and those were alexander hamilton's words. our keynote speaker joanne freeman. [ applause ] >> thank you very much for that very gracious introduction. i have to say i'm really pleased and honored to be here speaking to you today. particularly at the end of what was an event-filled weekend celebrating and commemorating alexander hamilton's life and accomplishments, and particularly to be speaking here at trinity church, where hamilton was laid to rest 210 years ago today. now, my subject today is alexander hamilton as a man of honor. and i suppose rather perversely i'm going to start by telling you what i'm not going to be talking about today before i launch on what i am going to be talking about. i'm not going to be talking about what an honorable man hamilton was, although he certainly was ab honorable man. but instead i want to talk about what honor as i it was understood in the 18th century meant to him in a concrete way and how it shaped his thoughts and actions overthe course of his life. and i want do it in three parts.

how many of you have read all 27 volumes of the papers of alexander hamilton, and several times? joanne started early reading them as a teenager. her extensive research took her to the hamilton grange in scotland as well as to st. croix. she immersed herself in the culture by living there for several weeks. she has so much experienced hamilton that she went and fired a black powder dueling pistol. she did this at a gun range. calling it "oddly satisfying, not much of a kick, but a nice full pop and dramatic puff of smoke soon after." we have an historian tried to capture the mood and moment of what it was like several hundred years ago. her phd work was done at the university of virginia, of all places. a hamiltonian in jefferson country, that is immersing yourself in a different culture. joanne pulled that trigger in research for her book, "affairs of honor," which won the best book award from the society of historians of the early american republic. it also received high praise from peers and was called a landmark work. "atlantic monthly" ranked it as one of the best books of th

i ask you about alexander hamilton's fiscal policy and there are crickets in here.but i ask what 90 proof is and half the class knows the answer to that, 45% alcohol. so, per capita, that's also a term, what does per capita mean? yeah. >> per person. >> okay. so in the u.s. population, if we say per capita, that includes women and children including newborn infants. so we're taking the whole quantity of alcohol apparently consumed in 1790 and dividing it by the total population and we get 3.5 gallons per person. now, i think we can conclude that men were drinking most of this, were drinking more than the infants. and were probably drinking much more than the women were. so, we can assume that men's consumption was probably on the order of 16 gallons per year of the equivalent of the 90 proof alcohol. now, that is higher than it was previously during the colonial era, and yet it will go up. you see, by 1830, it's up to 4 gallons per capita in u.s. so, this is a period of peak consumption of alcohol in american history. now, you're wondering how you measure up. well,

of course, alexander hamilton. it's my pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker, joanne freeman. [ applause ] >> thank you. thank you very much for that very gracious introduction. i have to say i'm really pleased and honored to be here speaking to you today particularly at the end of what was an event-filled weekend celebrating and commemorating alexander hamilton's life and accomplishments and to be speaking here at the church where hamilton was raid to rest 210 years ago today. now my subject today is alexander hamilton as a man of honor. and i suppose rather i'm going to start by telling you what i'm not going to be talking about today before i launch off on what i am going to be talking about. i'm not going to be talking about what an honorable man hamilton was, although he certainly was an honorable man. but instead what i want to talk about is what honor as it was understood in the 18th century meant to hamilton in a concrete way and how it shaped his thoughts and actions over the course of his life. and i

doug hamilton back their representatives ancestor alexander hamilton in the society. there is only one hamilton, right? [inaudible] there was a backup plan on the older ones. >> i think the episcopal church has an arrangement like that with bishops, too. a hereditary society. it has been going on for all of this time. it was considered a really, really dangerous thing by certain people after the war. of course, thomas jefferson was really fearful of the society of cincinnati. he was fearful of any organization -- she did not like the military -- but he was fearful of any organization that seem to be elitist and that he thought might become an instrument which would undermine the liberties of the american people. cincinnatus, of course, was this great roman general. we remember him because he was at that point in history the only one who having put together this big army and oneness major campaign left it and went home and became a farmer again. of course, washington is often considered to be like cincinnatus. lot of parallels made to cincinnatus, more than to fabius. b

