years due to improving crop yields and lower demands. this is about two and a half hours. >> i call this hearing of the senate committee on agriculture, nutrition and forestry to order. thank you all for coming. today's hearing will examine the overall climate of credit in the world america, the health of ag lending for both the commercial bank and the farm credit system perspectives, and what the impact to corporate about is having on our nation's farmers. we will also examine whether the farm credit administration is exercising appropriate oversight of the farm credit system. farmers and ranchers all across the country are experiencing difficult economic conditions as farm sector profitability is forecast to decline for the third straight year. over the past three years alone, net farm income is expected to decline by 56%. as our nation's farmers and rural communities continue to deal with low commodity prices and elevated input costs, access

agriculture. when congress enacted the federal farm loan act in 1916, credit was not always available and affordable in some rural areas. many lenders avoided farm loans due to the inherent production and price risk of agriculture. the foundation of the farm credit system is its cooperative structure. agriculture has changed in many ways and will continue to change, but the guiding principles of the cooperative model continue to stand the test of time. member ownership and gore nance are a key ingreed end of the system's -- inbleed -- ingredient of the system's success. due in no small part to the actions of this committee. during the agricultural credit crisis of the 1980s, congress made some very important changes to the system that gave it the opportunity to emerge stronger and better able to serve rural america and meet its mission. a as you well know, farm income is projected to decline for the third consecutive year. virtually all sectors of commodity prices are lower than anytime in the pas

agriculture. he noted the past three years the agricultural economy has been weakened due to improving crop yields and lower demand because of global conditions. the senate agriculture committee held this hearing last week. >> i call this hearing of the senate committee on agriculture, nutrition and forestry to order. thank you all for coming. today's hearing will examine the overall climate of krit acredit rural america, the help of a.g. lending with the farm credit system perspectives and what the impact the current credit environment is having on our nation's farmers. we will also examine whether the farm credit administration is exercising appropriate oversight of the farm credit system. farmers and ranchers all across the country are experiencing difficult economic conditions as the farm sect or profitability s forecast to decline for the third straight year. over the past three years alone, net farm income is expected to decline by 56%. as our nation's farmers and rural communities continue

agriculture. when congress enacted the farm on act in 1916 credit was not always available and affordable in some rural areas. many lenders avoided pharmaceutically inherent production and price risk of agriculture. the foundation of the farm credit system is a corporate structure. agriculture is change many ways and will continue to change that the guiding principles of the cooperative model continue to stand the test of time. member ownership and governance are key ingredients of the system's success. as chairman scrivener ported the farm credit system is safe and sound. the system today is due in no small part to the actions of this committee. during agriculture credit crisis of the 1980s commerce made very important changes to the farm credit system that gave us the opportunity to emerge stronger and better pull the server america and its mission. as you well know farming comes comes -- is projected to climb virtually all sectors of commodity prices are lower than anytime in the past five year

so, because you're working with agriculture -- and i know that afghanistan is 80% agricultural -- and just because of all the wars and war problems in your country, you have a long way to go. >> and agriculture is the solution. >> mm-hmm. >> without investing in agriculture, we'll not be able to have long-term stability. like you said, agriculture is the backbone of our economy. 80% is engaged in agriculture, so that's the only way to go ahead with. traditionally, in the past, for centuries, we have been involved with agriculture. and used to be, in the 1970s, we were exporting 70% of the world's raisin. so we have that potential. we need to look at it, how we can get to that target we were producing back then. >> i want to come back to agriculture, but i know that we have some connections in common. you went to cal state, east bay, and you were there when a man named dr. "mo" qayoumi was the president of cal state, east bay. he went to san jose state, and now he is the [laughing] chief advisor to president ghani. so you are now working with the man who was the president of the colleg

we always have a self declared secretaries agriculture wanting to change something. crop insurance is usually a target. each one of you and everyone of your organizations has a point to that with a megaphone and the value of crop insurance today means whether you make it or not. especially with all of the climate change that we are experiencing. let let me just ask all of you, i note somewhat different of opinion with regards to what the farm credit system has as its disposal as opposed to what our community banks have, more especially dodd frank. which that was not supposed to touch you. it was the big banks. obviously i don't know whether it's a test, massage or what it is. it's not good. if, especially the three folks that are representing our community banks, if there is one piece of legislation that could address your concerns and that would probably fall to the finance committee having to be on the finance committee. what would that be? let me serve the mr. barker. >> i know that you want a whole series of thing, but what is the one thing that we could do to ma

