the allied advance. the b-24 nine scourge of japan's home island, mighty engines of destruction, bringing home the lesson of pearl harbor from hard won okinawa. from the carrier based planes of the third and fifth fleets, japan came under the inevitable rain of ruin. allied sea forces moving up to the japanese home island and shelled the mainland almost without opposition. admiral halsey's ranging naval might was helping to hammer the enemy to his name, but there was to come the unimaginably destructive atomic bomb perfected by allied scientists. first mission the industrial city of hiroshima. second mission, the port of nagasaki. japan had its choice complete surrender or complete ruin. at potsdam, even as they laid the foundations for a stable european peace climate. utterly. harry truman and joseph stalin had decided on common action against japan, as agreed at yalta. russia joined the allies in war and the last remaining axis enemy, japan's stronghold in manchuria, was attacked. for emperor hirohito

we rely on allies. given the potential effects of a nuclear detonation in outer space, it's not just the u.s. that would be affected. all nations including china would be affected if the capability wherever deployed. there is common cause with china to convince russia it is not in their best interest to deploy this. command-and-control on terrestrial earth is complicated enough. this capability in space would be unprecedented. command and controlling it may be difficult. the key path forward is convincing russia it is irresponsible, dangerous, not just their own assets would be wiped out. in general, as we approach nc3 four space capabilities, resilience is a big part of that. how do you build resilience and redundancy so you can sustain limited degradation/disruption? the russian program, it is hard to out resilience your way out of that. in this case, it is dangerous and irresponsible. heather: couple questions from online and the audience. what do you think of emmanuel macron's efforts on the europea

on the topic of nuclear threats the role of allies. but i suspect we might touch on some things other than just allies and cover a whole lot of topics on nuclear issues. before begin today's events like to share just a little bit of information with you. first is her safety information. for those who are here in person. overall would feel secure in our building but is it convenient we have a duty to prepare for any eventuality i will service a responsible safety officer for this event. please follow my instructions should need arise in please find your closest exit probably going to one of those two doors of the one behind me. i very briefly when you share some information about pony. pony is a series of fellowship and conferences for early and midcareer nuclear experts. we take a big tent approach. we take a diversity of views, diversity of backgrounds our program includes folks of the military, national ads, government think tanks, ngo. two applications call for application for the fall conference which will be the end of september a

allies, who are _ technological advance of israel and their allies, who are england - their allies, whormies and _ included, who have the most advanced armies and technologies, _ included, who have the most advanced armies and technologies, there - included, who have the most advanced armies and technologies, there is- included, who have the most advanced armies and technologies, there is no. armies and technologies, there is no doubt _ armies and technologies, there is no doubt about— armies and technologies, there is no doubt about that, _ armies and technologies, there is no doubt about that, but _ armies and technologies, there is no doubt about that, but speaking - armies and technologies, there is no doubt about that, but speaking of i doubt about that, but speaking of deterrence. — doubt about that, but speaking of deterrence. i_ doubt about that, but speaking of deterrence, i think— doubt about that, but speaking of deterrence, i think a _ doubt about that, but speaking of deterrence, i think a certain - doubt about that, but speaking of i deterrence, i think a certain degree of

let's turn to those allies, then.nsible for masterminding ukraine's sort of bid to get into nato, you have a strong relationship with western partners, including the united states. so you explain to me why it is that in the middle of this offensive operation, with all the pressure that ukraine is under, why is it that the united states still refuses to authorise the use of its most potent long—range missiles on russian soil? well, i think the major message is that the discussions are ongoing. there are some... they are ongoing on the military to military level. and i think that the major decision is to be taken at a later stage. but i think that... but with respect, that later stage is going to be too late. i mean, not only are the americans refusing to change position on authorising you to use their missiles against targets inside russia, it seems at the moment they're still blocking the united kingdom giving you permission to use the storm shadow missiles, on the basis that some components inside those missiles are