hampton, represents his an zest store alexander hamilton in the society of cincinnati. hamilton, right? >> so it's kind of like a backup plan when the older one back fired? >> i think the episcopal church has a societity like that. it was considered a dangerous thing by certain people after the war. of course, thomas jefferson was really fearful of the society of cincinnati. he was fearful of any organization and he didn't like the military but he was fearful of any organization that seemed to him to be elitist and he thought become an instrument which would undermine the liberties of the american people. this was a great roman and we remember him because at that point in history he was the only one having put together this big army and won this major campaign, left it and went home and became a farmer again. and, of course, washington is often considered to be like that. a lot of parallels made. he probably could have taken svfr country. i think the army loved him. he was off limited politically. one of the reasontion that hamilton was hammered so much during the washin

in an attempt to try to ensure that the nation that the experiment continued, what alexander hamilton believed is if the federal government purchased the debt, it would help the federal government and also help the states by relieving them of their debts. but it would also make sure that people outside of the government would have a stake in the government. part of the way he managed alexander hamilton managed to not ensure but devised a plan he would be able to get support from many of the people he believed were necessary to keep the nation alive, to keep it going, what he devised was a plan in which the currency would be paid back in its full credit. the value of much of the -- if you were a merchant or trader, you could go out and buy this currency for cheap. for pennies on the dollar. that's how much it was worth at this time. when alexander hamilton implemented his new policy that would have the states sell back their debt to the federal government, we see much of the currency increased in value tremendously. if you were smart enough to purchase this currency at a low rate to pe

part of the way he managed to, alexander hamilton managed to not ensure, but devise a plan he would beet support, to keep it going, a plan in which the currency would be paid back in its full credit. you were a merchant or trader, you could go out and buy this currency for cheap. for pennies on the dollar. that's how much it was worth at this time. when alexander hamilton implemented his new policy that when he created the policy that would have the states sell back their debt to the federal government, what we see is that much of the currency increased in value tremendously..oben-++;r if you were smart enough to purchase this currency at a low rate to pennies on the dollar and the federal government was going to turn around and give you full face value for it, it meant an increase in what you were going to get. if you bought it for 30 cents and now you were going to get a made 70 cents on that purchase. what we see is that many of the people with money who were necessary to help fund the government would buy in, hamilton believed. he expected the creation of a new national debt would

he looks in particular at the advice passed on by alexander hamilton and john adams. not only to their political colleagues, but to their own families, and why that advice was so valued in developing the emerging american identity. the fraunces tavern museum hosted this event. it's about an hour. >> it's a delight to be with you again. i love this place. even though we are not technically in fraunces tavern. it's so much a part of where we are, so many incredible things happened. if you know the story of the american revolution, you realize that this is where general washington said good-bye to some of his principal senior officers. he realized this was the place exactly a week before colonel burr and general hamilton faced one another in a duel and they sat next to one another. can you imagine, with all of this impending. burr was somewhat sullen. hamilton was animated, apparently, quite animated, and he was induced to sing his favorite song here. an old marshal song called the drum. which is a fascinating song. i love the way it ends. it's with hamilton really singi

and perhaps he for the first time in 100 years some document of state signed by john adams, alexander hamilton, or one of the many other great patriots who figured in the establishment of our liberty. the tender care with which these men handle the documents shows how extremely fragile many of these old papers are. it is often necessary to employ humidifying processes. before further treatment is possible. after which under carefully controlled heat and pressure the , papers are smoothed and is made more vivid and easier to read. this is known as the ironing process. it's necessary for the flat filing of records. it is important work of reconditioning state documents. are in a dangerously poor state of preservation and it goes on behind the scenes. everyone who uses the archives sees the results of meticulous care. papers are being bound in their individual jackets so that they may be examined and studied closely without fear of injury. it improves the legibility of the original. the acetate is completely transparent. they are placed on the specially designed presses. under thousands of pounds

