alexander graham bell's original patents expired around the turn of the century. two or three telephone systems, so callers needed two or three phones to be sure of being able to call around town. competition meant lower prices and lower profits. and bell fought back. it slashed rates to undercut some competitors and bought others out. others were cut off from equipment or from the long distance network, which bell controlled and which only bell could afford. wounded independents began asking the government to take bell to cot der titrt laws the way it had standard oil. then in 1914 at&t president theodore vail sent at&t vice president nathan c. kingsbury to washington. he set up a deal that would create what vail called "a natural monopoly." we asked picard wagner of at&t what was in the kingsbury commitment. the key part of it, of course, was the commitment to refrain from buying up any more independent telephone companies, that it would provide long distance connections to the independent, which means the non-bell companies, which then existed. mr. wagner, what