grassroots approaches, actually northeast of brazil and worked closely with a mentor that followed albert hersberg that looked at local people and communities. i worked over ten years in a career with grassroots involvement. i know that many of you go to developing countries and many have nonprofits and are involved in faith-based work or have your own institutions that are leading or running, and i think one of the challenges that we face is how to take some of the local initiatives and the grassroots approaches and really scale them up. i think that there's an urgency to do that scaling up for many reasons. we know governments often have a hard time with equity questions. i work extensively on looking at intkeupblg tphus countries, and these are the areas that are often most difficult to target. i think one of the goals should always be to try to support one of the goals. so that's one of the things that i have been struggling with in my career. i made a transition from grassroots approaches to more international approaches and looking at approaches that can be taken on by governments and taken