alexander hamilton, then secretary of the treasury, he was a new yorker. the northern states wanted the the debt,sumption of meaning during the revolutionary war, the northern states had run up a great deal of debt while the southern states had not. the southern states wanted none of this. they wanted individual states to pay off their debt. the southern states wanted the capital closer to where we are today. in a grand compromise, thomas jefferson, alexander hamilton, and james madison of virginia, decided to package these two decisions into a grand compromise, so the united states government assumes the dead of the states from the revolutionary war, and the capital would be closer to the place that the southern states wanted, and this compromise was a very important point in the early history of our country and helped solidify the country and helped solidify democracy. , in fact,stitution had talked about a federal as aict that would serve home for the capital, and washington, d.c., is the only city in the country, the only created bye country the consti

and american history professor joanne friedman discusses how the concept of honor affected alexander hamilton throughout his life. she maintains that his desire was so strong that it led

i felt somehow for many years that george washington and alexander hamilton just left me out by mistake. but through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision, i have finally been included in we, the people. did i am an inquisitor. and i probably would not be fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that i feel right now. my faith in the constitution is whole. it is complete. it is total. and i am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction of the constitution. who can so properly be the inquisitor for the nation as the representatives of the nation themselves? the subjects of its jurisdiction are those offenses which proceed from the misconduct of public men, and that's what we're talking about. in other words, from the abuse or violation of some public trust. it is wrong, i suggest, it is a misreading of the constitution, for any member here to assert that for a member to vote for an article of impeachment means that that member must be convinced that the president should be removed from office. the consti

that's followed by the life of alexander hamilton and his idea of honor in politics. next book tv talks about bruce hershonsohn. professorgtkw#l provided his take. he sat down with us at pepperdi pepperdine, in malibu, california. it's about 45 minutes. >> joining us is bruce hershonsohn. how long have you taught here, and what do you teach? >> i teach u.s. foreign policy, and started teaching here in the beginning of 1998. really when the school of public policy opened up for students. before that, i sort of had an affiliation with pepperdine since the mid -- early 1970s. >> what kind of affiliation? >> i think you know i used to work for president nixon. when you get a request to go to a college to give a speech or something, i always got the straw that meant i'm going to go in his place, and of course the college was never very delighted to see me, but too bad. so most of the colleges in those days, it was rough going. i felt i succeeded if i was still alive after the -- this was vietnam and all of that. so i remember sittings in a rental car, my hands on the steer

and quite by accident, i game a scholar performer of john adams and thep later alexander hamilton. yes, i wear a wig and tights. an unusual thing to do, but it's a great, great medium and you can get people who hate history, really involved in whatever you might sacrifice in terms of accuracy, you more than make up for in terms of audience participation and involvement. i've been to prisons and schools that feel like prisons. and it's incredible. it's just amazing how excited people get when they actually have a chance to talk to a founding, the founding member of this country. but that's not why i'm here tonight. you heard this jennifer's introduction, my wife janie and i are coming out with a book called founder's advice. secretary ben it e et did it a number of years ago, but it was different from what we're trying to do. i have a background as ayg?z historian, but i'm married to a woman who was in business. she was in washington d.c. working for a defense contractor and had the opportunity to go to seattle to work for a small start-up company that had not yet gone public. micro

it was alexander hamilton who described impeachable offenses as the abusive violation of some form ofhe called them elliptical offenses, because they relate chiefly to injuries done immediately to the society itself. no serious person can deny that team obama has abused and violated the public trust and the constitution. rocking us to our core from benghazi, fast and furious gunrunning, stimulus bust. greenies on our greenbacks. and the scandals. obamacare lies. v.a. let's type. the irs aims to repress conservative voice. the doj wiretaps reporters. violation's of our religious rights. and they are ignoring illegal in-house fundraising. the list of abuses goes on and on. not defending orders is dereliction of duty, violating the oath of office. if that is not impeachable, nothing is. and if he is not impeachable, no one is. [applause] and upon the world stage, i wish we had time to talk about some of these national security issues. so much is going on. so much to cover. we cannot even idd enemy in these overseas contingency operations. that would just be war. the definition of war to