andher critical storyline the environmental history of agriculture has been agricultural intensification. the growing, intensifying land-use to get more crops out of those lands. this coincides with the industrial revolution, which inated a real need for those europe and the united states to really concentrate on increasing food production to escape the that population would grow faster than a food production. there was the green revolution, where modern agriculture and genetic engineering was introduced to the developing world. today i want to talk about the 19th century and the fertilizer revolution. in a most general sense, a shift away from close to systems of fertility wasoil raised within the farms and various ways. and we will talk about that. a and openged to system where concentrated forms of soil fertility were imported into the farm. and brought out intensively, used nutrients off the farm, out of soils, and away from the land. this became an open system of nutrient cycling. term, i gote this this also from karl marx. i mean a breakft in the chain of nutrient cycling first on

we began this course talking about agriculture and the frontier the expansion of the agricultural frontier across the world. and the birth of the plantation complex in tropical regions. but another critical storyline of the last few hundred years has been agricultural intensification. the growing, getting more crops out of those. and this coincides with the industrial revolution. in thereated a real need europe and united states to really concentrate on food ,roduction to escape the trap this notion that population would grow faster than to production. we were talking about something called the green revolution. where a lot of modern industrial agriculture was spread to the rest of the developing world. but today, i want to talk about the 19th century. what i'm going to call the fertilizer revolution. and in the most general sense, a shift away from closed systems of agriculture, where fertility was raised in the farm. and we will talk about that. in whichn system forms of soil fertility were imported into the farm. they were mined and brought out to the farms, used intensively, and would

last year, 2015, agriculture grew 4%. that is very low. reporter both the collapse in : oil prices and mismanagement have hit the oil city of takoradi. it doesn't exactly look like a boomtown. many young people from thehe country's interior moved here, hoping for work. so-called oil schools offered expensive trtrning coursrses for workrk on oil platfoforms. they turned out to be dubious rip-p-offs. only a very few got jobs. >> our people seem to feel that the oil is taking the same trend as the gold. we've mined gold in the western region for over 180 yearars. bubut nothing is there to shsho. and so there is the fear in our people that the oil is also going to be the same story as that of the gold. and it's t t a good one. reporter: at least takoradi's railway station is being renovated. it was supposed to be a showpiece for petrodollar investstment. seaweld engigineering, whihich supplies the oil industry, has done relatively well. founded in 2007, it now has branches in 13 countries. specialists for oil platforms are trained here. for in

runoff and community small and large have to then pay for that agricultural runoff both in terms of just quality of life in the waters that flow through their communities, but in very direct cause for having to treat that water to make it palatable. toledo, with the cyanobacteria coming from algae growth from agricultural runoff in a course des moines, the two places we have heard a lot about, but this true threat the country especially in the small poor, rural communities that are-- don't have the money to pay for that cleaning. so, i think this gets back to agricultural policies and in terms of how we cannot just put in less fertilizer on the field, we have a major opportunity for driving agricultural policies that improve soil health that allow us to not only hold onto those nutrients, use less of them, irrigate less because the soil will hold more water, we would-- reduce flooding and on and on and on, but that is one of the ways we shift the cost and shift the action back upstream to the people that can control is of those downstream and those with wells in those communities ar

continuous use of the land has led to subsistence agriculture. and generation by generation, this has further degraded the soils. the vital question we have to ask is, can this destructive process be reversed? [indistinct announcements] 15 years ago, chinese nd international experts were confident it could be. they decided that to prevent further erosion, it was necessary to cease farming on certain key areas to allow the trees and shrubs to grow back. but this could not happen without the consent of the farmers themselves. >> [speaking chinese] >> they took some persuading. what eventually convinced the local people was the assurance that they would have tenure of their land, that they would directly benefit from the effort they invested in the new project. >> [speaking in chinese] the goal was to give a hat to the hilltops, give a belt to the hills, as well as shoes at the base. the hat meant that the top of these hills had to be replanted with trees. the belt meant that terraces had to be built to be used for crop planting, and also for trees.