i'm not sure how much you i'm allowed to going to race allies are performing of this summit. a few issues in terms of themes between different comes where working through it through force model. >> georgetown university. what is the strategy in ukraine? and military support for ukraine. the ability ahead. we have a 300 billing dollars i sent that could be used for this purpose. >> a question on the second piece. this is ultimately a political question and i don't have a crystal ball. i can't tell you what the funding picture will look like 25. as you all know, there is a broad bipartisan support. in certain european it's there but not uniform so that is why it's important to look for every possible means at our disposal. what a creative bring up for is a loan that will function as a grant for the benefit of ukraine proceeds primarily in europe but that is one rate of solution but there has to be more. right now there is no consensus but we need to continue to have a conversation because at the end of the day it is partly an economic equation when it comes to russia one of the

i harasses attitude towards trade with its allies?— with its allies?— with its allies? i think what we have seen _ with its allies? i think what we have seen most - with its allies? i think whati we have seen most notably with its allies? i think what i we have seen most notably in the us but also worldwide is a winding back of some of the globalisation that happened in the early to thousands. and some protectionism by the same token. so if we look at both parties policy we do see some evidence of protectionism on both sides. i think how the trade relations evolve will probably be dictated by how effective diplomacy is. if the relationship for example with china, which is the probably most contentious trade relationship can progress smoothly, even despite the less open environment, i guess we have right now, that's probably going to be good for the region. going to be good for the region. staying with the us, where there are more troubles for boeing. the plane maker said its long delayed 777x jetliner has encountered a problem, forcing the company to g

the resources and roads of iran were in the hands of the allies and their soldiers were seen everywhere. but people were caught by a bite of bread. mohammad reza shah was also not sure about his future. his father, reza shah , quickly resigned after the allied invasion and was forced to step down from power. of tehran conference to determine the future of world war ii was held while mohammad reza shah was neither present nor invited. this conference was held with this purpose. the defeat of the nazi german army and its leader was adolf hitler. germany had occupied many parts of europe in the first years of the war, and hitler had his eye on the soviet soil, but stalin's defeat was not an easy task. in july 1943, the germans suffered a heavy defeat from the soviets in the battle of kursk. 5 months ago, the germans failed in the battle of stalingrad. stalin defeated the nazi german army at the gates of the city named after himself, but in this battle. nearly half a million were killed. that is why the tehran conference started with the commemoration of the battle of stalingrad. churchill

these supposedly 6 to 7000 ships that made up the allied armada. but they had a disproportionate impact on the outcome of that battle. at first, the destroyer captains had lot of trouble knowing what to shoot. i mean, there's high ground. yes. okay. but where on that high? the heavy smoke over, the beach, plus actual german camouflage made almost impossible to figure out where the big german guns were or even small ones for that matter. some of the german guns had been designed so that they retract it into enclosed sides. it came out fire and then retracted. they were using smokeless powder so you couldn't look for smoke to find your target. in theory, they were to coordinate with the men on the shore. they would radio out, coordinates, the gunners would adjust and call fire. but in in rush ashore early morning virtually all of the radios became either destroyed waterlogged and communication was impossible. the ships couldn't talk to the men. the men couldn't talk to the ships. back to susan's board. why didn't they just call them on their cell pho

the railway, which was built with the money of the iranian people, was put to the service of the alliedran's railway was not enough to carry the heavy load of war aid. the roads of iran had become the arena of trucks and the many accidents of foreign drivers had made the people unhappy. many iranian drivers are also used on these roads had been many iranians were also employed as laborers by foreign powers. in the bad economic conditions of iran that day, this was perhaps one of the few ways to make a living . people's living conditions were difficult despite the lack of flour and the high cost of bread , but this prevented a part of iran's wheat could not be sent to the soviet union. now, not only iran's railways and roads were under stalin's control, iran's wheat was also sent to the soviet union, but he expected more from the west . stalin wanted to open a new front against hitler in western europe as soon as possible. the soviet leader would do anything to achieve his wishes, sometimes softly and sometimes violently. even with very junior people like myself. and he was very polite,