then at 9:00, joanne free mann discusses alexander hamilton. that's followed by watson jeneson, teaching a class on political unrest and at 10:30 eastern, a classroom lecture on alcohol abuse with alan taylor. all tonight on american history tv in prime time. >>> tonight, c-span primetime brings you a debate on what makes america great. it's between retired professor and noted anti-vietnam war activist bill ayers and conservative author and filmmaker dinesh d'souza. here's a portion. >> started out as a revolutionary and, well, you started out a little bit, frankly in the bin laden mode. you tried to bomb the pentagon, the u.s. capitol. here's my question to you. you sounded totally different today. you talked about teaching. you talked about being an educator, socratic doubt and wonder. what happened to that old revolutionary? is he still alive or has he thrown in the towel? >> i think i still am a revolutionary. if by revolutionary you mean, if what you mean by revolutionary is having a fully worked out program by which we can kind of imagine

alexander hamilton knew how to finance industry. i would urge you to study this. you have opposed glass-steagall. we should have passed that instead of bailing out the banks. raised someu've good points. again, try to be concise. i apologize. these are great questions and i wish i could dive in and talk about it because that's what makes this job interesting. that is a recovery. as robust as it should be? absolutely not. for wall street, i voted against it. needed to dowe something. i just don't believe because it whentoo much at the banks they decided to take mortgages all over the country in slice and dice into little pieces and combine them and make them into estateo it takes real whereas before the bank used to lend you money and they would hold that mortgage and you would pay on it. for the life of the mortgage, you have the same lender because the bank held at. so long as you were paying, they were ok because they were getting good interest off of you. someone on wall street got clever. what if we took all of these mortgages and packaged them together and no

i ask you about alexander hamilton's fiscal policy and there are crickets in here. but i ask what 90 proof is and half the class knows the answer to that, 45% alcohol. so, per capita, that's also a term, what does per capita mean? yeah. >> per person. >> okay. so in the u.s. population, if we say per capita, that includes women and children including newborn infants. so we're taking the whole quantity of alcohol apparently consumed in 1790 and dividing it by the total population and we get 3.5 gallons per person. now, i think we can conclude that men were drinking most of this, were drinking more than the infants. and were probably drinking much more than the women were. so, we can assume that men's consumption was probably on the order of 16 gallons per year of the equivalent of the 90 proof alcohol. now, that is higher than it was previously during the colonial era, and yet it will go up. you see, by 1830, it's up to 4 gallons per capita in u.s. so, this is a period of peak consumption of alcohol in american history. now, you're wondering how you measure up. well,

alexander hamilton. when they came here.audible conversations] [inaudible conversations] neil: any celebrity legal or otherwise. all right. i mean, these numbers include legal immigrants. the wrong people here. the people are not going to be industrious. what do you think of that? >> one of the things i would like to see fellow democrats to to my would like to see securing the border not because such a bad phrase and the democratic side. whether democrat or republican a matter what policies you're trying to pursue immigration lies, if you are not pursuing the border you can't implement a policy. as you were saying, you know, the additional immigrants, using our infrastructure. with tens of they will use entitlements and things like that. but the infrastructure in general government services. >> they contribute to the infrastructure, certainly the economy, illegal immigrants. [inaudible conversations] neil: our entitlement society might be bringing their wrong people here for the wrong reasons. >> the criticism of the entitle

sense giving in essence what we did the first 180 years of existence from george washington and alexander hamilton until nixon blew it up and 71 with the applause of the most economists and so-called experts. apropos of complaint on gasoline, just go back 13 years, 12 years before we went off the rails again big time instead