we should strive to get a better agriculture.s is not the agricultural model that is used in the u.s., which is the large-scale industrial model. we should strive for other models. i don't think that ttip will be any improvement here. host: it has been suggested that ttip will replace european social market capitalism with something more like the.s. sino capalist mel, puttg corpations ithe drivs seat, grepeace said wh it leaked theocuments is there an element of truth to that? >> we don't think so. first of all, i wanted to say something on the agricultural market in the u.s. i don't think it is correct to say that it's only industrial agriculture, which the u.s. has. it has a huge market for small and medium-sized firms, and also organic farming. the organic firming market in the u.s. is bigger than our market. the criteria for organic firming is just as high as here. they are even stricter with the use of antibiotics in meat production. this painting of black and white, that is something we shouldn't do. the u.s. has higher sta

and garden products, often at concentrations that are far higher than those you will find in the agricultural sector. >> millions of pounds of these insecticides are usused in urban and suburban arereas. and in urn areas we're usuaually doing it o have the perfect rose or the nicest rhododendron or a lawn without any insect pests in it. >> manufacturers argue the pest-fighting power of neonics is indispensable to american agriculture. without neonics, consumers would pay higher prices for f food, farm exportss woulde e lessompepetive, anan the u.sececonomy woululd suffer. >> in the 1940s, we had the organochlorine insecticides, such as ddt and endosulfan, and initially these pesticides were viewed as a miracle chemistry. >> we startedd using more and momore of these asas industrial agriculture t took hohold in the fifties, sixties, and, really, this is what rachel carson talked about in "silent spring." using all these insecticides was really leading to what she felt was a collapse of biodiversity. were killing the underpinnin of, uh, of thehe food chain.n. >> by the 10s0s, regulatorsrs we ru

membersple audience inquired about water in the agricultural sector. how can we incentivize water conservation's, soil health and areff reduction and what possible policy options? >> sometimes i think we have to get out of the way. some fairly well-publicized examples. there is a great line that says they are working with ranchers, crops as amulti--- way to feed their cattle they are reasoning -- raising. there is nothing fancy about these guys. one of them sad and pardon me if this is offensive, one of them said "if i had done about this years ago, i would have 12 kids by now. if i had so much time on my hands. because it is so much easier and cheaper to do it that way. " you pierce similar things from commodity crop growers trying waysays and sometimes old to multi-species recover crops that renew the soil and they reduce their overhead and capital costs. it can be self driving, but right now the policies that come out from the department of agriculture and those that advise farmers are going in a different direction. stop that. there is a lot of mon

for example, agriculture payments.hat's something that scottish ministers, again, would be in charge of. and on agriculture, recently the snp, government have fallen victim to how complicated agricultural payments are in scotland. they could, say, the eu, construct their own way, a simpler method of agriculture subsidies if they choose. that's a matter for scottish ministers and i think it should be. >> grateful. you're sticking on the financial issue and the leaf case claimed that it's something like 350 million pounds per week that contributed to eu which makes scotland share some 1.5 billion. this failed to take into account the uk rebate. there's a model i saw at the bbc before we left to come to this committee. the support for the private sector. this figure significantly diminishes. i mean, just how realistic is this as a figure in do you accept that there is money that comes back to the uk which, therefore, comes back to scotland and all the rebate supported by the sector and support of the treasury? >> i absolu

>> if you want to advance agriculture, i mean look at what we did in this country. the university system is what built our agriculture into a powerhouse originally. >> historically, african agriculture was considered to be something that peasants did, therefore did not require training. >> woodruff: back in illinois, we see yet another aspect of the farmer-philanthropist: auxiliary deputy sheriff howard buffett. for the past four years he's volunteered for a job it's safe to say few other foundation heads have held. >> the one thing that i've gotten out of being an auxiliary sheriff, deputy sheriff, is seeing a whole underside of this country that i had no idea existed. i mean the poverty, the domestic abuse, the substance abuse, the attitude of people about a lot of things. i mean i've been-- it's hard to surprise me, but i've been surprised at some of the things i've experienced and seen as a deputy sheriff. >> howard buffett is probably more prepared than a lot of other, younger deputies coming on. >> woodruff: macon county sheriff tom schneider sings his praises