that is white, ukraine have been repeatedly asking its allies to | been repeatedly asking its alliese them long—range missiles —— that his right —— to hit the targets inside russia, including the airfields where those jets and bombers take off to attack ukrainian cities, and ukraine was saying that if they do get those weapons, it would allow them to defend its cities, and its citizens, much better, and prevent those aerial attacks, including prevent the attacks, including prevent the attacks using cruise missiles and ballistic is, because they could target the airfields and the airbases. and of course, some of the countries, like the us, allow them to use a long—ish missiles but also they limited to what extent they could use those weapons, so they limited the range and they could only use those weapons within the border areas. and not further. and therefore ukraine is asking now to give them long—range weapons, such as storm shadow is, and other weapons, that could hit targets deep inside russia, and this would allow, as they say, to protect their cities. thank you very much, abduj

it also depends on how kyiv�*s western allies react.ill they decisively back zelensky�*s gamble or put caution first? well, my guest is latvia's defence minister, andris spruds. with the stakes rising, what can ukraine expect from its friends? andris spruds, welcome to hardtalk. thank you for having me. it is a pleasure to have you. now you are defence minister in a baltic nation, which is one of ukraine's strongest supporters inside the eu and nato. so what do you make of ukraine's risky gambit, this offensive inside russian territory? it was just recently in ukraine, and what i see in ukraine, it's a resolve. it's a determination. it's a resilience. it's a willingness also to take initiative. and what we've seen right now is that ukraine is in a position to take this initiative, that it shows also that the war, of course, is a war of wills, the war of the mindsets. and here, we can see that ukraine also shows and proves that russia has its vulnerabilities. but did you, in kyiv, also get a sense of deep ukrainian frustration with its a

of course i wouldn't like it, but you used the word allies. so how far can it go?liance, the polish-ukrainian military alliance, because it is a defense treaty is on the table, or the security agreement, ona jostala przezna przez przez polski urząd. it is signed by the polish government, instead, all long-term international agreements require peace, efforts should be focused on ukraine really defeating russia in this war. in fact, the level of interest that ukraine has gained over the past two and a half years is colossal. you have received support not only from poland, but also in europe as a whole and... the states, not to mention canada, where there is a powerful ukrainian diaspora. indeed, in that war you won millions of allies who want to help you with all their hearts. this is a new situation. unfortunately, until 2014, even partially until 2022, the majority of german, french, and italian citizens believed that ukraine was such a new country, uncertain, and it passed, it no longer exists, and if it exists, it is somewhere on the margins of the discussion in

indeed, in that war you won millions of allies who want to help you with all their hearts. situation. unfortunately, until 2014, even partially until 2022, the majority of german, french, italian citizens believed that ukraine was such a new country, uncertain, and that has passed, it is no more. and if... is it somewhere on the margins of the discussion in europe or not in the united states, there is a clear understanding that ukraine is part of the west and that the west, in its own interests, not only moral, but also strategic, has an obligation to help ukraine win this war with russian imperialism. you know, when we, poles, baltics, romanians, czechs, warned against russian imperialism 15 or even 10-6 years ago, the western elites looked at us. as for russophobes, no one thinks like that anymore, everyone knows that, unfortunately, imperialism is part of the state and national russian thinking, it has never been otherwise, indeed, russia had two very brief moments when it flirted with democracy, in 17 kerensky for a couple of months, and in the 90s again maybe two or th

i think today proves allies matter and two, diplomacy matters. even sometimes diplomacy with people that you radically disagree with, like mr. putin and his entourage. these this team believes in diplomacy. mr. trump is not that interested. i think the choice is pretty clear for the american people. i'm not saying one's better or the other. i know what i think is better, but the choice is clear. they have very different foreign policy perspectives, unlike, by the way, previous elections when there was kind of mushy, it wasn't clear if there rearward differences. this time the differences are crystal clear. it's fascinating. thank you so much. michael mcfaul. the former ambassador to russia from the united states. appreciate your time tonight. have a good evening. let's move on. now. here's something, well, annoying and illegal. some companies still charging those hidden fees. those extra charges on things like concert tickets that didn't show up until you get to that checkout there. as of last month, hidden fees are now illegal here in california