he should lookat to the works of thomas jefferson -- i was going to say alexander hamilton. [laughter] wrong state. thomas jefferson and james madison. and especially the history of the passage of the statute for establishing religious freedom. he followed that advice. and his decision in reynolds versus the united states fixed to the course the supreme court has followed ever since in its reliance on the virginia statute. the relationship between church among the most enduring concerns of weston -- westernion civilization. but this is embraces the two subjects that my mother said i should never talk about in public -- religion and politics. [laughter] andother was a wise woman, she was absolutely right. but the topic was just too fascinating for me to pass up. church andstions of state, of religion and politics, they embrace our deepest human concerns. how are we to live together as a place, if any,t will god hold in our society -- in our society? over the centuries various solutions have been attended. in america the most important resolution came right here, and virginia.

that's followed by the life of alexander hamilton and his idea of honor in politics. >>> here's a look at some of our live programs coming up today on c-span. at 10:00 a.m. eastern, the national press club will hear from a presentative of the u.s. world war i centennial commission. he'll talk about efforts to have a park in washington, d.c. redeveloped as a national world war i memorial. at noon they hold a discussion on the affordable care act and the lawsuits that have been filed as a result of of the law's implementation. >>> and later a look at the unaccompanied immigrant minors for up to two years before being deported. that's live at 2:00 p.m. eastern. >>> with live coverage of the u.s. house on c-span and the senate on c-span 2, here on c-span 3 we show you the most relevant congressional hearings and public affairs events and then on weekends c-span 3 is the home to "american history tv" with programs that tell our nation's story including six series. the civil war's anniversary visiting battlefields and key events touring museums and sites to discover what they reveal about th

then joanne freeman discusses alexander hamilton followed at 9:40 by professor watson jennison teachinga class on political unrest in the early american republic. at 10:30 eastern, a classroom lecture on alcohol use in colonial america with university of california professor alan taylor. all tonight an american history tv in primetime. >>> tonight, c-span primetime brings you a debate on what makes america great. it's between retired professor and noted anti-vietnam war activist bill ayers and conservative author and filmmaker dinesh d'souza. here's a portion. >> started out as a revolutionary and, well, you started out a little bit, frankly in the bin laden mode. you tried to bomb the pentagon, the u.s. capitol. here's my question to you. you sounded totally different today. you talked about teaching. you talked about being an educator, sokratic doubt and wonder. what happened to that old revolutionary? is he still alive or has he thrown in the towel? >> i think i still am a revolutionary. if by revolutionary you mean, if what you mean by revolutionary is having a fully worked out prog

beginning with advice from the founding fathers and yale professor joanne freeman discusses alexander hamilton, followed by professor watson jenson teaching a class on political unrest in the early american republic. and later, a classroom lecture on alcohol use in colonial america with university of california professor allen taylor. that's tonight at 8:00 eastern on "american history tv" in primetime. >>> while congress is on break this month, c-span's primetime features a wide range of political views and topics. this week, veterans health care and detectives from the center for disease control and prevention. we visit the atlanta press club for the future of news, and we take a history tour looking at the civil war. c-span primetime, monday through friday at 8:00 p.m. eastern. and let us know what you think about the programs you're watching. call us at 202-626-3400 or e-mail us. join the c-span conversation. like us on facebook, follow us on twitter. >>> this month, c-span presents debates on what makes america great, evolution and genetically modified foods, issue spotlight with in-depth

american history and quite by accident, i became a scholar performer of john a adams and later alexander hamilton yes, i wear a wig and tights. an unusual thing to do but it's a great, great medium. you know you can get people who hate history, really involved in whatever you might sacrifice in terms of accuracy you more than make up for in terms of audience participation and involvement. i've been to prisons and schools that feel like prisons. it's just amazing how excited people get when they actually have a chance to talk to a founding member of this country. but that's not why i'm here tonight. you