we remain concerned, however, with one area of the agricultural credit market. the farm credit system. over the years, the farm credit system has veered away from its intended mission and now represents an unwarranted risk to taxpayers. as a government sponsored enterprise, it represents a risk to taxpayers in the same way fannie mae and freddie mac do. the farm credit system was founded in 1916 to ensure that young, beginning and small farmers and ranchers had access to credit. however, that is not as focused today. the farm credit system has grown into an enormous $304 billion system offering complex financial services. to put this into hperspective, f the farm credit system were bank, it would be the ninth largest bank in the united states and it is larger than 99.9% of the banks in this country. the farm credit system benefits from significant tax breaks valued at $1.3 billion in 2015, giving it a significant edge over private sector competitors. moreover, the farm credit system enjoys government backing formalized by the creation of the $10 billion line of

barker, you've got a small-scale community bank with a portfolio of 35% agricultural loans. could you talk about what you greatest challenge is today in terms of looking at the outlook for your agricultural borrower's? >> as far as our borrowers, our biggest challenge is the cash flow coming in. we are in times where the most of our borrowers have equity to survive a year or two year going forward, this equity is being used up with the low prices, with production roughly 1 dollar below cost. they are sales price for both corn and beans. it doesn't take long to fit any size at all to get used up in the equity. we are going to need the farm credit, the rural development loans guarantees. we would ask the senate to really beef that up, the program, because we really will need those guarantees going forward to keep them in business, and patients is virtue in this thing. many examiners were not around in the '80s when we went through this crisis before. they are young and they are being told that this is maybe a panic situation, and patients will be a virtue in dealing with all o

as well as agriculture. we understand why. if that means they public spending increase in england, the with the related public increase. it is in nobody's interest. i totally understand the political dynamic that it's in no one's interest in the westminster or it will become a spending what are the fact that with the extra money available as a question of how the extra money would be divvied up. up. >> we haven't open the question. i think the case and the debate about the european referendum can be characterized around trade, sovereignty and integration but increasingly about integration. do you recognize in the least campaign tha that scotland's immigration or specifically different from the rest of united kingdom? the issues that we have is possibly integration and sluggish publishing growth speak with yes, absolutely recognize that different reality. was interest of listening to scottish mp on questions to three weeks ago and it defends of eu membership, he said we have still gaps in the scottish economy

the media lab is pioneering research in biology, agriculture, urban living and more. m.i.t.s at the heart of some of the most cutting edge in robotics with companies like boston dynamics and irobot. this lab has strong corporate relationships with ties to apple, google, samsung and boeing. the japanese carmaker putting $25 million into a center for research on self driving cars. here to help us chart this journey and take us to the front lines, the director of the computer science and artificial intelligence lab. thank you for joining us. how did boston become the place where robotics would explode? john: i think there's something special in the air at m.i.t.. we work across boundaries and work together to create systems to combine the best of multi-disciplines. a robot is one of the best embodiments of that. emily: you have said robots will pervade our lives. how so mark in five years, how will my life be different? daniella: it is true my dream is for everyone to use a robotlike everyone uses a smart phone today. to get to this point, we are making huge strides in making r

department of agriculture. the fact is the f.d.a. is responsible for the safety of most, about 80% to 90% of all u.s. domestic and imported foods, and it has years of successful expertise in the unique area of seafood safety. so the f.d.a. system has worked for both domestic and imported seafood, and it has done so for years. so let's talk about how we got to this point. before 2008, the f.d.a. was responsible for inspecting all foreign and domestic fish products. while the usda, the department of agriculture, the food and drug administration responsible for inspecting all foreign and domestic fish products, the department of agriculture inspected livestock such as beef, pork and poultry. however, a provision was added to the 2008 farm bill that transferred the inspection of catfish. not all seafood, not all imported seafood, just catfish to the united states department of agriculture, requiring that agency to set up a new separate program to inspect just catfish alone. again, inspection of all other noncatfish seafood remained at th

the metz fire is in the southeast in a agricultural area. it appears they are making headway. the fire is now about 20% contained. no structures or homes have burned. >>> we heard this before. the trial in sierra lamar's murder case could begin later today. kris sanchez is at the courthouse. are there any possible hold-ups? >> unfortunately there is a possible hold-up because one of the defense attorneys is still going to try on another case and thus it could delay this particular case. torres now 25 years 0 old is charged with kidnapping and killing 15-year-old sierra lamar in 2012. you heard countless times she left home heading to school and never made it to the bus stop. his lawyers asked to submit more evidence for testing and there is that chance today's much-anticipated start could be delayed again because the one defense attorney is on another case. it has been four years since the 15-year-old disappeared. her body has never been found. this at this point is a capital murder trial for torres. he could pay with life if found guilty. >>> 4:33. three people in jail. one w