partnerships throughout allies. the investments you see in the budget today are doubling down on the resiliency. you mentioned missile warning, missile track as an example to it under missile warning, missile track, we took what used to be a concentrated architecture that was a no failed mission to guarantee we were never surprised a missile attack on the united states but it was a very exquisite system and very costly on the order of a billion dollars plus a satellite. that creates a small attack surface for adversaries. to get resiliency into the constellation, we started going through proliferation disaggregation. proliferation means i'm spreading out orbit elegy into different orbits so that they cannot just take out one satellite. they have to take out a bunch of satellites. and then through proliferation we are partnering with other entities to get more as sites -- more assets in orbit. that is a significant investment for the space force today. it is almost 20% of our budget. just to guarantee the no failed m

and as you pointed out, focused particularly on the allies. i thought— particularly on the allies.resting. said the allies— thought that was interesting. said the allies stepped up and stood with us, so _ the allies stepped up and stood with us, so anyone questioning whether or not do _ us, so anyone questioning whether or not do atties — us, so anyone questioning whether or not do allies matter, they do, as you pointed out. i thought that was interesting. under like how alliances make our people safer. i think— alliances make our people safer. i think again — alliances make our people safer. i think again this is a reflection on his sopport — think again this is a reflection on his support for native and the importance that he sees particularly in the _ importance that he sees particularly in the example of ukraine of the fact that — in the example of ukraine of the fact that his backing for the cause in ukraine, — fact that his backing for the cause in ukraine, forthe fact that his backing for the cause in ukraine, for the people of ukraine, _ in ukraine, for the people of ukrain

some of the european allies. so our allies across the world japan, south korea, all different sources of assistance to ukraine. as a multibillion-dollar check to the united states to help build artworks submarine industrial base. because it is in our interest in their interest to do so. at the guided weapon enterprise that will not only out shed the defense force but will also provide. far from being our allies are vital partners. but it is true of ukraine we see how many examples the monies not being sent to ukraine is being invested in the defense industrial base. so that u.s. will have replacement weapons to use and other theaters if necessary. very good question with a danish defense attachÉ. what are the biggest challenges for western democracy to mountains? why hasn't the u.s. shifted to wartime economy? >> well, i think one of the most important things is a sentimental reassessment of the russia threat as a nato and members within nato. it does need to impact our defense spending for europeans making sure

which is adopted, where everything is clearly spelled out, our allied obligations, our allied militarytrine , our agreements on the collective security treaty, they state that we are obliged to fulfill our allied duty in the event of an attack on one of the parties by our allies, but if such a... need for the republic of belarus to act as an ally, and i would like to remind you just in case that the head of state of the russian federation, that the head of the republic.

that idea that article 5 would compels other allies to fight to defend one ally was the hope of the british and the french and the canadians. that the, that's what they wanted article 5 to say. but the united states would not have that because it took way the power of congress to declare war. the problem is that the more countries there are more individual interests come into play. if just one member state refuses to consent, article 5 folders. we have 3200000 soldiers that need to know what to do. so it's not enough to say no and need a war in a crisis. if you're a tech, you can say no, but we're still a tech. so we need a solution. so as somebody says, no, then we expect from bets, nation that says no simple during that if yes, the nato allows for what's called constructive extension. this means that the alliance can be invoked even if not, everyone agrees. but a no vote would be a problem. in the case of an attack, if we have one nation, says this is we do not support. this is article 5. then the other nations can still act in a multilateral way, but it won't be under a nato construct. s

positions of strength amongst allies. the problem you haveis amongst allies.d. if you look inside veneto and inside the eu, there are deep divisions about strategy on the russia ukraine war. ., , strategy on the russia ukraine war. . , . , , . strategy on the russia ukraine war. . , . ,, . ., war. that is what russia would like to promote _ war. that is what russia would like to promote some - war. that is what russia would like to promote some of - war. that is what russia would like to promote some of the i like to promote some of the cracks. ., ., , ., , cracks. come on, it is not 'ust russia promoting it, itfi cracks. come on, it is not 'ust russia promoting it, it ish russia promoting it, it is basic facts. the president of the eu council says the warmer stand and it is counter—productive, the ceasefire must happen on the current frontline and he says we must stop sending answer ukraine. ., we must stop sending answer ukraine. . ,., ukraine. there are some countries _ ukraine. there are some countries that _ ukraine. there are some countries that position