and then focus on alexander hamilton and the con cept of a man's honor.and then more elections and history with a discussion on alcohol use in early america. >> and more from today's washington journal with a discussion on the latest development from the united states aircampaign over iraq. on twitter. >> "washington journal" >> ben is a senior policy analyst at the non-profit rand corporation. and he is joining us to continue the discussion on the united states airstrikes against isil. is this campaign working so far? >> the air campaign has a tactical purpose and that is to protect the innocent civilians trapped in the mountains in northern iraq and penetrate iss from going firurther north. it looks like it is succeededing. >> what is constituting success? >> that is the crux of the problem. now that we have started bombing -- what is the long-term plan? the president said this is an iraqi problem and that is true to a certain extent but if you are killing people you need a long-term purpose behind it. it is still an open debate on what that strategy is

then at 9:00, yale professor discusses alexander hamilton followed at 9:40 by watson genson and at sooomt po eastern, a classroom lecture on alcohol use in colonial american with alan taylor, all fan on america history tv in primetime. >>> tonight c-span and primetime spotlight veterans health care, including the testimony by dr. christian head, a veterans affairs department official who told a house committee that retaliation has slowed reform. >> i think the va has the potential to be the finest institution in the world. we've seen some. the pharmacy cannot by matched. very efficient. there are many different things that are efficient within our system, but what we should ask ourselves, when someone came up with the idea of seeing a veteran in 14 days, that sounded like a good idea. veterans would be seen promptly. what we should be questioning is if we made a mistake and somehow overlookeded the system, how come names disappeared off the list. how come hundreds of thousands of veteran electronically no longer existed. that should be the question. retaliation exists because there's

from founding fathers'personal correspondence, and it's relevance, particularly advice past by alexander hamilton john adams to their own families, and why that

somehow cancel all of their debt and injured the stability of the financial system, people like alexander hamiltonwere deeply concerned about that. a martial court, though many people regard what it did in 1803, 18 no five has quite radical, it moved rather cautiously. that is, even though it invalidated one narrow provision of the judiciary act of 1789, the next time the court invalidated any part of an act of congress was 1857 in the rather infamous dread scott the sanford. so the court was really keeping a sort of damocles over the provincial branches, getting them to take their oath more seriously by threatening that if they did not it might come down upon them. but it was not really exercising that power with the kind of frequency or figure that it had been years since. then in the time, 1890's-1937 the court really went quite wild striking down all sorts of social economic legislation. a constitutional revolution, not because of court packing but because of death. a lot of the old members of the court died. we got a court the was much more deferential to politics except for certain areas whe

sense giving in essence what we did the first 180 years of existence from george washington and alexander hamilton until nixon blew it up and 71 with the applause of the most economists and so-called experts. apropos of complaint on gasoline, just go back 13 years, 12 years before we went off the rails again big time instead of smalltime. the gallon of gasoline was 1 dollar. imagine what life would be like today if you could pay a dollar for vaseline. that was only 12 years ago. now what is it three and a half or four depending what part of the country you are in. in terms of silver, for centuries gold and silver had the same relationship. there were 15 or 16 ounces. what happened in the 1870s, starting in the 1870s was that people started to use more and more paper money. small claims were convenient. people could get accustomed to the money economy but with the rise of paper you didn't need the claims as much and so the demand for silver fell so by the 1890s was 32: antedated 60-1. so in that sense it has held up better than silver. but the point that the money had a constant value answered in t