northeast philadelphia isn't known for its agriculture, it is not a hot bed for cattle will or live stock but that doesn't mean it can't be. fox chase elementary school is hoping to change future for some of their students by involving plant life, and animals, in the curriculum. the school has teamed up with nearby fox chase farm to get the kid on the path towards agriculture earlier in life. principal rob says it began when fox chase farms came to the school for hand on lessons. he noticed how engage the students were and they decided to add tonight to their every day teachings two days a week, groups of students will utilize the farm and hope is that the kid will grow an early understanding and love for science and potentially use what they have learned toward a career in agriculture based business. >> a lot of activity, project based learning and it is marketable, our neighborhood loves it, the kids love it, parents love it, so it is our niche. >> they have their notebooks, clip board and they usually have have some sort of a questionnaire or a scavenger hunt or some type of activity l

if you have any type of experience in agriculture that you've been doing, it's an easy transfer over, you're still growing a plant. that speaks volumes. if you can show that what you're bringing to the table team-wise is a qualified team, because in the end it's about the team and what the team can do and how the team can lead the business. if your team is a vetted team that has experience relevant to what you're trying to do, it's helpful. >> is this a political game too? >> for sure. it's going to be regulated city by city, town by town. everything will be different. being friendly with your local government will always help. regardless if they're friendly or not friendly, states or companies in that are friendly with their governments will get a heads up on what's going to happen. >> it is illegal, federally speaking. how does the federal government play into all this in terms of potential bank loans or even just banking your profits? >> that's the biggest problem. the federal government has taken a hands-off approach, letting states act on a state by state basis. because they're s

the media lab is pioneering research in biology, agriculture, urban living and more.

founded in 1964 we are family agriculture founded in 1964 where family agriculture business that grows markets and distributes fresh produce. our products and our crops include a variety of vegetables, potatoes melons, apples, pairs and more. in addition to my day job i'm chairman elect for the produce marketing association which is the largest trade association representing companies that market fresh fruits and vegetables. pma represents more than 2700 member companies and 44700 member companies in 45 countries. in the united states are member from growing and processing and wholesaling and retail food servers handle more than 90% of the fresh produce sold to consumers. my testimony today comes from the perspective of the grower. dealing with food race is a complex issue that requires a solution for press fresh produce ghost waste we lose the fruits and vegetables as well as inputs, labor, energy and fertilizer. if the product has been harvest as we lose it even more. our first preference is that fresh produce reaches its highest and best use. at l and m we employ a range of options

i'm fortunate enough to serve on the agriculture appropriations subcommittee. we've been looking for ways to work with them on funding areas that could make a difference in solving this problem. and also work on some of the same things with the fda. there's certainly no single way to go about solving this prosh. and i know as we dig deeper into this today and we hear from the wonderful panel you've chosen you'll start to hear that it's something we have to face on all fronts, from helping consumers to understand differently, giving opportunities to farmers who want to make sure food gets into the right hands and helping retailers in particular and restaurant owners to reduce that waste or to make sure it goes places we want. in my own state we have a supermarket chain that is also committed to zero food waste, which makes sure everything gets sold in the store that possibly can, even if some of it looks a little ugly or misshapen. then making sure it gets to food banks and places where people are in need. and footbally making sure that food can tha can't go any

when you send your beautiful agriculture, the best in the world, you send your agricultural product inat happens? 38% tax, right? we're not going to do this stuff anymore, folks. we're not going to play the games anymore. liz: governor, china and canada and mexico are the top three out of five, the top four out of five trade partners to nebraska. they take so much of your agricultural business. what would happen if he puts tariffs on any one of those nations? >> well, let me just say i've been to china several times, japan and other countries, and generally trade deals have been good for agricultural states because we ship more food all over the world. it's been not so good for manufacturing states and manufacturing industries. so i understand that. and i'm not quite sure where donald got all his facts, because we continue to export a lot of nebraska beef over to japan -- liz: well, but that's -- may i jump in? does that not disconcert you when you're saying i don't know where he got his facts? we found it in two seconds. >> well, yeah, it is a concerning factor, and it's one of those