and it was several allied countries. you could say when now re paying the favor, we're helping to pass on what we experienced in the past in terms of security and protection for it's for a given via to make sure that our comrades here in lithuania and in the other baltic states all supported in protecting nato's eastern frank. bye, i'm sure it's under another struggle, just go to the others. the nato's defense policy is seldom popular. before russia's war in ukraine approval of nato and the united kingdom was 59 percent. in germany, it was 54 percent. and in france, just the 39 percent, even more dramatic were pulling results regarding article 5 and the obligation to defend allies prior to the war in ukraine, only 32 percent of french respondents were in favor of providing military support to nato member romania. if it were to be attacked by russia and just 14 percent of german said they would want to stand by nato member turkey in the event of a, a sion attack. but the truth is support for nato has always fluctuated eve

was she also speaking directly to other leaders and allies so ? mr. sullivan: as i said in my opening statement, president biden and kamala harris have made the return of unjustly detained americans hostage is in absolute priority. in this particular case, vice president kamala harris actually had an opportunity to engage with chancellor scholz earlier this year at the munich security conference where she talked about this issue with him. that followed andrew conversation that the president had just a short time before that. and it was then a round of high-level engagements and a back-and-forth about the president and the chancellor were having that vice president harris was actually able to sit face-to-face with chancellor scholz and talk to the elements of this. i have sat in the oval office more times than i can count over the course of the past years providing briefings and updates on this and getting peppered with questions by both the president and the vice president . thinking through the strategy, iterating the approach, which she was a partic

, and if so, are these allies going to really be there for tel aviv, because you very well know, manynce, in germany, in the us especially are opposed. israel and and its you know hostile actions, but and they they're not part of congress who enjoy a-pack money and get tons of funding to show so much support for israel, when you have public so opposed to the regime and what it's doing in gaza, how's that going to sit with those allies when israel tries to drag them into regional war? um, i mean the daily massacker uh since 7 october uh created or made a flow bet between the people in the western community, in the western country and their authorities, that's why we are seeing a daily demonstration in these countries, and israel usually it depend to get legitimate from these countries in the west, and now the majority of the people in the west are against the massacker and against what israel is doing in gaza, i mean tel aviv and the uh regime of benyamin netanyahu, they tried to push uh the west and the united state of america to get inside and to be involved in this conflict, they di

they don't dominate their allies they empower their allies allies iraq allies in afghanistan allies in lebanon um and and others obviously, and the fact that that iran, that the islamic republic of iran is now focusing towards, focusing towards stability, economic stability within the region, their focus is now to move away from the dollar in partnership with russia and china, these are all concerns that the west has, and the west doesn't have an option anymore, it is not a matter of predicting what the islam public can achieve, it is matter of facing reality at this point, meaning the nine month war that has been imposed upon the innocent palestinians, those groups, the acts of resistance who are supported by the islamic republic of iran who are trained by the islamic republic of iran. islamic republic of iran is part of the access of resistance, they have defeated the they have defeated the united states, they have defeated their allies in this region and "this is not the first time that they're doing this. hisbolla defeated them in 2000, in 2006, we saw yemen defeating defeating

there are not many allies who can openly supply russia with weapons, the kremlin. and from this point of view, of course, he couldn't help but come there. on the other hand, there is different information about what he advises iran, which was handed over to yotali khamenenia by vladimir putin. there is information that russia generally advised iran to refrain from a serious attack on israel. i don't think it's because... they're kind of very sympathetic to israel, but because they might fear that a retaliatory strike would destroy all their efforts in iran, let's say destroy the iranian nuclear facility, let's say that nuclear ob facility at tatanza, which could be used to produce nuclear weapons, that this must be prevented, because if iran gets rid of the main scapegoat in its war with the west, then, of course, russia's position can be weakened. by the way, we still don't know what iran is preparing for, because we see that... tehranis said that they are about to strike israel, they were already counting an hour before this strike, but then everything somehow st