somehow cancel all their debts and injure the stability of the financial inju system, people like alexander hamilton were deeply concerned about that. the marshall court though many t people regard what it did in 1803, 1805 really moved rather r cautiously, that is, even thougs it invalidated one narrow narrow provision of the judiciary act of 1789 in marbury, the next time the court invalidated any part of an act of congress was 1857 in the rather infamous justly infamous case of dread scott versus sanford, the courtr was really keeping a sort of m damaclese over the political br branches, getting them to take their oath more seriously, by t threatening if it didn't it might come down upon them. it it wasn't exercising that powere with the kindrc ofis frequency c vigor that had has in years since. then in thes period of the 1890 to 1937 the court went quite wild striking down all kinds ofw social economic regulation, i there was a constitutional revolution at that point about e not because of courtca packing, but because of death, a lot of m the old members of the court fd died, fdr had a chance to

he was like, "oh, alexander hamilton and aaron burr."h, sure. if you buy the whiskey." and so i bought him whiskey. and then michael cera, a dear friend, he always liked the idea. and i pitched it forever. it's one of those things, you have ideas that are visual. and you just can't explain them unless you show them. people are like, "i don't get it, it's very hard to play drunk." "no, you wouldn't be drunk. someone's drunk and you just move your lips." >> seth: right, right. >> it's a music video without song. [ laughter ] >> seth: and it was originally going to be a one off, now it's on comedy central. did you pitch it to other networks when you had the one to actually show them? >> yeah. it was hard. because, you know, i'm a comedy nerd. it's a five minute idea, i don't know, all these networks wanted to meet about it. and there's this one, and i don't want to rag on any networks. but there is a network out there that does shows about history. >> seth: sure. yeah. [ laughter ] >> all very nice people. and they're doing original content

forward doing in this is what we did for first 108 years of existence from george washington and alexander hamilton that ethics the door to gold but up until nixon blew up in 1971 with most economists and experts. your point on gasoline from just about 13 years, 12 years before went off the rails again big time. instead of smalltime. a gallon of gasoline was 1 dollar. imagine what life would be like today if you could pay a buck for a gallon of gas in the that was only 12 years ago. now what is it, three and have, for? to be a part of the country are in. in terms of silver, for centuries, gold and silver were roughly had the same relationship. 15 ounces of silver was usually worth one ounce of gold. 15, 16 ounces. what happened in 1870s, starting in 1870s was people started to use more and more paper money. coins, small coins were of convenience, starting with hamilton wanted people to get accustomed to a money economy. but with the rise of paper we did need coins as much. the demand for silver filled out by the mid-1890s was 30 to one. today it's about 6 61. so in that sense gold has held up bette

would somehow counsel their debts and injure the stability of the financial system, people like alexander hamiltonre deeply concerned about that. the marshall court, though many people regard what it did in 1803, 1805 as quite radical really moved rather cautiously. that is even though it invalidated one narrow provision of the judiciary act of 1789 in marbury, the next time the court invalidated any part of an act of congress was 1857 and the rather infamous, justly infamous case of "dred scott v sanford." so the court was keeping a sword of damocles over the political branches, getting them to take their oath more seriously by threatening if they didn't it might come down upon them. but it wasn't really exercising that power with the kind of frequency or vigor that it has in years since. in the 1890s to 1937 the court went wild striking down all kinds of socioeconomic regulation. there was a constitutional revolution at that point not because of court packing but because of death. a lot of the old members of the court died, fdr had a chance to replace them. we got a court that was much more defe

people like antics alexander hamilton are part of this. the marshall court, though many people regard what they did in 1803 in 1805, muckraking and the like, it's quite radical in the moved rather cautiously and that is even though it invalidated one narrow provision of the judiciary act of 1789, the next time the court invalidated any part of the act of congress was 1857 in the justly kate of dred scott. so the court was really keeping this over the political branches and getting them to take their oath more seriously by threatening that if they didn't, it might come down upon them. but it wasn't really exercising that power with the kind of frequency or vigor that it has in years cents. then in the time in the 1890s to 1937, the court really ramped quite wild, striking down social economic regulations and there was a constitutional revolution at that point and not because of court packing the because of debts. we had a core that was much more deferential to politics except for certain areas where there has been since the 1940s a pervasiv