so when we think about alan turing, typically that the stories are about alan turing, the lone genius, the tortured genius, the person who suffered this awful persecution by british state. but his work was very much done in an entire factory that i described to you some some weeks ago of data analysis at large, using large infrastructures for purpose of attempting to win war. this approach to thinking about data did not disappear, but it wasn't known as ai at all. in fact, it was something very different. now the ai of our current moment emerges from a long lineage of their and has a bunch of components. only of which i'm going to be able to talk to you today. so the a.i. of of the past half decade, it it very much emerges from a data centric approach. and it it's enabled by relatively weak, proper privacy and property protections. we've talking about this. it's to an organization of research to labor and it's undergird it by massive computing capacity. you need all of these ingredients to understand the emergence of ai in our terms and the roots of that are very much in this world wa

so this is alan turing. alan turing, among many other things, helped to win war against the nazis by breaking their code machine called the enigma machine. he was also the inventor of a.i. of how we think about ai, and he developed thing called the turing test, the test was designed to basically assess whether a computer could fool a human being into thinking that it was also a human being. and this was supposed to be sign of artificial intelligence. and so for the past few decades, people have been fixated with this of a.i. and a.i. has gone through many periods of excitement and many periods of disillusionment. but we're now at this very key moment where. a.i. is taking center stage. so what is the relationship between a.i. blockchain and these other technologies? well, it turns out at every single layer of the of the a.i. industry, there is an opportunity to make things better by integrating these technologies. so the first is hardware. so right now all these models are being run on in video chips, which

that was done using a different machine, called the bomb, co—designed by alan turing.understand messages being sent between hitler and his generals, and those messages were using a different secret code, called lorenz. it was more sophisticated than enigma, which had been used to disguise lower—level messages, sent amongst members of the german armed forces. well, that's the encrypted message. in order to read that message, you need to find out the starting position of all 12 wheels that the operator set the lorenz machine to. you have to look for patterns. these are the starting position of the wheels you're working on. that point, you can take the message and put it onto a machine and that will decode it. the genesis of computing in the modern world could be attributed back to what was going on at bletchley park. we've been given rare access to the cheltenham headquarters of gchq — the uk's intelligence security and cyber agency. today, it's releasing previously unseen photographs, as well as documents and letters about colossus. in 19114, the material that we were g

. >> and of course, it didn't relate to paedophilia, but famously, alan turing , you know, famously,rk code breaker who was chemically castrated in the 1950s because he took that as to avoid imprisonment. um because in those days it was a criminal offence to be a homosexual . the offence to be a homosexual. the fact is, it absolutely ruined his life. i mean, not just in terms of the social stigma at the time that was attached to that, but, you know , he took his that, but, you know, he took his life and in part is because of the said the coroner the doctors said the coroner said because of the chemical castration. but what i'm saying to you is there will be miscarriages of justice. is this really where we want to go as a civilised society, taking that kind sanctioned medical intervention? >> what i would say to this is, um, there are a number of people in our society. they're not part of a civilised society. they are disgusting , despicable human disgusting, despicable human beings . and they lock them up to beings. and they lock them up to think that they are, that they can browse t

of course, their focus is on alan turing. but there were a huge amount of women working there day and night doing this. now we will come to mr. churchill's special operations suite.ive for war heroes of the and that book came out a number of ago. soay have to go to ebay to pick it up. the first lady here onleft is violet, and i'm going to mispronounce ball, i believe she was courageous beyond b and she got picked up early in occupied fra now i sayrly in occupied france? she asked, a boreder cub size aircraft in the middle of the night fly over the channel and get into a darkened field somewhere in france, hoping to god that her contacts are down there to greet her and not the gestapo. the ss. i mean, that's incredibly in and of itself. and then she's a courier. she's radio transmitter, and they catch her. here's why i've included her for d-day. she never. just absolutely incredibly courageous. she never gave away any of the secrets of the so agents and. operatives in occupied france. so the gestapo and the sick or einsteins a

and what i would like to say what would it look like if hollywood did it in there focusesal on alan turing. there weree a huge amount of women working there day and night doing this. now we will come to mr. churchill special operations forhe heroes of the soe. in that book came out a number of years ago so you may to go to e-bay to pick it up. tht lady here on your left bialek and i'm going to nounce it sazbal i believe. she was courageous beyond belief. and she got picked up early in occupied fra tting picked up early in occupied france she has the board a piper cu sized aircraft in the middle of the night high over f the channel and get dropd into a darkened field somewhere in france hoping to that her contacts are down there to greet her. that's incredibly brave in and ofof itself. and she is a courier and the radio transmitter and they catch her here's why i have included herford d-day. she never broke. justol absolutely incredibly courageous. she never gave away any of the secrets of the other agents or operatives in occupied france so the and the ss being who they were they executed

you just mentioned, one formative idea was the turing test or imitation game proposed by alan turing in 1950, in which a computer is considered intelligent. if it can fool a person into thinking is a human being. the rationale is that if people are intelligent and a computer can act like a person, then it must be intelligent to notice that this is an objective definition of intelligent behavior, but essentially says that intelligence is in the eye the beholder. this idea that i should attempt to imitate how people express themselves in language has resurfaced more recently with generative a.i. a remarkable thing about turing test that is often overlooked is that it essentially equates with the ability to tell convincing lie. the goal is for the machine to deceive and this again anticipates current ai's tendency to produce made up results that merely look plausible. so-called hallucinations. but this is only to be expected if the standard for intelligence is imitation, rather than authenticity or accuracy or accountability. in the 1960s, the intelligence of asis atoms was often measur

that was done using a different machine, called the bomb, co—designed by alan turing.nd his generals, and those messages were using a different secret code, called lorenz. it was more sophisticated than enigma, which had been used to disguise lower—level messages, sent amongst members of the german armed forces. well, that's the encrypted message. in order to read that message, you need to find out the starting position of all 12 wheels that the operator sent the lorenz machine to. you have to look for patterns. these are the starting position of the wheels you're working on. that point, you can take the message and put it onto a machine and that will decode it. the genesis of computing in the modern world could be attributed back to what was going on at bletchley park. we've been given rare access to the cheltenham headquarters of gchq — the uk's intelligence security and cyber agency. today, it's releasing previously unseen photographs, as well as documents and letters about colossus. in 19114, the material that we were getting off this cipher was gold dust. you know