when you begin to look alt at the spread from pakistan, afghanistan, to amaly, boko haram, nigeria, a lot of these individuals grew up together particularly the leaders where they were in training camps in prince together. you look at an individual like al-baghdadi who is this quote, unquote, caliph in the islamic state -- >> charlie: he heads up the islamic state. >> yeah, twice he was in u.s. detention systems, and the second time turned over to the iraqis and they subsequently released him. so in these various places where these guys operate from they come out and they get right back at it and they have created even more leaders more groups and i think the expansion that we've seen and, frankly from our own u.s. state department, you know where i think, in 2004, we were talking about 21 designated islamic terrorist groups in that part of the world and today we're at 41. designated islamic terrorist groups by our state department. >> charlie: what do they have in common and how are they different? >> what they have in common and this gets at the meat of how we define them. we used t