this hearing on the committee of agriculture, food waste from the field to the table come to order. i have asked david scott to open us with a prayer. david. >> dear heavenly father, we come before you to first of all give thanks. we thank you for so many blessings you bestow upon us. blessings sometimes we do not even know. we thank you for your holy spirit that intercedes for us on your behalf. we thank you, dear heavenly father, for this hearing. what could be more important than the food that we get on the table for needy people? and in this case, howeveavenly father, as we discuss the issue of food waste, we hope that you will plant within this committee our resolve to do as much as we can to eliminate the food waste, to help our farmers be able to have the labor to get food out of the fields and into the hands and at the tables of those people who need it most. dear father, we ask this in your name and the name of your son, jesus christ, amen. >> thank you, david. well, good morning. since i became chairman of the house of agriculture last year, we have held 70 meetings and in

i amery distbed by t fact that our current agricultural system, federally funded most of it, creates problems that we see right now, the fact that corn and soybeans are so heavily subsidized that it is the basis of much of the unhealthy food that you find, especially in the portland -- communities around the country. -- in the poorer communities ♪round the country. >> hiperlan -- hi! >> [children singing] ♪ >> this place is so, so very special to me, and even more special when there is lots of beautiful children. i saw you before you all sat down so orderly, and i noticed you were all playing. that is exactly why wanted to make sure there were something like this in this neighborhood. this was a doubt. and if it had not been for my big dog, about 80 pounds, who pulled me into this place. i was afraid to come in, but i had a big dog. and i realized, this is our ♪aterfront. the question was, how did it feel, i guess, for me when families started to come and spend time in this park, it made me feel really good. there were not many places like this before. we were considered a place wher

we forgot about agriculture. it has been growing at 1% for the past six years.s is a problem as well as a concern. 70% of our poor living in the agriculture area. >> what can be done to help farmers and agricultural development. >> one is farm to market roads, giving better access for farmers to their markets. use 30% to 40% of farmers the transit for their produce. they need to diversify their incomes, grow better crops, improving disease. if a farmer is growing rice, milking an grow some cattle. >> is the economy diversified enough? there seems to be an overreliance on remittances. many tack doris need to be looked at as well. >> it means manufacturing. manufacturing would provide more jobs and better quality jobs, and it will also diversify the source of of our inco. >> there is a lack of clarity in terms of duterte's economic team. what have you heard and what are you expecting? >> we don't know who will be there yet. we will know in a matter of weeks. >> what are you hope to go see though? >> i am sorry? >> what are you hope to go see for his economics team

but in new york city, another hub for urban agriculture, transforming the south bronx into a place where are filling with the sounds of environmental justice, green collar jobs, and sustainability. >> i find it fasnating tt during world war ii, 40% of american food production was actually grown in victory gardens. people were growing it in their window boxes, for yards, in pots on their fire escapes. 40% of food production. that is how we ate. i am very disturbed by the fact that our current agricultural system, federally funded most of it, creates the kind of problems that we see right now, the fact that corn and soybeans are so heavily subsidized that it is the basis of much of the unhealthy food that you find, especially in the portland -- communities around the country. -- in the poorer communities ♪round the country. >> hiperlan -- hi! >> [children singing] ♪ >> this place is so, so very special to me, and even more special when there is lots of beautiful children. i saw you before you all sat down so orderly, and i noticed you were all playing. that is exactly why wanted to make su

we're talking about a much higher percentage by the department of agriculture. so i hope that those in the u.s. senate who are trying to remove this important safeguard just two months into the program being enforced and on the tails of it paying off and preventing adult rated -- adulterateed catfish from being in the commerce. in the 2008 and 2014 farm bills that were delayed for a while, start-up costs just started last year, and again those costs that are mentioned in the general accounting office are just not pertinent to what is happening today. i want to say one other thing. farm bills are developed through five years of thoughtful discussions and also negotiations. when a farm bill is passed, any producer of any product or any animal product expects almost as if it is a contract that they can depend on it. so if you have a burgeoning industry of domestic catfish, you want to make dog gone sure that they're safe and we have no imports that represent a health hazard. that's exactly what's happened as of this particular instance. so this is the kind of thing